History 75700 THE FIRST WORLD WAR: CAUSES AND UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES

DRAFT SYLLABUS (subject to modifications) SANDI E COOPER [email protected] office: 5102

Wed. 6:30-8:30 pm

Overview: 2014 is the centennial of the outbreak of “the Great War” – a war which survivors, scholars and most most military specialists assess as a monumental mistake. Indeed, several of those who launched it suspected an ominous outcome for their own interests. Possibly more ink has been spilled on the July, 1914 decisions and their aftermath than any other historical watershed. This class will explore selected issues: peace campaigns aimed at prevention and cessation; analyses of responsibility for 1914; the unprecedented violence on the battlefield and in occupied areas; its impact on socialist and feminist movements; the invention of “total war.” Its (unintended) consequences has been called the whole 20th century – from the Russian Revolution, to global anti imperial outbreaks; from the reconfiguration of the Middle East to the foundations of U.S. global power; the appearance of fascisms and the roots of the Cold War. Recommended purchases: Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 (NY:Harper Collins, 2012) Vera Brittain, Testament of Youth Recommended to buy: Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau & Annette Becker, 14-18: Understanding the Great War (Hill and Wang 2002 for English translation) esp Introduction, ch 1, chap 2 Course requirements: Weekly discussions of readings led by a rapporteur. The extensive lists of books under the weekly topics provide a range of choices, NOT a weekly reading requirement for everyone. Everyone is expected to contribute each week. As far as possible, readings will be posted on Blackboard or from books on reserve. Written work: You have a choice of a research paper for the semester or two shorter papers – depending on your interests and future plans. Those selecting the shorter papers will be given questions of a general nature. Students who chose a research paper will provide an outline and bibliography by the middle of October.

SYLLABUS (Subject to modification) Week: #1. Introduction – review of readings, assignments, overview of the issues. Consider how people who are living about 5 generations away from this so-called “Great War” can think about its historical impact. 2. Peace campaigns: Anticipating a Progressive Future or Catastropic Warfare General background: Sandi E. Cooper, Patriotic Pacifism: Waging War on War 18151914 (1991) ch 3, 6, 7, 8; Sandi E Cooper, “French Feminism and Pacifism: 1889-1914: The Evolution of New Visions” in Peace and Change (January 2011, vol 36, #1,) pp 5-34. Selected pre 1914 authors: Speech of Bertha von Suttner on receiving the Nobel Prize – 1905 Google: Nobel Peace Prize Speeches, Bertha von Suttner) _ Ivan Bliokh (Jean de Bloch), The Future of War in its Technical, Economic and Political Relations (Garland reprint: 1971 of Boston 1902 translation by R C Lang including a conversation to Edwin Mead and W T Stead) (available in NYPL and in one or two CUNY libraries) Norman Angell, The Great Illusion: A Study of the Relations of Military Power to Nations in Their Economic and Social Advantage (Garland reprint, 1971, orig 1911) Gugliemo Ferrero Militarism (Garland reprint, 1971, orig. 1902) David Starr Jordan The Human Harvest: A study of the Decay of Races through the Survival of the Unfit (Garland reprint, 1971; orig. 1907) Ivan Novikoff (Jacques Novicow) War and Its Alleged Benefits (Garland 1971, orig. 1911 3. & 4. The Summer of the Crisis and its Origins Required: Report presented to the Preliminary Peace Conference, (1919) “Commission on War Guilt” – German responsibility for the war (On line) Required: Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 (NY:Harper Collins, 2012) (Overview Michael Howard, The First World War (Oxford 2002)

Consult documentary archive on the internet – W W I Archive – Links to other W W I Sites, wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Links_to_Other_ WWI Sites – the July crisis Select: Annika Mombauer The Origins of the First World War (Longmans, 2002) – discussion of the 75 year controversy) Highly recommended Library Richard F. Hamilton and Holger H. Herwig, The Origins of World War I (Cambridge, 2003) Ch. I pp 1-44; Ch 14 Herwig “Why did it Happen?” 443-468; Ch 15 Hamilton “On the Origins of the Catastrophe” 469-506 on Blackboard Fritz Fischer Germany’s Aims in the First World War (1961) Selections: Introduction and Part I (Blackboard) New Works Max Hastings, Catastrophe 1914: Europe Goes to War (N.Y.: Knopf, 1p13) Margaret MacMillan, The War that Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 (N.Y. Random House 2013) David Newton, The Darkest Days: The Truth Behind Britain's Rush to War, 1914 (Verso,2013) 5 & 6. The New Nature of Warfare: Violence, Rape, Mutilation and War against Civilians Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau and Annette Becker, 14-18: Understanding the Great War (Hill and Wang 2002 for English translation) esp Introduction, ch 1, chap 2 Judith Wishnia “Natalism and Nationalism in World War I” (English typescript of French article) And “Forced Labor of Women in World War I: The “Rafles” of 1916" (English typescript) (Blackboard) Joanna Bourke, An Intimate History of Killing: Face-to-Face Killing in Twentieth Century Warfare (N.Y.: Basic Books, 1999) Library reserve Joanna Bourke, Dismembering the Male: Men’s Bodies, Britain and the Great War (Chicago, 1996) (Library reserve) Nicoletta F Gullace, “Sexual Violence and Family Honor: British Propaganda and International Law during the First World War” in American Historical Review (June, 1997) 714747 (Jstor on line) John Horne and Alan Kramer, German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial (2001) (Library reserve) [Background on German and British pre-1914 modes of warfare: Isabel Hull, Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany (Cornell, 2005) Rykie van Reenan, ed., Emily Hobhouse: Boer War Letters (Cape Town, Pretoria, 1984) A Ruth Fry, Emily Hobhouse: A Memoir Compiled (London: Jonathan Cape, 1929)

Literary representations Henri Barbusse Under Fire (1917) e book available Ernst Junger Storm of Steel (new translation 2004: orig. 1920) Georges Duhamel Civilization 1914-1917 (1919)

7 & 8 The War and Women Vera Brittain Testament of Youth parts 1 and 2 Ellen Key War, Peace and the Future: A Conclusion of Nationalism and Internationalism and of the Relation of Women to War (orig 1916, N.Y. Garland reprint, 1972 with a new introduction by Berenice A Carroll in CUNY libraries Susan R. Grayzel Women and the First World War (Longman, 2002) Reserve) Belinda Davis Home Fires Burning: Food, Politics and Everyday Life in World War I Berlin (U of North Carolina, Press, 2000) (Reserve) Ute Daniel, The War from Within: German Working Class Women and the First World War (Berg, 1997) (Reserve)s Margaret Darrow, French Women and the First World War: War Stories (Berg, 2000) (Reserve) Gail Braybon, Women Workers in the First World War (Routledge, 1981) (Reserve) Gail Braybon and Penny Summerfield, Out of the Cage: Women’s Experiences in Two World Wars (New York: Eoutledge and Kegan Paul, 1987) (Reserve) Deborah Thom. Nice Girls and Rude Girls: Women Workers in World War I (London: Tauria, 1998) (Reserve) Claire M Tylee, The Great War and Women’s Consciousness (U of Iowa, 1990) (Reserve) Nicoletta F. Gullace, The Blood of Our Sons: Men, Women and the Renegotiation of British Citizenship during the Great War (Macmillan: Palgrave, 2002) (Reserve) Susan Kingsley Kent, Making Peace: The Reconstruction of Gender in Interwar Britain (Princeton, 1993) (Reserve) Sheila Rowbotham, Friends of Alice Wheeldon (Orig 1987; US edition, Monthly Review Press) available in CUNY libraries Jo Vellacott, Pacifists, Patriots and the Vote: The Erosion of Democratic Suffragism in Britain During the First World War (N. Y., Palgrave, 2007) (Reserve) Alison Scardino Belzer, Women and the Great War: Femininity under Fire in Italy (N.Y.:Palgrave, 2010) Electronic resource Women’s Peace Efforts: The Hague Conference of 1915 – minutes (NYPL) Anon., Militarism and Feminism (1915) Google the title 9. & 10. Cultural Transformation Audoin-Rouzeau and Becker, 14-18 ch. 8 and 9

Daniel J. Sherman, The Construction of Memory in Interwar France (Chicago, 1999) or `“Monuments, Mourning and Masculinity in France after World War I,” Gender and History 8(1996) 82-107. Blackboard Paul Fussell The Great War and Modern Memory selections Blackboard Modris Eksteins, Rites of Spring: The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age ch 3,4,7,9 Blackboard Jay Winter, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History ch 1,4 (Blackboard) George L. Mosse Fallen Soldiers: Reshaping the Memory of the World Wars (N.Y. Oxford, 1990) (Reserve) Post War Novels (partial list) Ernst Jünger Storm of Steel Erich Maria Remarque All Quiet on the Western Front Helen Zenna Smith Not So Quiet Irene Rathbone We That Were Young Robert Graves, Good Bye to All That Major Films (partial) Abel Gance J’Accuse Maxwell Anderson,All Quiet on the Western Front King Vidor, The Big Parade 11-12-13 Global Repercussions and the Victor’s Peace Margaret Macmillan, Paris, 1919 to be developed – examples: prelude to the Cold War; creation of the modern Middle East; colonial risings in China, Indochina, Africa; Emergence of the U S as a world power 14. Week to cover the issue of political consequences Efforts to establish world order