Early Modern Literature in History General Editors: Cedric C. Brown, Professor of English and Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Reading; Andrew Hadfield, Professor of English, University of Sussex, Brighton Advisory Board: Donna Hamilton, University of Maryland; Jean Howard, University of Columbia; John Kerrigan, University of Cambridge; Richard McCoy, CUNY; Sharon Achinstein, University of Oxford Within the period 1520–1740 this series discusses many kinds of writing, both within and outside the established canon. The volumes may employ different theoretical perspectives, but they share an historical awareness and an interest in seeing their texts in lively negotiation with their own and successive cultures. Titles include: Andrea Brady ENGLISH FUNERARY ELEGY IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY Laws in Mourning Jocelyn Catty WRITING RAPE, WRITING WOMEN IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND Unbridled Speech Dermot Cavanagh LANGUAGE AND POLITICS IN THE SIXTEENTH-CENTURY HISTORY PLAY Danielle Clarke and Elizabeth Clarke (editors) ‘THIS DOUBLE VOICE’ Gendered Writing in Early Modern England James Daybell (editor) EARLY MODERN WOMEN’S LETTER-WRITING, 1450–1700 Jerome De Groot ROYALIST IDENTITIES John Dolan POETIC OCCASION FROM MILTON TO WORDSWORTH Tobias Döring PERFORMANCES OF MOURNING IN SHAKESPEAREAN THEATRE AND EARLY MODERN CULTURE Sarah M. Dunnigan EROS AND POETRY AT THE COURTS OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS AND JAMES VI Andrew Hadfield SHAKESPEARE, SPENSER AND THE MATTER OF BRITAIN William M. Hamlin TRAGEDY AND SCEPTICISM IN SHAKESPEARE’S ENGLAND

Elizabeth Heale AUTOBIOGRAPHY AND AUTHORSHIP IN RENAISSANCE VERSE Chronicles of the Self Claire Jowitt (editor) PIRATES? THE POLITICS OF PLUNDER, 1550–1650 Pauline Kiernan STAGING SHAKESPEARE AT THE NEW GLOBE Arthur F. Marotti (editor) CATHOLICISM AND ANTI-CATHOLICISM IN EARLY MODERN ENGLISH TEXTS Jean-Christopher Mayer SHAKESPEARE’S HYBRID FAITH History, Religion and the Stage Jennifer Richards (editor) EARLY MODERN CIVIL DISCOURSES Sasha Roberts READING SHAKESPEARE’S POEMS IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND Rosalind Smith SONNETS AND THE ENGLISH WOMAN WRITER, 1560–1621 The Politics of Absence Mark Thornton Burnett CONSTRUCTING ‘MONSTERS’ IN SHAKESPEAREAN DRAMA AND EARLY MODERN CULTURE MASTERS AND SERVANTS IN ENGLISH RENAISSANCE DRAMA AND CULTURE Authority and Obedience The series Early Modern Literature in History is published in association with the Renaissance Texts Research Centre at the University of Reading.

Early Modern Literature in History Series Standing Order ISBN 978-0-333-71472-0 (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England

Pirates? The Politics of Plunder, 1550–1650 Edited by

Claire Jowitt

© Editorial matter, selection and Introduction, Chapter 9 © Claire E. Jowitt 2007 All remaining chapters © respective authors 2007 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2007 978-0-230-00327-9 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2007 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-28093-3 DOI 10.1057/9780230627642

ISBN 978-0-230-62764-2 (eBook)

This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pirates? : the politics of plunder, 1550–1650 / edited by Claire Jowitt p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Pirates–History–16th century. 2. Pirates–History–17th century. 3. Naval history, Modern–16th century. 4. Naval history, Modern–17th century. I. Jowitt, Claire. G535.P577 2006 910.4′5–dc22

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Contents List of Figures

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Acknowledgements

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Notes on Contributors

Part I

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Piracy? Some Definitions

Introduction: Pirates? The Politics of Plunder, 1550–1650 Claire Jowitt

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1 ‘Hostis Humani Generis’ – The Pirate as Outlaw in the Early Modern Law of the Sea Christopher Harding

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Part II

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Perspectives on Piracy

2 The Problem of Piracy in Ireland, 1570–1630 John C. Appleby

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3 Piracy and Captivity in the Early Modern Mediterranean: The Perspective from Barbary Nabil Matar

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4 Crusading Piracy? The Curious Case of the Spanish in the Channel, 1590–95 Matthew Dimmock

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5 Acting Pirates: Converting A Christian Turned Turk Mark Hutchings 6 ‘We are not pirates’: Piracy and Navigation in The Lusiads Bernhard Klein 7 Virolet and Martia the Pirate’s Daughter: Gender and Genre in Fletcher and Massinger’s The Double Marriage Lucy Munro

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Part III

Pirate Afterlives

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8 Sir Francis Drake’s Ghost: Piracy, Cultural Memory, and Spectral Nationhood Mark Netzloff 9 Scaffold Performances: The Politics of Pirate Execution Claire Jowitt

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10 Of Pirates, Slaves, and Diplomats: Anglo-American Writing about the Maghrib in the Age of Empire Gerald MacLean

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Notes

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Select Bibliography

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Index

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List of Figures 0.1 Detail from Anon, A True Relation of the Life and Death of Sir Andrew Barton, a Pirate and Rover on the seas, Wood 402 (37). Reproduced courtesy of The Bodleian Library, University of Oxford.

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3.1 Paolo Caliari Véronèze, Les Noces de Cana, Paris, musée du Louvre. Reproduced with permission Photo RMN.

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3.2 Pietro Tacca, Monument to Ferdinand I, Livorno: detail of the Moorish Slave. © 1990, Photo Scala, Florence.

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3.3 The mosque by Ahmed el-Ingles in Rabat. Reproduced with permission from Nabil Matar.

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7.1 Inigo Jones, costume for Lucy, Countess of Bedford, in The Masque of Queens (1609), Devonshire Collection Chatsworth. Reproduced by permission of the Duke of Devonshire and the Chatsworth Settlement Trustees. Photograph: Photographic Survey, Courtauld Institute of Art.

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7.2 Portrait of Penthisilaea, Thomas Heywood’s The Exemplary Lives and Memorable Acts of Nine the Most Worthy Women of the World (1640). Published with permission from The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

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Acknowledgements This book has its origin in a conference on ‘Pirates! Plunderers at Sea in the Age of Empire 1550–1650’, which was held at the Gregynog, the conference centre of the University of Wales, in beautiful late spring weather in May 2005. My first thanks goes then to all the scholars, friends and colleagues who made the event such an intellectually stimulating and socially convivial event, but especially Ken Parker who not only gave a splendid plenary paper himself, but also was also immensely thoughtful and generous in discussion and question sessions. I would also like to thank the University of Wales Aberystwyth, Gregynog Conference Centre, and the Society for Renaissance Studies, who generously helped finance the event through grants and awards. My colleagues Peter Barry, Sarah Prescott and Diane Watt in the English Department at Aberystwyth were tremendously supportive whilst I was planning the conference; as was my research student Stephan Schmuck. I also gratefully acknowledge the help of Julie Roberts, the Secretary of the English Department at UWA, who dealt with the conference paperwork with efficiency and tireless good humour; and of Christoph Lindner, who provided me with a mine of information about conference organization at UWA. Liz Oakley-Brown of Canterbury Christ Church University College, formerly UWA, stepped into the breach during the conference, helping smooth over any minor hiccups, in particular chasing up Birmingham airport baggage handlers’ loss of Nabil Matar’s luggage, which appeared to have been plundered in transit for nearly 48 hours. In the production of this book I have accrued other significant debts. I am delighted that this book appears in Cedric Brown’s and Andrew Hadfield’s Literature in History series at Palgrave, and I thank them for their faith in the project. The Literature, Theatre and Performance team at Palgrave has been consistently helpful and efficient at every stage in the genesis of this book. The book’s contributors have, uniformly, been a pleasure to work with, sticking to deadlines and responding with alacrity to editorial comments and each others’ work, despite other commitments. I am especially grateful to John Appleby who read and commented on the book’s Introduction, and to Paulina Kewes, Kevin Sharpe, David Shuttleton, and Greg Walker who provided x

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extremely helpful feedback on my chapter on pirate scaffolds. In the final stages of the production of this book I took up an appointment at Nottingham Trent University: I am grateful to my new colleagues to listening to my enthusiasm on this subject with patience. A final acknowledgement is to Gerald MacLean: it is to him that I owe a debt for the book’s title since he suggested the change from the rather too emphatic ‘Pirates!’ to the more inquiring ‘Pirates?’, an alteration which much better reflects the arguments of the book.

Notes on Contributors John C. Appleby is Senior Lecturer in History at Liverpool Hope University College. His research interests are in early modern English maritime and colonial history, including piracy and privateering in England and Ireland. He is a contributor to the New Maritime History of Devon vol. 1 (1992), and to the Oxford History of the British Empire vol. 1 (1998). He is editor of A Calendar of Material Relating to Ireland from the High Court of Admiralty Examinations 1536–1641 (1992). Matthew Dimmock is Lecturer in English at the University of Sussex and member of the University’s Centre for Early Modern Studies. He is the author of New Turkes: Dramatising Islam and the Ottomans in Early Modern England (2005) and co-editor (with Matthew Birchwood) of Cultural Encounters Between East and West, 1453–1699 (2005). He is interested in early modern cultural and religious encounters. Christopher Harding is Professor of Law at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth. His research interests include European and International law, crime and delinquency in the international context, and penal theory and history. More recently his research has focused on evolving legal structures and identities, especially in relation to the construction and control of criminal behaviour. One major research project focused on the criminalization of business cartels which was published (with J. Joshua) as Regulating Cartels in Europe (2003) and as ‘Business Collusion as a Criminological Phenomenon’, forthcoming in Critical Criminology. Mark Hutchings is a Lecturer in English at the University of Reading, specializing in early modern theatre and drama in performance. His edition of Three Jacobean ‘Turkish’ Plays (Revels Series) is in preparation and a co-authored book with A. A. Bromham, Middleton and his Collaborators is forthcoming in 2006. His published and current research focuses on the staging and reception of the Ottoman Empire and the theatre of Thomas Middleton. Claire Jowitt is Professor of English at the Nottingham Trent University. She is the author of Voyage Drama and Gender Politics 1589–1642: Real and Imagined Worlds (2003) and co-editor of The Arts of Seventeenth Century Science: Representations of the Natural World in European and North

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American Culture (2002). Her research interests focus on colonialism and empire, travel writing and piracy, and she is currently finishing a book Alien Nation: Piracy and Empire 1580–1630. Bernhard Klein is Reader in Literature at the University of Essex. His publications include a monograph on Maps and the Writing of Space in Early Modern England and Ireland (2001) and several edited collections, among them Fictions of the Sea: Critical Perspectives on the Ocean in British Literature and Culture (2002) and Sea Changes: Historicizing the Ocean (2004). He is currently working on a cultural history of the ocean in the early modern period. Gerald MacLean is Anniversary Professor of English at the University of York. Recent book publications include The Rise of Oriental Travel: English Travellers to the Ottoman Empire, 1580–1720 (2004); and, as editor Re-Orientating the Renaissance: Cultural Exchanges with the East (2005). He is currently completing Looking East: English Writing and the Ottoman Empire before 1800. Nabil Matar is Professor of English and Department Head of Humanities and Communication at the Florida Institute of Technology. His research focuses on the interaction between Europe, particularly England, and the world of Islam in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. He is the author of Islam in Britain 1558–1685 (1998); Turks, Moors and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery (1999); In the Lands of the Christians: Arabic Travel Writing in the Seventeenth Century (2003) and Barbary and Britain, 1589–1689 (2005). Lucy Munro is a Lecturer in English at Keele University. She is the author of Children of the Queen’s Revels: A Jacobean Theatre Repertory (2005) and has edited Edward Sharpham’s The Fleer for Globe Quartos (2005). Mark Netzloff is Associate Professor of English at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. He is the author of England’s Internal Colonies: Class, Capital, and the Literature of Early Modern English Colonialism (2003). His current book project examines English travel and migration in early modern Europe.