Journal of Management Engineering and Information Technology (JMEIT) Volume -2, Issue- 5, Oct. 2015, ISSN: 2394 - 8124 Website: www.jmeit.com | E-mail: [email protected]|[email protected]

Electric Car Charged By Vibration Energy: A Future Technology Vijaylaxmi Kalyani, Shruti Lohiya, Kritika Gupta Vijaylaxmi Kalyani, Assistant professor (EC department) Govt. women engineering college , Ajmer , Rajasthan , India [email protected] Shruti Lohiya, pursuing B.TECH (V sem,) ECE department, Govt. women engineering college, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India [email protected] Kritika Gupta,, pursuing B.TECH (V sem,) ECE department, Govt. women engineering college, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India [email protected]

Abstract: In today’s existence, electric cars have a great demand with increasingly new features established in them. Electric cars which uses electricity to charge up their batteries; have replaced gasoline cars with features like high speed, less carbon emission, less maintenance, etc but brought a great disadvantage of a big threat to non-renewable electrical energy. So, in this paper, authors are focusing on charging electric cars via vibrating energy which totally replaced electricity and made use of vibrations present around us which are harvested economically. On an approximation, 374,000 vehicle passes on the busiest highway which produces plenty of vibrations. Thus we are trying to use this vibration energy with piezoelectric transducers (which converts mechanical energy to electrical energy) with springs which finally results in electrical energy. Keywords: electric car, vibrating energy, piezoelectric devices, transducers, springs.

I.I. ELECTRIC CARS First practical electric car was built by Thomas parker in 1884.

Fig.1: Electric cars in 1884 Source:http://www.earlyamericanautomobiles.com/americanautom obiles8b.htm With the invention of new technologies in 1900 40% of American automobiles were powered by steam, 38% by electricity and 22% by gasoline.

I. INTRODUCTION The auto car/motor car has become a very peculiar part for today’s generation. For an instance, a person can imagine his life without food, but not without automobile. Also, automobile has provided us with so many advancements and freedom and mobility. Thus automobile has become an important part in today’s competition and business world and also shows one’s status in the market, But on the same time where it shows so many advantages it shows many disfavors also. Firstly, cars operate using petrol i.e. gasoline cars are present. On an approximation there are 115 million motor vehicles India till 2009[1]. For such a huge amount a lot of petrol is used which is very limited and non-renewable resource. Moreover, now there is a new trend of electric cars which uses great amount of electricity. Thus in this paper we introduced a new concept of charging electric cars using vibrating energy. A huge number of vehicles pass from highway which produces vibrations which are further used to generate electrical energy. And this redeem our electricity to a great extend. piezoelectric devices, which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy with piezoelectric materials through piezoelectric effect. Piezoelectric devices are used in many applications such as power harvesting shoes, Piezoelectric fans etc. In electric cars vibration energy produced with their running can also be converted into electricity by piezoelectric devices. This electricity can be stored in batteries. In this paper first we discuss about electric car then how the electric car can be charged through vibrations using piezoelectric devices.

Fig 2: electric cars in 1990 Source: https://knoji.com/the-electric-car-its-history-and-future

And now electric vehicle scale rose up to an approximation of 30,000 in 20th century.

Fig: 3 electric cars in 21st century Source:http://electrical-cars.net/citroen/citroen-ds5-reviewcarsguide-com-au.html

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Journal of Management Engineering and Information Technology (JMEIT) Volume -2, Issue- 5, Oct. 2015, ISSN: 2394 - 8124 Website: www.jmeit.com | E-mail: [email protected]|[email protected] With the innovation of electric car it brought many rewards 3. Present your access card to the charge point reader with themselves like: •

• • •

These cars are free from noise pollution that is these cars produce a very less noise which is negligible as compared to noise produced by gasoline cars. In electric cars there is less emission of carbon elements which decreases the greenhouse effect. An electric car has very high speed and is quite smooth. It is cheaper than gasoline. Approximately one third to one quarter the cost of gasoline.[2]

I.II. TYPES OF ELECTRIC CARS/ VEHICLE

Fig 6: Showing access card to the charge point reader Source: https://www.esb.ie/electric-cars/electric-car-charging/howto-charge-an-electric-car.jsp

4. To start charging connect the cable to the charge point and then to your car. A full charge will take 2-6 hours depending on the battery and charge status.

1. Battery electric vehicles: These cars run entirely on electricity stored in a battery and are recharged at stations such as at home, public areas, or on the road. They have an operating range of 60+ miles and take about six to eight hours to recharge at 220 volts. 2. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs): These cars run on both electricity and gasoline and can be plugged in for a charge. The ranges of these cars vary, but usually run between 10 to 40 miles before the vehicle operates like a hybrid.

Fig 7: Showing connection of charging cable to the car Source: https://www.esb.ie/electric-cars/electric-car-charging/howto-charge-an-electric-car.jsp

I.III. HOW TO CHARGE AN ELECTRIC CAR: Electric car can be recharged at homes, public areas and service stations. We can also charge the electric car overnight at a conveniently located home charge point. We can Charge the electric cars at the public charge points using the following steps: 1.Locate the nearest public charge point

Fig 8. Showing Charger connected to Car charging point Source: https://www.esb.ie/electric-cars/electric-car-charging/howto-charge-an-electric-car.jsp

5. To end charging hold the access car to the charge point red

Fig 4. Showing public charge point Source:https://www.esb.ie/electric-cars/electric-car-charging/howto-charge-an-electric-car.jsp

2. Park your car in the dedicated electric car parking spot next to the charge point

r Fig 9. Showing Car Access Card Source: https://www.esb.ie/electric-cars/electric-car-charging/howto-charge-an-electric-car.jsp

6. Disconnect the cable from the car and then from the charge point

Fig 5: Showing Parked vehicle for Charging Source: https://www.esb.ie/electric-cars/electric-car-charging/howto-charge-an-electric-car.jsp

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Journal of Management Engineering and Information Technology (JMEIT) Volume -2, Issue- 5, Oct. 2015, ISSN: 2394 - 8124 Website: www.jmeit.com | E-mail: [email protected]|[email protected] I.IV. FAST CHARGING II. HOW ELECTRIC CAR CHARGED BY THE Fast charge points are located at service stations and roadside cafés to cater for those on longer journeys. An 80% charge from zero can be achieved in approximately 25 minutes[3]. 1.Remove the connector from the fast charge point by pushing the button on the connector

Fig 11. Showing Removal of Charger from charging station Source: https://www.esb.ie/electric-cars/electric-car- charging/howto-charge-an-electric-car.jsp

2. Insert the connector into the vehicle socket. Follow the onscreen instructions to charge your vehicle

Fig 12. Showing connecting the Charger to the car’s socket Source: https://www.esb.ie/electric-cars/electric-car-charging/howto-charge-an-electric-car.jsp

VIBRATION ENERGY A huge number of vehicles pass from highway which produces vibrations which are further used to generate electrical energy. And this redeem our electricity to a great extend. Piezoelectric are a vibration energy harvester, which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy with Piezoelectric materials through piezoelectric effect. Piezoelectric devices are used in many applications such as power harvesting shoes, Piezoelectric fans etc. In electric cars vibration energy produced with their running can also be converted into electricity by piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters. This electricity can be stored in batteries. Unlike other electric cars that rely on special charging stations or an extension cord plugged into an outlet at home, the electric car charged by the vibration energy relies on piezoelectric devices to charge the car’s battery as it moves. The vehicles on the road waste a great deal of energy that could be harvested for good use. Every moment that a vehicle is moving or running on the road, it’s bouncing and vibrating and those movements could be harnessed by piezoelectric devices to generate electricity that could recharge the battery. With piezoelectric devices located on both sides of each passenger seat, this concept car could keep it running efficiently with no additional expenditures for electricity or gasoline. The electric car would obviously need another source of energy as a back-up.

3. Red light indicates charging has started

Fig 13. Showing Charging indication. Source: https://www.esb.ie/electric-cars/electric-car-charging/howto-charge-an-electric-car.jsp

4. Electric car charging at fast charge

Fig 14. Showing charging station and car on fast charging Source:https://www.esb.ie/electric-cars/electric-car-charging/howto-charge-an-electric-car.jsp

Fig 15: Electric cars charged via vibrating energy http://gajitz.com/good-vibrations-electric-car-uses-bumpsto-charge-battery/ II.I. PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS Harvesting energy from vibration is one of the most obvious solutions for automotive systems. The word piezoelectricity explores “electricity produced due to pressure”. Piezoelectric effect is the generation of electrical charge resulting from mechanical force. And the materials which are used or show this type of property are termed as piezoelectric material\crystals. Piezoelectric materials have a crystalline structure with the help of which we can produce electrical energy from mechanical vibrations. This effect is mostly produced by crystals of tourmaline, quartz, topaz, and Rochelle salt. Since piezoelectric materials directly convert mechanical to electrical energy, thus have become most attractive functional materials for sensors and actuators.[4]

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Journal of Management Engineering and Information Technology (JMEIT) Volume -2, Issue- 5, Oct. 2015, ISSN: 2394 - 8124 Website: www.jmeit.com | E-mail: [email protected]|[email protected] When vibrations through spring is produced on the I.III. VIBRATION ENERGY piezoelectric material through mechanical stress like through Through quantum physics, we came to know that everything load from vehicles, humans foot, railway tracks, dance floors, in our universe is energy. Universal law states that everything etc. then positive and negative charge centre’s shift which in the universe is vibrating- nothing is stable. There is an results in an external electrical field. For such conversion firstly, mechanical energy is converted into a.c voltage and ample amount of vibration energy around us, but is not then it is converted into d.c voltage. harvested. Thus, in this paper we are trying to use this Thus electronic charge accumulates in response to vibration energy. Also, charging electric equipments through mechanical stress applied. When certain crystals are strained, vibration energy has become very promising technology polarization occurs and the amount of polarization is directly now-a-days. proportional to stress applied. And thus piezoelectric crystals are used to harvest the energy produced by the vibrations Vibration energy is produced by tall buildings, people from traffic on the road. walking on side roads, railway tracks, heavy machines in mechanical workshops or in gyms, dancing floors, piezoelectric wind mill and vehicles, etc. in many areas, there is a great shortage of electricity. After the introduction of electric cars, it greatly increased the shortage of electricity. Also electric car is not easily accessible to every person due to very high rates of electricity. II.IV. VIBRATION ENERGY TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY

Fig 16. Showing energy generation through vibration. Source:http://help2healsoulsyncscribe.blogspot.in/2014/01/help2he al-soulsync-scribes-surmisings.html

II.II SPRINGS Spring plays a very vital role in our concept .the spring contracts and expands resulting in production of electric flux. Also, when spring contracts and expands continuously many a times. It taps and creates a mechanical stress on the piezoelectric crystal placed below the springs. This creates electromagnetic induction resulting n electric voltage.

We are harvesting this vibration energy using piezoelectric crystals, working on piezoelectric effect. That is, when there is no pressure applied on the crystals, the centre’s of the negative and positive charges concurs on each other. The overall effect is cancelled and thus that material is neutral. After when pressure is exerted on the piezoelectric crystals, they force to change the internal structure and now +ve and – ve charges do not coincides, as a result of which dipoles are generated which further results in polarized molecule. This polarized material generates an electric field whose amount depends on amount of polarization which depends on quantity of vibrations occurred. This electric field generated transforms mechanical energy into electrical energy. This a.c voltage is converted into d.c voltage using rectifiers. [7]

Contrary, we use carbon nanotubes-tube shaped molecules of pure carbon which can be formed into tiny springs. The main reason behind using carbon-nanotubes is that they are capable of storing a large amount of energy (in pounds) more durably and reliably. On estimation, for a same weight nano-tubes can produce and store more than 1000 times as compared to steel springs. These springs are temperature resistant that is they are not affected by temperature changes [5] [6]

Fig 18. Showing generation of energy through vibration energy Source:https://www.google.co.in/search?q=vehicles+using+vibratio n+energy+images

III. METHODOLOGY Conversion of vibration energy caused by vehicles into electrical energy occurs in following ways: 1. Fig 17. Showing Spring in action. Source:https://www.google.co.in/search?q=carbon+nanotubes+ima ges

2.

When vehicles/traffic passes on through that particular area, it tends to contract the springs placed at the level of the road. After that when vehicle is passed, spring continuously expands and contracts, which continuously comes in contact with piezoelectric crystals which creates a pressure on the crystals.

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Journal of Management Engineering and Information Technology (JMEIT) 3.

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Volume -2, Issue- 5, Oct. 2015, ISSN: 2394 - 8124 Website: www.jmeit.com | E-mail: [email protected]|[email protected] When pressure is exerted, it results in deformation Israeli engineers are about to begin testing a 100 meter and movement of positive and negative charges stretch of roadway embedded with a network of Piezo which induces electric field and finally electrical Electric Generators [9]. energy. This output is fed to rectifier which converts a.c 2. Practical application of Piezo smart roads: into d.c. either half wave or full wave rectifier can be used for this purpose. The piezoelectric energy-generating roads have been Further microcontroller is used to display the status proposed in the car capitol of the world –California. of battery that is, how much % of battery gets charged whenever vehicle passes on from that layer of piezoelectric transducers. After this output is fed to inverters; an electrical device that converts d.c to a.c. and finally electrical energy gets saved in inverters only and can be used when needed. The output obtained from a single piezoelectric crystal is in mili volts range. So, we arrange many piezoelectric crystals in series to get higher voltage. And the received energy is stored in Fig.21:Piezoelectric Energy-Generating Roads Proposed for lithium batteries. [8]. California Source:http://inhabitat.com/piezoelectric-energy-generating-roadsproposed-for-california/californiaroads/

Fig 19 Source:www.slideshare.net/ankitanath243/ankitaseminar-footsteps-39421209-31

IV. ENERGY STORAGE The harvested energy can be stored in rechargeable batteries or super capacitors, or both. The range of products available is vast, ranging from systems that can start a truck with a flat battery from cold, to subminiature devices operating at the µV level. If an application requires high level of power, then a fast charge/discharge super capacitor may be the best solution. If low levels of power are required to be released slowly over a long period of time, then rechargeable batteries are a better best solution.

This design is based on the concept of piezoelectricity that is produced in response to the mechanical stress applied on some solid materials like crystals and some ceramics. The design proposes the placement of piezoelectric sensors beneath the road surface which would produce electricity from the vibrations caused by the movement of vehicles on the road. When applied on roads, the piezoelectric technology could produce up to 44 megawatts of electricity per year from one kilometer stretch of the road and meet the energy demand of about 30,800 households. 3. To light up street lights: In this we used this energy to charge electric cars, at that place we can use this energy to light up street lights.

V. APPLICATIONS 1. Piezoelectric road harvests traffic energy to generate electricity. Fig 22. Showing lightening of street lights Source: www.slideshare.net/researcher1234/piezoelectricity-powergeneration-report

4. Power generating sidewalk: The piezoelectric crystal arrays are laid underneath pavements where a huge crowd passes creating vibrations.

Fig. 20:Piezoelectric road harvests traffic energy to generate electricity Source:http://www.gizmag.com/piezoelectric-road-harvests-trafficenergy-to-generate-electricity/10568/

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Journal of Management Engineering and Information Technology (JMEIT) Volume -2, Issue- 5, Oct. 2015, ISSN: 2394 - 8124 Website: www.jmeit.com | E-mail: [email protected]|[email protected]

VII. FUTURE SCOPE

Fig 23. Showing walkway having peizo device Source:www.slideshare.net/subhashjohn1/piezoelectric-electricbased-energy-harvesting.

5. Railway tracks: A moving train produces an ample amount of vibrations. Thus piezoelectric crystals are mounted nearby to use those vibrations. 6. Gyms and heavy machinery:

Fig 24. Showing use of Piezo devices at gyms Source: www.slideshare.net/subhashjohn1/piezoelectric-

This idea plays a vital role in saving electricity for future generations. This stored electrical energy can be used to power other devices also or can be stored. Also there are many other ways present for us besides electricity to charge up electric cars. These ways can also act as a better substitute to electricity and can be used when electrical energy is not present. We can charge our electric cars by mounting solar panels and charging via solar energy. Also, we can use a turbine mounted at the top of the car so whenever car runs, turbine rotates due to wind energy present which is converted into electrical energy by transducers.

VIII. REFERENCES [1.] Sanjay Kumar Singh, ”urban transport in India: issues, challenges, and the way forward ,European transport/ issue 52, ISSN 1825-3997. [2.] http:/www.plugincars.com/electriccars-pros128637.html=aponpf19q58-8*a. [3.]https://www.esb.ie/electric-cars/electric-car-charging/howto-charge-an-electric-car.jsp [4.] F A hill, T F havel and C Livermore- modeling mechanical energy stored in springs based on carbon nanotubes- iop publishing ltd. Volume 20,no-25 [5.] http:/news.mit.edu/2009/super-springs-0921. [6.] www.slideshare.net/subhashjohn1/piezoelectric-electricbased-energy-harvesting. [7.] www.slideshare.net/researcher1234/piezoelectricitypower-generation-report . [8.] http://www.gizmag.com/piezoelectric-road-harveststraffic-energy-to-generate-electricity/10568/

electric-based-energy-harvesting. AUTHOR’S DETAILS

VI. CONCLUSION: From this paper we are trying to give an attention to the new ways with advanced technologies present in front of us for generating electrical energy. Since electrical energy is nonrenewable so there is a great need to save electrical energy efficiently. Thus, by collaborating this vibration energy with electric cars can save a huge amount of electricity. And that saved electricity can be used to light up many lives hopes. In this concept the Piezoelectric materials plays a very important role. The Piezoelectric materials have the ability to transform mechanical energy into electrical energy. The amount of energy generated depends on the number of passing vehicles and the number of piezoelectric elements on the road. Then this received energy is stored in batteries. This idea can be used anywhere to generate electricity and is also very cost effective.

Vijay Laxmi Kalyani Assistant professor EC department govt. Women engineering college, Ajmer. IAENG membership. Attended various seminars and conferences and also published many papers in conferences and journals. Shruti Lohiya presently pursuing B.Tech III year (v sem) EC branch from govt. women engineering college, Ajmer. This is author’s second paper. Kritika Gupta presently pursuing B.Tech III year (v sem) EC branch from govt. women engineering college, Ajmer.

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