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Ergün Laflı (ed.) Late Antique/Early Byzantine Glass in the Eastern Mediterranean

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COLLOQVIA ANATOLICA ET AEGAEA Acta Congressus Communis Omnium Gentium Smyrnae II

LATE ANTIQUE/EARLY BYZANTINE GLASS IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN

Edited by

Ergün LAFLI

Published with the Financial Support of

TÜBİTAK

IZMIR 2009

COLLOQVIA ANATOLICA ET AEGAEA – Acta Congressus Communis Omnium Gentium Smyrnae II Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Arts Department of Archaeology Division for Medieval Archaeology Publication Series, No. 1

Late Antique/Early Byzantine Glass in the Eastern Mediterranean. Copyright © 2009 Ergün LAFLI, Editor (1975-). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission from the editor. ISBN 978-605-61525-0-4. This title published by Hürriyet Matbaası 1. Sanayi Sitesi, 2626 Sokak 52, Çamdibi TR-35091 Izmir, TURKEY. [email protected] 1st Edition (500 samples). Printed in Izmir, Turkey in December 2009. Page Setting (InDesign CS3): Feyza YALAMANOĞLU (Izmir). Text Corrections & Revisions: Sylvia FÜNFSCHILLING (Augst), Holger SCHWARZER (Münster), Andrew LAWRENCE (Basel), Chris LIGHTFOOT (New York City), Jaimee UHLENBROCK (New Paltz) and Eva CHRISTOF (Graz). Translations: Ergün LAFLI (Turkish to English), Sylvia FÜNFSCHILLING (English to German). Cover Page: Feyza YALAMANOĞLU (Izmir). Conference papers and abstracts, presented at the International Colloquium, “Late Antique Glass in Anatolia (4th to 8th cent. A.D.)”, in October 25–28, 2009 in Izmir, Turkey. 34 papers with xx+403 pages and numerous black-white figures. All papers are in English, with the exception of two contributions in German; abstracts and key words in English, German, Turkish, and Italian. 21,5 x 28,7 cm; paperback; 80 gr. quality paper. Frontispiece: Fragmentary conical beaker, transparent light olive-green; found in 1980 in the city excavation of Pergamon. Late Byzantine (13th cent.); inventory no.: G 0905. Depot of the German Excavation House, Bergama (photo by Holger SCHWARZER, 2009). Address of the Editor for Distribution: Doç. Dr. Ergün LAFLI Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Arkeoloji Bölümü Ortaçağ Arkeolojisi Anabilimdalı Başkanlığı Oda No: A 418 Kaynaklar/Tınaztepe Yerleşkesi, Buca TR-35160 Izmir, TURKEY. Mobile Phone: +90.539.577 07 33. Fax: +90.232.453 90 93. [email protected] The publication of this volume was aided by a publication grant from TÜBİTAK (Turkish Academy of Sciences).

Table of Contents Part 1: Introduction Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………………………………………….........………v-vi. Preface, Chris LIGHTFOOT.…………………………………………………………………………………….……….………...vii. Introduction, Ergün LAFLI..……………………………………………………..............................................................ix-xii. Tribute to Dr Sarah JENNINGS, Jennifer PRICE..………………………...…...................................................xiii-xiv. Program of the International Colloquium,………...……...………………………………………………………….......xv-xvi. List of Registered Observers of the Colloquium………….………………….………………………...……………………xvii. Part 2: Late Antique/Early Byzantine Glass in Anatolia: 1-252. 1 Late Roman/Early Byzantine Glass Finds from the Marmaray Rescue Excavation at Yenikapı in Istanbul, Şeniz ATİK…….………………………...………………..........................................................……1-16. 2 Late Roman/Early Byzantine Glass from the Marmaray Rescue Excavations at Sirkeci, Istanbul, Üzlifat CANAV ÖZGÜMÜŞ…….………………………………………………………………….……………17-24. 3 Late Roman/Early Byzantine Window Glass from the Marmaray Rescue Excavations at Sirkeci, Serra KANYAK.…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….25-47. 4 A Typological Approach to Glass Goblet Production from Late Antiquity to the Middle Ages in the Light of Recent Finds, Zeynep ÇAKMAKÇI.……………………………………………………………..………………49-66. 5 Spätantike und byzantinische Glasfunde aus Alexandreia Troas, Holger SCHWARZER..…………….67-84. 6 Spätantike, byzantinische und islamische Glasfunde aus Pergamon, Holger SCHWARZER.....……85-109. 7 Late Antique Glass from Allianoi (Aiolis), Ahmet YARAŞ.…………………...........................……………111-112. 8 Glass Bracelets from Güre-Ilıca (Mysia), Ahmet YARAŞ, Candan YARAŞ.…………...............................…113. 9 Glass from Terrace House 2 at Ephesus, Martina SCHÄTZSCHOCK...………………………...………115-122. 10 Late Antique Glass from Iasos (Caria), Simona CONTARDI..………...……………………...………..…123-132. 11 Late Antique Glass in Sacred Context: A hagiasma at Carian Labraunda, Jesper BLID.............…133-150. 12 Glass from the 2006 Excavation Season in the Theatre at Nicaea, İzzet Umut ÇELİK……………151-160. 13 Glass from Hadrianoupolis (Paphlagonia), Ergün LAFLI...…………………………………………………161-170. 14 Vitreous Mosaic from Tyana (Cappadocia), Maria Teresa LACHIN (with an appendix by Chiara Letizia SERRA, Alberta SILVESTRI and Gianmario MOLIN)....………………………………………….…171-183. 15 Late Roman Glass from the Museum of Karaman, Ertekin DOKSANALTI, Suhal SAĞLAM...…………………………………………………………………..………185-186. v

16 Late Roman Glass from the Museum of Akşehir, Mehmet TEKOCAK. ..………………………………….…187. 17 Late Antique/Early Byzantine Glass Vessels from Trench Q18 at Limyra: Excavation Seasons 20072009, Selda BAYBO...……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…189-198. 18 Glass from the Seljuk Palace at Alanya, Ömür BAKIRER..………………………………….……………… 199-212. 19 Archaeometry of the Glass from Alanya, Elif BEŞER, Ali UZUN, Ali Akın AKYOL, Şahinde DEMİRCİ, Yusuf Kağan KADIOĞLU…………………………………..............…..................……….213-233. 20 Glass from Yumuktepe (Cilicia), Gülgün KÖROĞLU.……………………............................……………235-243. 21 Late Antique Glass from the Museum of Kahramanmaraş, Fevziye GÜNEŞ………………………….245-252. Part 3: Late Antique/Early Byzantine Glass in the Rest of Eastern Mediterranean: 251-390. 22 Glass Vessels of Early Christian Thessaloniki (3rd-6th cent. A.D.), Anastassios ANTONARAS...……………………………………………………………………………………….………………257. 23 Late Roman/Early Byzantine Window Glass from Sector I in Eleutherna (Crete), Kalliopi NIKITA....……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………259. 24 Glass from Late Antique/Early Byzantine Dichin (Northern Bulgaria), Anastasia CHOLAKOVA....…………………………………………………………………………………………………261-262. 25 Early Byzantine HIMT Glass from Bulgaria, Thilo REHREN, Anastasia CHOLAKOVA…………..…263. 26 Glass from Early Byzantine Gradina on Mount Jelica (Serbia), Milica KRIŽANAC…………….…265-284. 27 5th-6th Century Glass from the Hilltop Settlement of Tonovcov Grad (Slovenia), Tina MILAVEC..………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………285-300. 28 Early Byzantine Glass from the Tauric Chersonesos (Crimea), Larissa GOLOFAST……………...301-335. 29 Late Antique Glass from the Eastern Black Sea: Christian Context, Liudmila KHRUŠKOVA...………………………………………………………………………..…………………………337-353. 30 Late Antique/Early Byzantine Glass Vessels from the Cemeteries of Kodori and Machara Valleys (Georgia), Eliso BAGHATURIA-KNER...……………………………………………………………………….……355-368. 31 Early Byzantine Glass Vessels from the Southwestern Littoral of Georgia, Tamar SHALIKADZE, Emzar KAKHIDZE...……………………………………………………………...………369-377. 32 Early Medieval Glass Production in the Central Transcaucasus, Qristine SHAVLAKADZE, Anna SAKHVADZE..……………………………………………………………….………379. 33 Glass Vessels in Beirut Before and After A.D. 551, Sarah JENNINGS..……………………………….……...381. 34 Glass from the Canadian Excavations at Carthage, Sylvia FÜNFSCHILLING………………..……383-390. Part 4: A Bibliographical List of the Late Antique/Early Byzantine Glass Studies in Anatolia Until the Year 2009 Ergün LAFLI..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………391-403.

Late Antique Glass from Iasos (Caria) Simona CONTARDI Dr Simona CONTARDI (Genoa) Università degli Studi di Genova, Dipartimento di Archeologia, Filologia Classica e loro tradizioni in epoca cristiana, medievale e umanistica "Francesco Della Corte" (D.AR.FI.CL.ET.), Via Balbi 4, I-16126 Genoa, TALY. or Via U. Terracini 2, I-15067 Novi Ligure (AL), ITALY. . This article is a preliminary review of the glass finds from the Agora of Iasos and a Byzantine building of the urban perimeter. The finds include common productions such as lamps, beakers, cups, bottles, windowglasses, beside some rare decorated fragments. These objects can be compared to the rest of Late Antique glass of Asia Minor. Key Words: Iasos, Caria, lamps, beakers, bowls, mold-blown glasses. Spätantike Gläser aus Iasos (Karien) Das Projekt der Bearbeitung der Gläser aus Iasos in Karien, das während der italienischen Mission im Jahre 2008 angeregt wurde, hat zum Ziel, die Verbreitung, den Handel und die Produktion von Glasfunden, die in der Stadt gemacht wurden, zu untersuchen, zunächst statt vorderhand in kleinerem Rahmen, später jedoch als Teil eines grösseren Projektes, das den antiken östlichen Mittelmeerraum umfasst. Die Siedlung wurde bis zum Ende der byzantinischen Periode bewohnt, wie religiöse Gebäude und die Funde darlegen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag sollen die Glasfunde aus den Grabungen in verschiedenen Sektoren der Agora (vor allem im Caesareum und in der frühchristlichen Basilika) und aus der Basilika beim Osttor vorgestellt werden. Es sind dies vor allem Tafelgeschirr, Lampen und Fenstergläser, die in zahlreichen Kontexten zusammen mit Keramik gefunden wurden, die eine genauere Datierung der Funde liefern kann. Es wird eine Typologie der Funde, die während der Spätantike in Gebrauch waren erstellt, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Form und Funktion. Schlüsselwörter: Iasos, Karien, Lampen, Becher, Schüsseln, formgeblasenes Glas. I vetri tardo-antichi di Iasos di Caria Il progetto di studio dei vetri di Iasos di Caria, iniziato durante la Missione archeologica del 2008, ha lo scopo di delineare le attestazioni, i commerci e le produzioni di materiale vitreo documentate nella città, finora oggetto solo di studi preliminari, all’interno di un più vasto ambito di ricerca sugli scambi nel Mediterraneo orientale antico. Il sito presenta una frequentazione di vita fino al periodo bizantino, come documentato dagli edifici religiosi e dai materiali rinvenuti. Il contributo si propone di presentare i reperti rinvenuti negli scavi provenienti da differenti settori dell’agorà (in particolare il cd. Caesareum e la basilica paleocristiana) e dalla basilica presso la porta est. Oggetto di questo studio sono soprattutto il vasellame da mensa, le lucerne, i vetri da finestra associati in numerosi contesti con materiale ceramico utile per una datazione più puntuale dei reperti. Verranno presentate le tipologie attestate durante la fase di vita tardoantica della città, con particolare riferimento allo sviluppo formale e funzionale. Parole chiave: Iasos di Caria, lucerne, bicchieri, coppe, vetro soffiato entro stampo.

Since 1960 the Italian Archeological Mission carries out researches in Iasos in Caria, currently under the direction of Dr Fede BERTI. During these years many archaeological excavations within the urban area, reconstructions, restorations of the city buildings and the museum dressing of Balık Pazarı have been realized (fig. 1).

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The study of glass finds from Iasos has begun in 2008, within a wider research concerning different materials, in order to outline the situation of commercial trading in the Eastern Mediterranean of which the Carian center was part of1. Finds presented in this paper originate from various meaningful areas of the urban centre that yield important finds in order to define a preliminary view: some sectors in the Agora, that show frequent activity up to the Byzantine period (for example the Justinian Basilica2, excavation areas of the porticos and the building in the south-eastern corner3) and an excavation area located in the eastern part of the peninsula, where the settlement lies. Here a Byzantine building - the use of which is not clear (the so-called Basilica near to the East Gate) - was identified above an older complex belonging to Late Hellenistic time4. The contexts examined have different determinations (religious, civil, etc.), while this work does not take into account glass from burials. The finds are very fragmentary; most of them present some type of weathering, iridescence or slight corrosion. The objects represent a typological sampling of glass materials from Iasos, ranging from Late Roman to Byzantine period, awaiting a complete and chronological study of finds coming from the archeological excavations. The glass fragments which have been identified here, are dated on the base of comparisons with sites similar to Iasos. A particular attention to Asia Minor findings has been payed, without neglecting some important sites in the Mediterranean region. Sometimes the absence of whole vessels enables only a hypothetical attribution to a fixed shape, on the base of a general evaluation of the context. Currently it is not possible to make associations between different finds that allow a more precise outlining of chronologies, development and use. Late Antique glass from Iasos includes lamps, goblets, beakers, bowls, bottles, flasks. It shows natural colours (from colourless to light or olive green, light blue, etc. in many variations). Finds from other sites in Asia Minor, such as Amorium, Ephesus, Hierapolis, Nicaea, Sardis, Sagalassus, Istanbul5, provide a lot of parallels, testify common production and underline the predominancy of vessels of daily use in Iasos (mostly between the 5th to 8th century A.D.), beside some particularly esteemed examples6. A possible local manufacture is not certain and can at this moment not be supported by clear archaeological evidences such as production waste, glass drops and melting-pot fragments. During the late-antique period the Iasos Agora and buildings facing it (especially the Bouleuterion) were occupied by many little furnaces; one of them can possibly be assigned to glassmaking7. A shapeless emerald green glass lump from the Basilica in the Agora could be set aside for local rimelting by itinerant workers.

I would like to thank Dr F. BERTI for allowing me to begin the study of glass from Iasos, giving me the possibility and the permission to publish them. All drawings except no. 1 is by the author and in scale 1/1. 2 SERİN 2004, pp. 99-100. 3 This building is actually the subject of a specific research by the author, where architectural aspects and materials settings will be studied. 4 Iasos bibliography, initially edited on the «Annuario della Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene», is rich and this is not the place to give a full list. Among the latest studies, with previous publications, it can be referred: Iasos di Caria. Un contributo ferrarese alla archeologia microasiatica. Progetti e lavori di restauro, Atti dell’Accademia delle Scienze di Ferrara CLXXI (1993-1994), Supplemento al vol. 71 (1995); Iasos tra VI e IV secolo a.C. Miscellanea storico-archeologica, Atti dell’Accademia delle Scienze di Ferrara, Supplemento al volume 81 (2003-2004) (2004); Gli scavi italiani a Iasos in Caria, La Parola del Passato LIV (1999); Iasos e la Caria. Nuovi studi e ricerche, La Parola del Passato LX (2005); Iasos in età romana. Miscellanea storico-archeologica, Atti dell’Accademia delle Scienze di Ferrara CLXXXIII - CLXXXIV, Supplemento al volume 83-84 (2005-2006) (2006-2007) (2008). 5 VON SALDERN 1980; HAYES 1992; LIGHTFOOT 1993; GENÇLER 2000; GILL 2002; CZURDA-RUTH 2007; and ÖZGÜMÜŞ 2008. 6 A similar situation has been pointed out at Amorium (LIGHTFOOT 2005, p. 175). 7 LEVI 1969, p. 545; BERTI/BALDONI 1998, p. 77. 1

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Lighting devices8 are documented in several variants featuring a big diffusion, a common use as well as the presence in religious buildings9. Different types of lamps, sometimes represented with just one specimen or in variants which less differs to each other, indicate a repetitive and coarse production, with an utilitarian aim. Objects can show a globular body with a knob base10 (fig. 2); lamps with full11 or hollow stem12, a rounded or flat and slightly thick end13 (fig. 3). This type was inserted in polycandela or in metal rings fixed below the rim and hung off by thin chains14. Bowl-shaped lamps, suspended by a triple support15, have rounded rims with handles going from the edge of the rim to the body16 (fig. 4). The body contains the oil. Some types have a conical or carinated body with handles fixed on it17. Stemmed goblets, also known as wine-glasses form Isings 11118, are well-documented. This kind of vessels is one of the most widespread in the Mediterranean during late-antique time; the vessels can be used for drinking or lighting19. The vessels have several variants of stemmed feet: with round20, flattened21, segmented22 or twisted knobs, hollow or full smooth stems23; the end of the foot may be more or less marked, tubular, flat and thinned24 (fig. 5-9). The lack of complete vessels does not allow to make associations with different kinds of rims and to reconstruct complete shapes25. A lot of modeled cut rims can be related to lamps and beakers with various shapes26: tronco-conical with straight flaring (form Is. 10627) vertical28 or globular29 walls (fig. 10-13). CROWFOOT/HARDEN 1931. Sometimes these objects are attested also within private houses (STERN 1985, p. 44; FOY 2003, p. 82). 10 Similar to UBOLDI type III.1. Cf. VON SALDERN 1962, p. 8, pl. 8, 8; VON SALDERN 1980, p. 52, pl. 23, 287, 290 (Sardis); STERNINI 1999, p. 85, fig. 5, 58 (Carthage); FOY 2003, p. 79, no. 78 (Tunisia); ÖZGÜMÜŞ 2008, p. 730, pl. I.2 (İznik). 11 CROWFOOT/HARDEN type 2B1; UBOLDI type IV.1 (for bibliography on oriental sites see note 136); HADAD 1998, p. 69, no. 43, 45 (Bet Shean); OLCAY 2001, p. 82, fig. 4,d (Tarsus). 12 CROWFOOT/HARDEN type 2B2; UBOLDI type IV.2; cf. STERN 1985, pp. 46-47, fig. 3 (Anemurium); STERNINI 1999, pp. 85, fig. 5, 57 (Carthage); FOY 2003, p. 80ff., nos. 85-88 (Tunisia); FOY 2007, pp. 241-244, figs. 16, 11 and 17, 7 and 10 (Xanthus); CZURDA-RUTH 2007, pp. 181-182, pl. 305, 820 (Ephesus); ÖZGÜMÜŞ 2008, p. 730, pl. I.3 (İznik). 13 CROWFOOT/HARDEN type 2B2; UBOLDI type IV.2 (for bibliography on oriental sites see note 142); HAYES 1992, pp. 402-403, figs. 150, 14 and 151, 37-38 (Istanbul); HADAD 1998, pp. 69-72, nos. 47, 49, 50, 56 (Bet Shean); OLCAY 2001, p. 82, figs. 2,j-o (İznik); FOY 2003, p. 82, no. 91 (Tunisia); FOY 2007, p. 241, fig. 16, 12 (Xanthus); CZURDA-RUTH 2007, pp. 181-182, no. 820 (Ephesus). 14 Evidences are lacking about lamps with knob, multi-knobbed and twisted stem. 15 Iasos excavation yielded two metal chain hangers and a polycandelon hook (CONTARDI 2009). 16 Form Isings 134; CROWFOOT/HARDEN type C2; UBOLDI type I.2.; VON SALDERN 1962, p. 11, pl. 10, 18; VON SALDERN 1980, pp. 46-49 (Sardis); OLCAY 2001, p. 84, fig. 5a (Nakolea), fig. 6a (Myra). 17 HAYES 1992, p. 403, fig. 151, 39 (Istanbul). 18 ISINGS 1957, p. 139-140, form 111. 19 VON SALDERN 1962, p. 9, pl. 9, 10a-g (Sardis); STERN 1985, pp. 44-45, fig. 3 (Anemurium); LIGHTFOOT 1993, p. 176, nos. 23-30, fig. 122 (Sagalassus); OLCAY 2001, p. 87, fig. 7 (Myra); FOY 2007, p. 241, figs. 16, 1 and 7 (Xanthus); ÖZGÜMÜŞ 2008, pp. 731-732, pl. II.7-8 (İznik). 20 HELLSTRÖM 1965, pp. 53-54 and 85, pl. 40, 29 (Labraunda); OLCAY 2001, p. 87, fig. 2a (İznik); CZURDARUTH 2007, p. 167, pl. 20, 727 (Ephesus). 21 VON SALDERN 1980, p. 62, pl. 24, 385 (Sardis); CZURDA-RUTH 2007, p. 167, pl. 19, 719 (Ephesus). 22 OLCAY 2001, p. 87, fig. 2d (İznik); CZURDA-RUTH 2007, p. 167, pl. 19, 723 (Ephesus). 23 OLCAY 2001, p. 87, fig. 2g-h (İznik). 24 GENÇLER 2000, p. 247, no. 79, fig. 5 (Hierapolis); OLCAY 2001, p. 87, fig. 2f (İznik). 25 At the moment it is impossible to define the relative sequence of the evolution of the shape. 26 Certain attribution to lamps can only be made with pointed bases that do not allow the vessel to stand. Typology of rims come in the second place, because some cut rims are also documented for beakers. 27 ISINGS 1957, pp. 126-131; CROWFOOT/HARDEN type A; UBOLDI type II; GENÇLER 2000, p. 236, no. 43, pl. V, 1 (Hierapolis). 28 HELLSTRÖM 1965, pl. 40, 15 (Labraunda); CZURDA-RUTH 2007, pp. 105-107, pl. 14, 378-379 (Ephesus). 29 STERN 1985, p. 37, fig. 1 (Anemurium); FOY 2007, p. 241, fig. 16, 5 (Xanthus). 8 9

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Late Antique Glass in Anatolia

Some fragments, assigned to bowls or beakers, show blue applied blobs (one bigger blob or three small ones brought closer, in a triangular pattern) (fig. 14-15). This form finds particular comparison in the 4th century A.D. not only in Western countries, but also in Asia Minor30. A similar form has a beaker with cut rim and straight walls which are partially mould-blown, decorated with vertical flutes below the rim and with an honeycomb pattern on the body31 (fig. 16). Another fragment, made in thicker glass, has the same pattern and the curved walls allow to refer it to a bowl (fig. 17). These vessels are a Syrian production of the 4th–5th century A.D. and are imported also into eastern centers32. The same chronological horizon could be given to a beaker fragment, mould-blown too, because it has the same shape and fluting decoration. However, the last one shows a pattern with lozenges alternatively framing dots and concentric circles with two appendixes (fig. 18). Some bases, not precisely referable to any form, have a rather late chronology such as an applied multiple thread33 (fig. 19) or peduncles34 feet, pushed up bases35, and one flat base with spiral ribs, part of a hemispherical bowl36 (fig. 20). Very flaring37 or funnel38 rims (fig. 21-22), sometimes with applied spiral thread, are referable to bottles and flasks; they are documented from the 3rd – 4th century A.D. to the 7th. As it is impossible to define the shape of the body (ovoid or globular) and the foot, a precise typological attribution, according to Clasina ISINGS, cannot be made. Many window-glass sherds come from the excavations of the so-called Basilica near the East Gate: they show a natural colour changing from light green to light blue, made by the cylinder technique. Their straight edges, although slightly waving, show them as quadrangular panes; their thickness ranges from 0,3 to 0,7 cm. It is important to underline the lack of glass mosaic tesserae39. In conclusion, it can be stressed again that this paper is a preliminary report. Better explanations will be given in an exhaustive and systematic analysis of the whole settings. BERTI/BALDONI 1998

F. BERTI/D. BALDONI, «Il vetro di Iasos (Caria) nel quadro delle produzioni nel Mediterraneo orientale», in Il vetro dall’antichità all’età contemporanea: aspetti tecnologici, funzionali e commerciali, Atti delle 2e Giornate Nazionali di Studio AIHV – Comitato Nazionale Italiano (14-15 dicembre 1996), Milan (1998), pp. 73-85.

CLAIRMONT 1977

C. W. CLAIRMONT, Benaki Museum. Catalogue of Ancient and Islamic Glass (1977)

RÜTTI 1991, p. 74, pl. 66, no. 1428 (Augusta Raurica); STERN 2001, p. 294, no. 158; CZURDA-RUTH 2007, pl. 13, 366, p. 101ff. (Ephesus). 31 Form Isings 107a: ISINGS 1957, p. 133. 32 DUSENBERY 1971, p. 16, no. 15, fig. 12; CLAIRMONT 1977, p. 23, pl. IV, 69; STERN 1985, p. 39 and note 12. 33 SAGUÌ 1993, p. 118, figs. 5, 21-24 (Rome); STERNINI 1999, p. 87, figs. 9, 116-132 (Carthage); FOY 2003, p. 72, nos. 41-43 (Carthage); CZURDA-RUTH 2007, pp. 146-148, pl. 18, 600-605 (Ephesus). 34 HAYES 1992p. 402, fig. 150, 5 (Istanbul); STERNINI 1999, p. 87, fig. 9, 113 (Carthage); FOY 2007, p. 244, figs. 17, 4 and 28 (Xanthus). 35 CZURDA-RUTH 2007, pp. 148-149, pl. 18, 615 (Ephesus) with bibliography. 36 PINDER-WILSON/SCANLON 1973, pp. 20-21, nos. 8-10 (Fustat). 37 VON SALDERN 1962, pp. 8-11, no. 9d, 17, pl. 6, 11, pl. 9, 9d, pl. 10, 17; VON SALDERN 1980, p. 85, pl. 27, 633 (Sardis); STERNINI 1999, p. 86, figs, 7, 73 and 77 (Carthage); FOY 2003, p. 72, nos. 39-40 (Tunisia); CZURDA-RUTH 2007, p. 307, nos. 913, 916, pl. 23 (Ephesus). 38 VON SALDERN 1980, pp. 71-73, pl. 26, 480, 502, 504 (Sardis); HAYES 1992, nos. 13, 26, fig. 150 (Istanbul); GENÇLER 2000, pp. 237-239, nos. 45-48, pl. 5, fig. 3 (Hierapolis); OLCAY 2001, p. 155, fig. 12a-c; CZURDARUTH 2007, p. 307, nos. 896, 901, pl. 23 (Ephesus). 39 I owe this information to Dr Fede BERTI. 30

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CONTARDI 2009

S. CONTARDI, «La suppellettile da illuminazione: sostegni pensili in bronzo da Iasos», Bollettino dell’Associazione “Iasos di Caria” 15, 2009, pp. 31-34.

CROWFOOT/HARDEN 1931

G. M. CROWFOOT/D. B. HARDEN, «Early Byzantine and later Glass Lamps», JEA XVII, 1931, pp. 196-208.

CZURDA-RUTH 2007

B. CZURDA-RUTH, Hanghaus 1 in Ephesos. Die Gläser, Vienna (2007).

DUSENBERY 1971

E. B. DUSENBERY, «Ancient Glass in the Collection of Wheaton College», JGS 13, 1971, pp. 9-33.

FOY 2003

D. FOY, «Le verre en Tunisie. L’apport des fouilles récentes tunisofrançaises», JGS 45, 2003, pp. 59-89.

FOY 2007

D. FOY, «Une production de verre à Xanthos au début de l’époque byzantine», AnatAnt XV, 2007, pp. 233-246.

GENÇLER 2000

Ç. GENÇLER, «I vetri di Hierapolis», in F. D’ANDRIA, F. SILVESTRELLI (eds.), Ricerche archeologiche turche nella valle del Lycos (2000), pp. 209-260.

GILL 2002

M. A. V. GILL, Amorium Reports, Finds I: The Glass (1987-1997), BAR International Series 1070, Oxford (2002).

HADAD 1998

S. HADAD, «Glass Lamps from the Byzantine through Mamluk Periods at Bet Shean, Israel», JGS 40, 1998, pp. 63-76.

HAYES 1992

J. W. HAYES, «Late Roman and Byzantine Glass», in Excavation at Saraçhane in Istanbul. 2. The Pottery, Washington, DC (1992), pp. 400407.

HELLSTRÖM 1965

P. HELLSTRÖM, Labraunda. II.1. Pottery of Classical and Later Date, Terracotta Lamps and Glass, ActaAth 4 (1965).

ISINGS 1957

C. ISINGS, Roman Glass from Dated Finds, Gröningen-Djakarta (1957).

LEVI 1969

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