International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 5, Issue 8, August 2015)

Effect of Paste Density Variation on Pervious Concrete Husain N Hamdulay1, Roshni J John2 1

2

PG Student, Dept of Civil Engg, Saraswati College of Engineering, Kharghar-410210, India Head of Civil Engineering Department, Saraswati College of Engineering, Kharghar-410210, India Experimental study on cement replaced in concrete matrix with FA from 10% to 50% by step in steps of 10% observed that replacement of cement in any proportion lowers the flexural tensile strength of concrete as well as delays its hardening. [6] Mix Design for Pervious Recycled Aggregate Concrete paper reports the results of a content and recycled concrete aggregate for sustainable permeable pavement construction. High fineness ground granulated blast furnace slag was used to replace up to 70 % cement by weight. The properties of the pervious concrete were evaluated by determining the compressive strength at 7 and 28 days, void content and water permeability under falling head.[5]

Abstract— Water is a basic source of living and its wastage may lead to its scarcity. Pervious concrete helps in preventing large amount of water waste by its percolation it into the ground. In many developed countries, the use of pervious concrete for the construction of pavements, car parks and driveways is becoming popular. In order to develop material specification for pervious concrete, it is necessary to conduct testing to evaluate its performance. The effect of paste density on properties of hardened concrete by addition of various cementitious admixtures such as Fly ash and GGBS is assessed in this paper. Keywords— Pervious concrete, Paste density, Flyash, GGBS.

I. INTRODUCTION

III. ADVANTAGES OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE

Pervious concrete is a mixture of Portland cement, coarse aggregate, water, and admixtures, with little or no fine aggregate. It is a zero-slump, no-fines, open graded material. The right configuration of these materials produces a product that allows water to pass though it at the rate of 45-70 liters per minute per square foot. The void structure of pervious concrete is typically between 18%25%. The pore structure contains interconnected voids that allow water and air to pass through. It is also called nofines or permeable concrete.

 The benefits of pervious concrete are not limited to its infiltration capacities.  A number of studies have shown its potential to remove pollutants from water,  Decreasing flooding possibilities, especially in urban areas and reducing puddles on the road  Reduce noise, improve skid resistance, and  Help mitigate the heat island effect  It returns rain water to the ground, recharging ground water and aquifers  The runoff from paved areas is reduced, which reduces the need for separate storm water retention  Supporting vegetation growth

II. EARLIER RESEARCH Experimental determination of Fresh and hardened pervious concrete properties gave correlation between the compressive strength, flexural tensile strength, flow coefficient, and aggregate grading is analyzed. [6] Experimentation study on permeability reduction in pervious concretes due to physical clogging using both experimental and modeling approaches have been described. [3] The laboratory results of the study undertaken to determine the effect of shapes and size of aggregates on permeability of pervious concrete indicates that permeability of pervious concrete vary as a function of angularity number of aggregates used. [1]

Pervious concrete also has some disadvantages:  Low strength due to high porosity  High maintenance requirement due to clogging problem IV. PROBLEMS AND ISSUES WITH PERVIOUS CONCRETE - Due to the high percentage of voids and the lack of fines, pervious concrete mixtures tend to have low compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths (Beeldens, 2001).

208

International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 5, Issue 8, August 2015) - Research has shown that the relationship between the strength and porosity of these mixtures is well defined. Typically, this relationship is fairly linear. As the porosity of the mix decreases, the strength increases (Crouch et al., 2003; Haselbach et al., 2006). - Admixture proportioning is an important criterion as it may lead to imperious surface at the bottom. To facilitate the movement of water, interconnected voids must be present in the hardened pervious concrete. - There is a concern that the pores in the pervious concrete might clog due to long-term deposition of fine materials in runoff, or due to a catastrophic events such as the failure of upstream erosion control measures or flooding.

VI. MIX PROPORTION Trial concrete mixes shall be prepared keeping water to cementitious material ratio (W/Cm) constant for all the six concrete mixes. The design mix proportions are as follows: TABLE 1 MIX PROPORTIONS FOR PERVIOUS CONCRETE MIXES Mix Compos -ition

V. MATERIAL USED - Cement Ordinary Portland cement of 53-grade will be used in this study conforming to IS: 8112-1989 having Specific gravity 3.15. - Aggregates The coarse aggregate passing through 20 mm and retained on 10 mm sieve was used in research. Aggregates of size 10 mm and 20 mm used in the project will be local angular aggregates available with distributer. - Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) The GGBS used in research was obtained from JSW Steel Plant. The specific gravity of about GGBS is 2.88.

Mi x Ab bv

Quantity (Kg/m3) Cem ent

Fl y As h

GG BS

Wat er

CA 10

CA 20

Admi xture

C:FA/G GBS = 100:0

PM 1

300

0

0

100

1780

0

1

C:FA/G GBS = 100:0

PM 2

300

0

0

100

712

106 8

1

C:FA = 85:15

PM 3

255

45

0

100

1780

0

1

C:FA = 65:35

PM 4

195

10 5

0

100

1780

0

1

C:GGBS = 75:25

PM 5

225

0

75

100

640

960

1

C:GGBS = 50:50

PM 6

150

0

150

100

640

960

1

C: Cement; FA: Fly Ash; GGBS: Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag

- Fly ash (FA) Fly ash required for the project was obtained from local fly ash brick manufacturer having its source from Nasik Thermal Power Plant having a specific gravity of 2.15.

VII. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME As part of project 6 samples of pervious concrete were prepared. Practical preparation of concrete mixes for various concrete/ aggregate mix proportions, use of admixtures was done Proportion 1- Use of only 10 mm aggregates (PM 1) Proportion 2- Mix proportion of 10 mm and 20 mm aggregates (PM 2) Proportion 3- Higher strength mix (From above) + Fly ash (15 %) (PM 3) Proportion 4- Higher strength mix (From above) + Fly ash (35 %) (PM 4) Proportion 5- Higher strength mix (From above) + GGBS (25 %) (PM 5)

- Admixtures Water Reducing Admixtures is being used for preparing the pervious concrete mix. BASF admixtures Master Polyheed 8650 was used for the purpose. - Water Water quality used in pervious concrete should be the same as that used in conventional concrete: potable water, recycled water from the concrete industry, or tap water. Due to the sensitivity of pervious concrete, water quality control is very important.

209

International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 5, Issue 8, August 2015) Proportion 6- Higher strength mix (From above) + GGBS (50 %) (PM 6) The basis of mix design was based on trial and error method as no exact design method is available for mix design of pervious concrete. VIII. TESTING METHODS AND PROCEDURES All the six concrete mixes were tested for A. Compressive strength at 3, 7 & 28 days following the guidelines of IS 516, B. Flexure test for beams at 28 days, C. Split tensile test for cylindrical molds at 28 day [7] D. Water Permeability test at 28 days

Fig 3 Split Tensile Testing of pervious concrete specimen

Fig 1Compressive strength testing of Pervious Sample

Fig 4 Falling Head Permeability Testing of pervious concrete specimen

IX. PASTE DENSITY The density of the paste is derived from the collective mass of all the constituents of the paste such as OPC, fly ash, GGBS, water and admixture of unit composite volume of paste

Fig 2 Flexure strength testing of Pervious sample

210

International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 5, Issue 8, August 2015) X. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION TABLE 2 PASTE DENSITY OF DIFFERENT PERVIOUS MIXES

Paste Mix Mix Composition

Weight

Volume

Density (Kg/m3)

C:FA/GGBS=100:0

PM 1

400

196.16

2.04

C:FA/GGBS=100:0

PM 2

400

196.16

2.04

C:FA=85:15

PM 3

400

202.81

1.97

C:FA=65:35

PM 4

400

211.67

1.89

C:GGBS=75:25

PM 5

400

198.40

2.02

C:GGBS=50:50

PM 6

400

200.63

1.99

Fig 4 graphs showing variation of paste density against compression and flexural strength

Fig 3 Graph showing variation in paste density

The relationship graphs for paste density and strength of various mixes show that paste density was `directly proportional to the strength factor. Lower paste density showed lower strengths for compression, split tensile and flexural strength. Density of concrete also varied the same way. For mix containing Flyash had lowest paste density and the density or unit weight for the mix was also the lowest.

Fig 4.4.1 shows Paste Density and its variation of the different mixes. The paste density mix with 100% OPC shows a constant paste density. Aggregate sizes do not have any effect on the paste density. For mixes with flyash show a reduction of 3.55% and 8% in paste density for 15% and 35% replacement of OPC. Replacement of GGBS upto 25% showed negligible reduction in Paste density. Even 50% replacement of cement also showed only a decrease of 1% in paste density.

211

International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 5, Issue 8, August 2015) The presence of high porosity relative to conventional concrete makes the pervious concrete to become light weight concrete with limited compressive strength.  A proper gradation of aggregate and mix design is important to get an optimum mix.  Flyash reduced the strength properties of the concrete, the major reason may be the grade and quality of Flyash.  Paste density obtained for Flyash was very low than OPC and GGBS due to its low specific gravity. Relationship graphs showed that low Paste Density was proportional to lower strengths while high paste density showed high strength.  Permeability was not much varied due to variation in paste density. Permeability is moreover related to method of compaction and size of aggregates used. REFERENCES AND STANDARDS [1]

A.K. Jain, Dr. J.S. Chouhan, S.S. Goliya Effect Of Shape And Size Of Aggregate On Permeability Of Pervious Concrete JERS/Vol. II/ Issue IV/October-December, 2011/48-5 [2] Marty Wanielista Manoj Chopra, Final Report ―Performance Assessment of Portland Cement Pervious Pavement‖ Stormwater Management Academy University of Central Florida June 2007 [3] Omkar Deo, Milani Sumanasooriya, M, and Narayanan Neithalath Permeability Reduction in Pervious Concretes due to Clogging: Experiments and Modeling Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 22, No. 7, July 1, 2010. ©ASCE, ISSN 08991561/2010/7-741–751 [4] Will Goede, Liv Haselbach ―Investigation into the Structural Performance of Pervious Concrete‖ Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol. 138, No. 1, January 1, 2012. ©ASCE, ISSN 0733947X/2012/1-98–104 [5] Rasiah Sriravindrarajah, Neo Derek Huai Wang, and Lai Jian Wen Ervin ―Mix Design for Pervious Recycled Aggregate Concrete‖ International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials Vol.6, No.4, pp.239–246, December 2012 DOI 10.1007/40069-012-0024-x ISSN 1976-0485 / ISSN 2234-1315 [6] S L Patil, Dr M V Baride, Dr M Husain, B V Mahajan ―Fly Ash Concrete for Road Pavement: A Techno Economic Analysis‖ International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945 IJAET/Vol. I/ Issue III/Oct.-Dec.,2010/93-100 [7] Silvija Mrakovčić, Nina Čeh, Vedrana Jugovac Effect of aggregate grading on pervious concrete properties GRAĐEVINAR 66 (2014) 2, 107-113, DOI: 10.14256/JCE.977.2013. [8] Yogendra O. Patil, Prof.P.N.Patil, Dr. Arun Kumar Dwivedi ―GGBS As Partial Replacement Of OPC In Cement Concrete – An Experimental Study IJSR - International Journal Of Scientific Research, Volume : 2 | Issue : 11 | November 2013 • ISSN No 2277 – 8179 [9] Yukari Aoki, Thesis Report ―Development of Pervious Concrete‖, University of Technology, Sydney, June 2009. [10] IS 456 -2000 ―Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete‖, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

Fig 5 Graphs showing variation of paste density against Permeability and Density of concrete

The relationship graphs between permeability and paste density of mix does not show more variation. The variation for 50% GGBS mix is slightly higher than other. The variation may be due to low compaction in the sample. XI. CONCLUSION Pervious concrete has high water permeability due the presence of interconnected air voids.

212

International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 5, Issue 8, August 2015) [11] IS 516 -1959 ―Methods of Tests for strength of concrete‖, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. [12] IS 10262 -2009 ―IS Method of Mix Design‖, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. [13] IS 383: 1970 ―Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural source for concrete‖

[14] IS 3812-1 (2003): Specification for Pulverized Fuel Ash, Part 1: For Use as Pozzolana in Cement, Cement Mortar and Concrete [15] IS 12089 (1987): Specification for granulated slag for the manufacture of Portland slag cement.

213