DRAFT GHANA FOREST PLANTATION STRATEGY: 2015 - 2040
FORESTRY COMMISSION
OCTOBER, 2013
MLNR
FINAL DRAFT
GHANA FOREST PLANTATION STRATEGY 2015-2040
Main Photo: A 40 year old plantation grown Mahogany (Khaya ivorensis) within the Essen Epam Forest Reserve - Oda Forest District. Side Photos: (From Top to Bottom) 1. A 5 - month old teak plantation established by Messrs Mere Plantations Ltd. in the Afram Headwaters Forest Reserve Offinso Forest District. 2. A 6 - month old Mahogany and Cedrela mixed stand intercropped with foodcrops in the Anwhiaso North Forest Reserve - Bibiani Forest District. 3. A 2 - year old Eucalyptus plantation established by Messrs African Plantations for Sustainable Development (APSD) near Kwamedanso - Atebubu Forest District. 4. A 25 - year old Wawa (Triplochiton Scleroxylon) plantation within the Afram Headwaters Forest Reserve - Offinso Forest District.
October, 2013. i
FOREWORD TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ACRONYMS
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS GHANA FOREST PLANTATION STRATEGY 2015-2040 ......................................................................................... i PART I – INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND........................................................................................................ 1 1.1
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2
BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................... 3
1.2.1
International Policy Framework on Forest Plantations ............................................................. 3
1.2.3
National Legal and Policy Framework ........................................................................................ 4
1.3
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF TREE PLANTING IN GHANA ............................................................... 5
1.3.1 Enrichment Planting .......................................................................................................................... 5 1.3.2
Forest Plantation Initiatives ....................................................................................................... 5
1.4
NATIONAL FOREST PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (NFPDP, 2002-2012)................... 7
1.5
DETERMINATION OF STRATEGIC TARGETS FOR FOREST PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT ................. 8
1.5.1 Projected Demand for Forest Plantation Products ............................................................................... 8 1.5.2
Classification of forest reserves in the High Forest Zone........................................................... 9
1.6 POTENTIAL AREAS FOR PLANTATION EXPANSION.................................................................................10 1.7
SPECIES SELECTION ..........................................................................................................................12
PART II – SWOT ANALYSIS, GOAL & STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES...........................................................................13 2.1 SWOT ANALYSIS .....................................................................................................................................13 2.3
GOAL, PURPOSE AND STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES ................................................................................15
2.3.1 GOAL ...............................................................................................................................................15 2.3.2 PURPOSE .........................................................................................................................................15 2.4
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES....................................................................................................................15
PART III – IMPLEMENTATION PLAN .................................................................................................................16 3.1
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES AND ACTION PLANS...................................................................................16
3.1 GUIDING PRINCIPLES..............................................................................................................................25 3.2
INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES FOR THE STRATEGY’S IMPLEMENTATION ........................................25
PART IV – FINANCE...........................................................................................................................................28 4.1 BUDGET AND FUNDING SOURCES .........................................................................................................28 4.2 EXPECTED YIELD AND INCOME ..............................................................................................................29 4.3 FINANCIAL APPRAISAL ...........................................................................................................................30 PART V – MONITORING, EVALUATION and REPORTING..................................................................................31 5.1
INDICATORS FOR MONITORING.......................................................................................................31
5.2
MONITORING & EVALUATION .........................................................................................................31 iii
ACRONYMS AAC - Annual Allowable Cut AfDB - African Development Bank AGCL - Ashanti Goldfield Company Limited BAT - British-American Tobacco BPA - Bui Power Authority CDM - Clean Development Mechanism CFMP - Community Forestry Management Project EDAIF - Export Development and Agricultural Investment Fund EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment ESIA - Environmental and Social Impact Assessment EPA - Environmental Protection Agency FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FC - Forestry Commission FD - Forestry Department FDMP - Forestry Development Master Plan FPDF - Forest Plantation Development Fund FPDC - Forest Plantations Development Centre FORIG - Forestry Research Institute of Ghana FPRI - Forest Products Research Institute FSD - Forest Services Division FPFB - Forest Plantation Fund Board FSC - Forest Stewardship Council FPTSC - Forest Plantation Technical Steering Committee GoG - Government of Ghana GPDP - Government Plantation Development Programme GNFS - Ghana National Fire Service iv
HFZ - High Forest Zone HIPC - Highly Indebted Poor Country IFM - Innovative financing mechanism IRR - Internal Rate of Return MAI - Mean Annual Increment MLNR - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources MoFA - Ministry of Food and Agriculture MoFEP - Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning MoP - Manual of Procedure MTS - Modified Taungya System NFPDP - National Forest Plantation Development Programme NPV - Net Present Value NREG - Natural Resource and Environmental Governance NTFPs - Non-Timber Forest Products NRMP I - Natural Resource Management Programme, Phase I PES - Payment for Environmental Services PEFC - Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification RWE - Round Wood Equivalent REDD+ - Reduced Emission from Deforestation and Degradation SZ - Savannah Zone SIPL - Subri Industrial Plantations Limited TUC - Timber Utilization Contract ToF - Trees on Farms UENR - University of Energy and Natural Resources UNCED - United Nations Conference on Environment and Development VRA - Volta River Authority WFC - World Forestry Congress WITC - Wood Industry Training Centre v
vi
PART I – INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND 1.1 INTRODUCTION Globally, forest plantations cover approximately 264 million hectares. They account for 7 percent of global forest area or about 2% of global land area, but have the potential to provide two thirds of global industrial round wood demand. From 2005 to 2010, the area of forest plantations expanded each year by 5 million hectares on the average. This trend is expected to continue and possibly increase in the coming years (FAO, 2010). In Ghana, an extensive forest estate, consisting of 1.63 million hectares of forest reserves, was established in the 1920s in the high forest zone. The forest estate has been subjected to various impacts and pressures including: Population and economic growth, both of which fuel higher domestic wood consumption; the demand for timber to satisfy the export markets; coupled with a high rate of deforestation and forest degradation. In Ghana, the principal drivers of deforestation and degradation are as follows: i. ii. iii. iv. v.
Agricultural expansion (e.g. permanent cultivation, cattle ranching, shifting cultivation/traditional slash and burn) Annual Wildfires Logging and fuel wood harvesting Mining Urbanization (roads, settlements and other infrastructural development)
The above pressures on the forest estate have threatened the sustainability of the forest resources. In 1996, an estimated 397,000 ha of the forest reserve land was classified as degraded and earmarked for conversion to forest plantations. Consistent with the Ghana Forest and Wildlife Policy (2012), this strategy – the Ghana Forest Plantation Strategy, details out plans by the government and private sector to reforest degraded forest lands by developing commercial forest plantations of recommended exotic and indigenous tree species at an annual rate of 20,000 ha (i.e. 10,000 ha: public/public-private partnerships; 10,000 ha: private sector) over the next 25 years. Additionally, the strategy targets the maintenance and rehabilitation of an estimated 235,000 ha of existing forest plantations as well as enrichment planting of 100,000 ha of under-stocked forest reserves with high value indigenous timber species over the same period. The strategy identifies challenges to past efforts and consequently outlines the strategic direction, actions and resources required to promote productive and sustainable forest plantations. It indicates the technical and financial resources required and performance measures necessary to track progress over the period (2015 to 2040). 1
The proposed interventions are meant to develop a sustainable forest resource base that will satisfy future demand for industrial timber and enhance environmental quality. These are expected to relieve the pressure on the existing natural forests, manage barriers to investment, while providing optimum income generation opportunities for forest plantation owners, timber industry, forest-fringe communities and the national economy.
2
1.2
BACKGROUND
1.2.1 International Policy Framework on Forest Plantations
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, and subsequent international fora have recognized the significance of forest plantations in supporting sustainable forest management as reflected in the Forest Principles, Chapter 11 of Agenda 21 that states:
“The role of planted forests and permanent agricultural crops as sustainable and environmentally sound sources of renewable energy and industrial raw material should be recognized, enhanced and promoted. Their contribution to the maintenance of ecological processes, to off-setting pressure on primary/old growth forests, and to providing regional employment and development with the adequate involvement of local inhabitants should be recognized and enhanced” Rio + 20 At the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development organized in Rio de Janeiro from 20 – 22 June, 2012 (Rio + 20), the world re-affirmed its commitment to among others, fully implement the Rio Declaration, Agenda 21, the programme for further implementation of Agenda 21 and to support green economy policies in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication.
World Forestry Congress (WFC) The XII World Forestry Congress (WFC), Buenos Aires, 2009 highlighted that: in view of the growing global population and demand for forest resources, forest plantations will become an increasingly important part of the landscape and provide the opportunity to produce more goods and services from less land; and that they effectively contribute to climate change mitigation, degraded land restoration and other environmental benefits.
Forest Certification There are greater market access opportunities for products from forest plantations that are certified for compliance with international social, economic and environmental standards. In addition, there is an international market for young established forest plantations as going concerns if they are certified. One of the recent emerging prospects is the forest related carbon finance and its synergies with forest certification. It is expected that a new carbon element will be included in the scope of forest certification guidelines in the future that may open up opportunities for financing forest management operations. 3
1.2.3 National Legal and Policy Framework As a result of the importance the government attaches to commercial forest plantation development, a number of policies and legislations have been introduced in addition to the commissioning of studies and projects since the mid-1990s to provide direction and impetus for the development of forest plantations in Ghana. These include the following:
Policies and Legislations i. ii. iii. iv. v.
vi.
Forest and Wildlife Policy, 1994 Ghana Forest and Wildlife Policy, 2012 National Climate Change Policy, 2012 (CDM, REDD+) Forest Plantation Development Fund (FPDF) Act, 2000, Act 583 Forest Plantation Development Fund(Amendment) Act, 2002, Act 623 (items (iii), (iv) and (v) support public and private investment in forest plantation development) The Timber Resources Management (Amendment) Act, 2002, Act 617 (excludes private forest plantations from being allocated by government under a Timber Utilization Contract (TUC), in addition to the provision of fiscal and other incentives and benefits to forest plantation investors among others).
Plans/Strategies/Projects vii. viii. ix.
Studies
x.
xi. xii. xiii.
Forestry Development Master Plan (1996 – 2020) Ghana: Biodiversity Conservation Strategy. MEST, 1998 Natural Resource Management Programme (NRMP I) Phase I, the World Bank, 1999–2003.The High Forest Development Component inter alia established a Forest Plantations Development Centre (FPDC) to promote and encourage private forest plantation development Private Sector Forestry Plantations Development Project. Preparation Report. FAO Investment Centre, 1998 Policy Review and Project Proposal. Pre-feasibility Study. H.L. Wright, OFI, 1998 Forest Plantations Support Project. Feasibility Study. Pat Hardcastle, OFI, 1998 Plantations Investment Feasibility and Promotion Study: Final Plantations Donor Proposal – Consultancy under the NRMP. Coillte, 2002
4
1.3
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF TREE PLANTING IN GHANA
1.3.1 Enrichment Planting Attempts at increasing the stocking of high value timber species within forest reserves in Ghana dates back to 1946. Such efforts included enrichment plantings to improve the stocking of the poorly stocked Wet Evergreen forest reserves as well as to sustain the supply of the then “desirable” species. Khaya, Entandrophragma, Lovoa and Heritiera species were used. After planting an area of about 2,500 ha, the method was discontinued due to the fact that many plants were choked by weeds (Nolan & Ghartey, 1992). Success of the interventions was limited due largely to inadequate budgetary allocation and knowledge of the silvicultural requirements of the species. 1.3.2 Forest Plantation Initiatives 1.3.2.1 Past Species Trials The interest in tree planting in Ghana dates back to the 1920s. The general policy at the time was to plant mainly indigenous species in the High Forest Zone (HFZ). The few exotic species that were planted in the HFZ were introduced mainly for fuel wood near large population centers and to fuel boilers for electricity generation or for mining use. The exotic species included Eucalyptus torelliana and Eucalyptus tereticornis.
In the Savannah Zone (SZ), however, a large number of exotic species were tried from 1951 to supply timber, poles and fuel wood. Species that showed promise included Azadirachta indica, Senna siamea, Cedrela mexicana, Dalbergia sissoo, Gmelina arborea, and Tectona grandis. Records show that Cedrela was introduced from the Caribbean in 1898 (Truope, 1932) and teak from Burma (Lane, 1956). Records indicate that Tectona grandis trials in the country dates back to 1905 under the German administration in the Volta Region of the country (Kadambi, 1972). Between 1927 and 1990 over 150 tree species have been assessed in research trials in various ecological zones in the country. Out of these, about 30 species (20%) are indigenous (Foli et al, 1997).
1.3.2.2 Public Forest Plantations The major forest plantation programme of the erstwhile Forestry Department (FD), now the Forest Services Division (FSD) of the Forestry Commission, was undertaken from 1963 to 1987 mostly in the “degraded” parts of the forest reserves due to easy access to land in these areas. They were undertaken mainly through the “Taungya” system.
Existing government forest plantations established prior to the implementation of the National Forest Plantations Development Programme in 2002 cover an area of 19,378.26 ha in the High Forest Zone. Over 70% of these plantations consist of Tectona grandis (Teak). Other species established include Cedrela odorata (Cedrela), Terminalia spp. 5
(Ofram and Emire), Gmelina arborea (Gmelina), Senna siamea (Cassia), Eucalyptus spp, Heritiera utilis (Nyankom), Aucoumea klaineana (Aucoumea), Nauclea diderrichii (Kusia), Khaya ivorensis (Mahogany),Triplochiton scleroxylon (Wawa) and Mansonia altissima (Oprono). Forest plantations in Northern Ghana (Upper East, Upper West and Northern Regions) are estimated to cover 2,553 ha and were primarily established for fuel wood production and environmental protection. Tree species planted include Teak, Gmelina, Anogeissus and Eucalyptus. 1.3.2.3 Private Sector Efforts Forest plantations developed by the private sector prior to the year 2002, cover an estimated area of 44,198 ha and are made up of: 35,000 ha by individuals and tree grower associations (mainly teak);
4,000 ha of Gmelina arborea by Subri Industrial Plantations Limited (SIPL);
5,198 ha of teak by British-American Tobacco (3,096 ha), Ashanti Goldfield Company Ltd. (100 ha), Global Green (1,315 ha) and Dupaul Wood Treatment Ltd (667 ha).
1.3.2.4 Past Experiences with Forest Plantation Management The management of forest plantations in the past has not been consistent with best practice. Site-species matching was not observed in some cases by both the Forestry Department (FD) and private efforts. In many cases, neither pruning nor replanting of failed areas was undertaken. Progeny trials and tree improvement was virtually absent. Poor genetic planting materials of unknown provenances were used in many cases. The provision of extension services to the private sector was minimal and limited to only a few areas.
The funding of the public plantations has been very intermittent and inadequate. Tending of established plantations was therefore undertaken based on the availability of funds. Thinning was generally delayed until commercial tree sizes were attained. Fire outbreaks are recurrent especially in forest plantations in the Savannah and Dry Semi-Deciduous Forest Zones due to budgetary constraints and ineffective fire management regimes.
6
1.4
NATIONAL FOREST PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (NFPDP, 2002-2012)
The NFPDP was launched in 2001 to accelerate the rate of establishment of forest plantations. Key objectives of the programme comprise the following: restoring the forest cover of degraded forest lands; generating employment as a means to reducing rural poverty; addressing the future wood deficit situation and enhancing food production through the adoption of the taungya system. Field implementation however, commenced in 2002. Components of the programme and funding sources are tabulated below (Table 1):
Table 1: NFPDP components and funding sources PROGRAMME COMPONENT
FUNDING SOURCES
1. Modified Taungya System (MTS)
Forest Plantation (FPFB), FC, GoG Management AfDB/GoG
2. Community Forestry Project (CFMP) 3. Government Plantation Development Project (GPDP) 4. Private Commercial Plantation Development 5. Model Plantations 6. Expanded Plantation Program 7. FC-Industry Plantations
Fund
Board
GoG (HIPC) Private Funds, FPFB GoG/NREG GoG, EDAIF, FPFB, FC Timber Export Levy
An estimated 168,910ha of forest plantations has been established nationwide under the NFPDP by both public and private sector, mainly within degraded forest reserves from 2002 to 2012 as summarized in Table 2 below and with details in Appendix 1.
Table 2: Plantation Establishment Achievements under the NFPDP (2002-2012) YEAR 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
TOTAL
PUBLIC SECTOR 17,341 17,541 21,599.84 13,582.93 14,407.5 14,468.32 5,007.67 7,763.14 14,286.17 7,104.74 6,348.42
139,450.73
PRIVATE SECTOR 1,609.00 1,609.00 1,609.00 1,609.00 1,609.00 1,613.00 5,690.47 3,598.17 4,316.66 4,143.70 2,052.10
29,459.10
TOTAL 18,950.00 19,150.00 23,208.84 15,191.93 16,016.50 16,081.32 10,698.14 11,361.31 18,602.83 11,248.44 8,400.52
168,909.83
7
1.5
DETERMINATION OF STRATEGIC TARGETS FOR FOREST PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT
1.5.1 Projected Demand for Forest Plantation Products
The Timber Industry
The timber industry now has to rely on a dwindling supply of large hardwood logs from the natural forest which can only sustain an annual allowable cut (AAC) of 1 million cubic meters (AAC administratively reviewed upward to 2 million cubic meters since 2003) compared to the industry installed capacity of about 3.7 million cubic metres. Consequently, there is a serious supply-demand gap of over 2 million cubic meters that threatens the survival of both the industry and its resource base. It is now widely accepted that this gap can only be met in the long-term through short rotation timber plantations that will yield smaller-sized logs. This necessitates retooling as most of the timber processing mills in Ghana are not equipped to process small-diameter plantation logs.
Wood Fuel
It is estimated that about 85% of the population - mainly in the rural areas - depend on fuel wood (charcoal, firewood etc.) for cooking. It is sourced mainly from the natural forest/Savannah. The annual per capita fuelwood consumption is estimated to be 1.0 m3 round wood equivalent (FAO, 2010). This puts the estimated current annual fuel wood demand at 24 million m3. However, based on the following premises the annual fuel wood demand is calculated as 16.8 million m3: The rural population is 65% of the total national figure (i.e. 15.6 million) and consume 1 m3/capita of fuel wood The urban poor constitute 20% of the national population. They use a mix of fuels including gas with a fuel wood consumption of 0.25m3/capita The urban rich/middle class make up 15% of the population and that their consumption of fuel wood is insignificant(i.e. zero)
Poles
Thinnings from the FC Teak plantations have been the main source of raw material for the wood pole treatment plants in Ghana. The current demand, however, exceeds the supply and some of the pole treatment plants in the country have been importing softwood poles to supplement the local supplies. It is estimated that about 100,000 wooden poles per year would be required for the national electrification programme for the next 30 years (Odoom, 1998). Assuming an average pole volume of 0.2 m3, this amounts to some 20,000 m3 per year.
Bamboo and Rattan
The areas for these were assumed to be the same as that for poles.
8
Environmental Functions
A total area of 1,480ha will be planted annually for environmental purposes. This is equivalent to 10% of the annual planting target for the timber industry requirements of 14,800ha.
Table 3: Projected Planting Requirements for Identified Plantation End Uses Est. Annual Demand
End-Use
Supply From Existing Forests (m3 RWE)
(m3RWE)
Timber Industry (mostly export + some local)1 Local Timber (mostly chainsawn) Fuelwood Poles
3
Balance (to be met from Plantations) ( m3RWE)
Total Plantation Area Req’d5 (ha)
Annual Planting rate (Rotation=25 years)(ha)
2,000,000
800,000
1,200,000
120,000
4,800
2,500,0002
0
2,500,000
250,000
10,000
16,800,000
15,960,0003
840,000
56,000
2,240
4
15,000
5,000
500
20
500
20
37,000
1,480
464,000
18,560
20,000
Bamboo & Rattan Environmental uses(watersheds, degraded
mine sites,carbon, biodiversity etc)
Total
21,330,000
16,775,000
4,555,000
1
2 Sawmill, bush mill, veneer & plymill, excluding chainsaw Marfo 2010 3 95% assumed from forests 4100,000/poles/yr @0.2m3/pole 5 MAIs (m3/ha/yr) used: 15 for fuelwood; 12 for poles; 10 for timber and poles
1.5.2 Classification of forest reserves in the High Forest Zone The forest reserves in the high forest zone were classified according to the status of the growing stock through the 1986-94 forest inventory (see Table 4 below). The latter Table indicates that 32% of the forest reserves are degraded and need both rehabilitation (some 122,000 ha) and reforestation (conversion of 397,000 ha to forest plantations) to enhance their productive capacity (FDMP, 1996).
Table 4: Area of Forest Reserves in the High Forest Zone Forest Management Category Timber production area Permanent protection area Convalescence Area Conversion Area Total Reserve Area
Hectares 762,400 352,500 122,000 397,000 1,634,100
Percentage 47.0% 21.0% 7.5% 24.0% 100.0%
Enrichment planting interventions will focus on convalescence and degraded timber production areas. 9
Since 2011, the FSD has piloted enrichment planting covering an estimated area of 850 ha in 5 Forest Districts in the High Forest Zone. The knowledge and experience acquired during the pilot phase will be applied to targeted enrichment planting areas. 1.6 POTENTIAL AREAS FOR PLANTATION EXPANSION A recent review (February - March, 2012) by the FSD of potential areas suitable for plantation development within forest reserves in the high forest zone indicated an estimated total area of 175,000 ha. An estimated 300,000 ha of potential sites, representing 75% of total forest reserve area in the Northern Savannah, were also identified. In addition, interviews and desk studies conducted indicated an estimated total area of at least 3 million hectares of unencumbered off-reserve lands suitable for plantation development nation-wide. The expectation is that about 20% of this land area (i.e. 600,000 ha) could be sourced for forest plantation development. A summary of potential sites (on and off-reserve) for forest plantation expansion is presented in Table 5 below.
Table 5: Summary of potential lands for forest plantation establishment LOCATION On-reserve (High-forest Zone) On-reserve (Savannah) Off-reserve TOTAL
AREA (ha) 175,000 300,000 600,000 1,075,000
Figure 1. below highlights the potential of various parts of the country for commercial forest plantation expansion. Extensive surveys (ground-based and remote sensing), data collection, and consultation with land owners and other key stakeholders would be undertaken to confirm status, suitability and availability of these potential areas both on and off-reserve.
10
Fig. 1: Potential Areas for Commercial Forest Plantation Development
11
1.7
SPECIES SELECTION
The species selection for promotion under the Strategy is based on the following factors: i. ii.
Past local forest plantation experiences and knowledge about the silvicultural characteristics of the species Timber industry preference and market trends
The recommended species for planting in the various vegetation zones of Ghana, in addition to timber production, include tree species targeted at renewable energy, pulp and paper and environmental services as shown in Appendix 2. The choice of planting stock must however be based on suitability to the site conditions and management objectives.
12
PART II – SWOT ANALYSIS, GOAL & STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES 2.1 SWOT ANALYSIS The Strategic Planning methodology used was built around the SWOT Strategic Planning Framework. The methodology ensures that all relevant issues were examined. Contextual analysis identified a number of critical challenges that can define the framework of Ghana’s Forest Plantation Development Strategy. Analysis of the current strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and potential threats confronting the forest plantation industry in Ghana is summarized in Table 6.
13
Table 6: SWOT Analysis – Forest Plantation Industry, Ghana
STRENGTHS Availability of labour Availability of skill mix within the FC Experience in implementing various silvicultural and management models of plantation establishment Favourable policy, legal and institutional framework for plantation development Good international investor experiences Availability of lands with suitable soils and climatic conditions for plantation development Political and economic stability
OPPORTUNITIES Availability of genetically improved planting material of high-value exotic timber species in other countries Knowledge in best practice in plantation management exists and can be acquired Strong political will to create jobs through plantation development Community enthusiasm Increasing demand for industrial timber and other wood products Carbon market and payment for environmental services Over 60% of our population are farmers and offers opportunities for agro-forestry Plantation development generates jobs, income and wealth for local communities Availability of low credit rates in international markets arising from the global financial crises
WEAKNESSES Gaps in key data (i.e. growth rates of key plantation spp. and expected returns, site class delineation, extent of private sector plantations, etc) Inadequate plantation infrastructure Inadequate knowledge of best management practices for key indigenous species and mixtures Low productivity of existing plantations (site selection, quality of planting materials and silvicultural treatments) Poor tradition of maintenance of established plantations leading to poor wood quality and low yields Lack of genetically improved planting material within the country Low application of Geo-Information Technology in monitoring resource development Low capacity of timber processing industry in the utilization of small- diameter plantation logs Inadequate extension services Lack of sustainable financing framework for plantation development Lack of clear strategic direction on plantation development Existing bureaucracy within FC slows down decision making Over-centralized FC operational / management systems Weak enforcement of performance standards Lengthy land acquisition processes THREATS Lack of investment in research and development Low stumpage prices of naturally grown timber Multiplicity of interest and rights in land ownership off-reserve High cost of capital and unwillingness to extend long term credits for Forest Plantation Development Illegal farms within forest reserve Grazing by livestock Destruction of forest plantation by wildfires Pests and diseases Illegal Mining activities Illegal logging Climate change (i.e. unpredictable weather resulting in floods, prolonged droughts etc.) Poor market development and linkages to markets Undeveloped domestic market
14
2.3
GOAL, PURPOSE AND STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES
2.3.1 GOAL The goal of this strategy is to achieve sustainable supply of planted forest goods and services to deliver a range of economic, social and environmental benefits 2.3.2 PURPOSE The purpose of the strategy is to optimize the productivity of planted forests by identifying suitable tree species and improving their propagation, management, utilization and marketing. 2.4
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES
Five strategic objectives crucial for success will be the focus of the strategy. They form the key levers for change and proposed actions must reflect them. The under-listed strategic objectives will be pursued to achieve the goal:
Strategic Objective 1: (a) To establish and manage 500,000 ha of forest plantations and undertake enrichment planting of 100,000 ha through the application of best practice principles, by year 2040.
(b) To undertake maintenance and rehabilitation of an estimated 235,000 ha of existing forest plantations through the application of best practice principles
Strategic Objective 2: To promote large scale and small holder forest plantation investments
Strategic Objective 3: To create employment opportunities and sustainable livelihoods in rural communities through forest plantation development
Strategic Objective 4: To increase investments in research and development, extension, training and capacity building for forest plantation development and timber utilization
Strategic Objective 5: To improve governance in the regulation and management of forest plantations.
15
PART III – IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 3.1 STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES AND ACTION PLANS A discussion of the strategic objectives and the related action plans are given below: Strategic Objective 1: Establishment and management of planted forests Forest plantation developments are long-term investments that are expected to yield returns greater than or equal to returns on the land under alternative uses (e.g. oil palm, cocoa, citrus, etc.). This requires accessibility to land without disputes and the application of best practice to attain high growth rates for selected tree species. The application of best practice principles will ensure the maintenance of a balance of environmental, social and economic considerations and the minimization of economic and ecological risks (pests, diseases, forest fires etc). Enrichment Planting This is a forest restoration intervention aimed at enhancing the commercial productivity of a degraded forest. It is undertaken where there is insufficient number of economically valuable trees in the natural stand. It accelerates the recovery of degraded forest with respect to its stocking, functions and resilience. Under this strategy, convalescence areas within forest reserves would be targeted. Trees on Farms The purpose of the trees on farms (ToF) intervention is to optimize the productivity and sustainability of small holder farming systems by developing appropriate technologies that involve trees. This intervention will also provide technical support in the protection of agro-forestry systems from pests and diseases that affect the tree component and facilitating uptake of Conservation Agriculture (Climate Smart Agriculture) by smallholder farmers. An estimated 2 million seedlings of suitable tree species will be provided annually to farmers for incorporation into their farming systems. Key actions to be implemented under this component (Strategic Objective 1) include the following: Create land banks for forest plantation development on and off reserve Promote integration of trees into farming systems Procure Improved Seeds of Selected Exotic and indigenous tree Species Establish seed orchards (clonal and seedling) of improved cultivars of selected exotic and native timber tree species (500 ha) Maintain and tend Seed Orchards (existing and new)/ Seed Production Areas Develop protocols for mass production of selected genetically improved planting material Establish and operate a Biotechnology (Tissue Culture etc) Laboratory and other facilities (Vegetative Propagation Center) 16
Establish and operate two (2) State-of-the-Art Central tree nurseries - 5 million seedlings capacity/ yr Review and consolidate existing forest plantation Manuals of Procedure (MoPs; A, B and C) and publish document Develop and publish MoP for Enrichment Planting Implement FC’s MoP on wildfire management Certification/licensing of forest plantation contractors and forest tree nurseries Facilitate forest plantations management and chain of custody certification (FSC, PEFC, etc) Undertake and maintain 100,000 ha of enrichment planting sites within understocked/convalescence forest reserves Establish and maintain 50,000 ha of fuel wood (energy) plantations Develop and maintain 400,000 ha of forest plantations for industrial, environmental and other uses Liaise with relevant institutions (i.e. Minerals Commission, Water Resources Commission, VRA, BPA, EPA etc.) to rehabilitate mined sites and reforest degraded watersheds etc. (target of 50,000 ha). Maintain an estimated 235,000 ha (160,000 ha public and 75,000 ha private) existing forest plantations Undertake coppice management and/or replanting of harvested coupes Facilitate the enactment of policy/legislation to support ownership by farmers of planted trees on farms
Details of targeted actions and timelines for this Strategic Objective are presented in Appendix 3.
17
Strategic Objective 2: Forest plantation investment promotion Forest plantations have long gestation periods and the related investments have long payback periods and high risks that make them generally unattractive to financial institutions. The economic viability of forest plantations therefore requires: secure, reliable and innovative funding mechanisms for financing small, medium and large-scale investments; as well as the introduction of the appropriate financial and non-financial incentive packages to promote and support forest plantation development through public, private and public-private partnerships in the country. The Government has introduced some incentives and benefit to attract investment in commercial forest plantation development (see Section 1.2.3). Additionally, the Forestry Commission has facilitated the leasing of land in degraded forest reserves to the private sector, including community groups, for commercial forest plantation development. The growth of private investment (foreign and local) in commercial private plantation development since the year 2000 has been modest but steady. Funding Sources for Plantation Development Currently, the Forest Plantation Development Fund Board disburses loans and grants to private and public entities undertaking forest plantations. However, this funding source, which is derived mainly from levies imposed on air-dried lumber of selected timber species (Timber Export Levy) is woefully inadequate and has been dwindling over time. The amount of funds available under the Forest Plantation Development Fund could be improved by the expansion of the coverage of the levy to the export of all key timber species exported as air-dried lumber and provision made for the list of such timber species to be reviewed periodically to reflect prevailing realities. Additionally, a broad-based Reforestation Levy or Carbon Tax could be imposed on all industries whose operations negatively impact the environment. Funds realized from this levy could be allocated as grants to public and private entities/landowners undertaking reforestation projects and for research. Targeted industries may include: mining, oil and gas, electricity production, cement, telecommunications, construction, textile, timber logging and processing, airlines, etc. This strategic objective seeks to identify and pursue a number of innovative financing mechanisms for forest plantation development in Ghana. Key actions to be implemented under this component (Strategic Objective 2) include the following:
Expand the coverage of the Timber Export Levy to include all key timber species exported as air-dried lumber. Publish a forest plantation investor handbook to guide potential local and foreign investors. 18
Explore innovative funding sources i.e. REDD+, CDM, Payment for environmental services, etc. Facilitate the establishment of a specialized market for the trading of forest plantation stands
Details of targeted actions and timelines for this Strategic Objective are presented in Appendix 3.
19
Strategic Objective 3: Employment creation and sustainable livelihoods This strategic objective seeks to offer various socio-economic benefits to the key stakeholders that will be involved in the implementation of the strategy, especially the local communities. These benefits include skills development and the creation of direct jobs such as: operating commercial tree nurseries; plantation establishment (e.g. site preparation, pegging and planting); maintenance (e.g. weeding, pruning, thinning, fire protection); participation in out-grower schemes; growing of shade-loving non-timber forest products (NTFPs) under plantations after canopy closure; cultivation of food crops under Taungya schemes as well as timber harvesting and processing. In terms of employment generation, it is estimated that one person‘s labour1 would be employed for a whole year in order to establish one hectare of forest plantation. Therefore, for the 500,000 ha of forest plantations to be established under the strategy a total of 500,000 full time jobs will be created over the 25 - year period. An estimated 900,000 persons (1person/2ha) will be required to undertake maintenance of the stands aged 2 to 5 years over the 25 – year period. For stands aged 6 to 25 years, an estimated 840,000 persons (1person/5ha) will be engaged over the period of the strategy. Therefore, a total of 2.364 million jobs will be created over the 25 - year period or an average of 94,560 jobs per year. Over the period an estimated 680 million seedlings will be required for establishing the 500,000 ha of forest plantations and 100,000ha enrichment planting of poorly stocked forest reserves. Based on a seedling production standard of 10,000 seedlings/person/year, an estimated 68,000 jobs will be created over the 25-year period or an average of 2,720 jobs per year. Details of targeted actions and timelines for this Strategic Objective are presented in Appendix 3. Tables 7 & 8 below summarize the potential jobs to be created over the 25 -year period through plantation establishment, maintenance and seedling production (detailed analysis in Appendix 4).
1
The one year employment is estimated to be 250 man days per annum
20
Table 7: Summary of potential jobs to be created from new plantations over the 25 year period COUPE/YEAR
1 2–5 6 – 25 1 – 25
ACTIVITY
WORK RATE
Establishment Maintenance Maintenance Seedling Production Total
1 person / Ha 1 person / 2Ha 1 person / 5ha 10,000 seedlings/person/yr
JOB CREATED/YR
JOB CREATED/25YRS
20,000 37,600 36,960 2,720 97,280
500,000 940,000 924,000 68,000 2,432,000
Table 8: Summary of potential jobs to be created from existing plantations (2002- 2012) over the 25 year period COUPE/YEAR
1 2–5 6 – 25 1–2
ACTIVITY
WORK RATE
Establishment Maintenance Maintenance Seedling Production Total
1 person / Ha 1 person / 2Ha 1 person / 5ha 10,000 seedlings/person/yr
JOB CREATED/25YRS
0 46,021 598,905 1,000 645,926
The total number of jobs to be created under forest plantation establishment, maintenance and seedlings production is estimated at 2,953,926 over the 25-year period of the strategy. This will be additional to the jobs to be created through the estimated 100,000 ha enrichment planting and the maintenance of the existing 65,925 ha of forest plantations established prior to 2002. There will be conscious efforts to create an environment that fosters gender equity in accessing job opportunities. There will be a multiplier effect from the direct jobs created. Such indirect jobs are expected to emanate from the development of the plantations as well as logging and harvesting and further processing of the harvested plantation timber. The indirect jobs are expected to accrue from food crop farming, and the development of enterprises such as: local restaurants; service contractors; petty trading; furniture and joinery, charcoal production, charcoal briquettes making, carving, auto mechanics, transport, general construction, etc. This may result in twice the number of jobs created directly from the development of the forest plantations (i.e. approximately 6 million jobs) which would improve local economies. Key actions under this strategic objective include:
Undertake skills and enterprise development, Facilitate infrastructural development within forest fringe communities, Promote out-grower forest plantation schemes and establishment of private nurseries Promote the establishment of community fire protection crews Details of targeted actions and timelines for this Strategic Objective are presented in Appendix 3. 21
Strategic Objective 4: Increase investments in research and development,
extension, training and capacity building for forest plantation development
The success of commercial forest plantation establishment is highly dependent on: selection of suitable species, use of high-quality genetic planting material, site-species matching, application of proven silvicultural technology, availability of technical capacity and adoption of appropriate business models. The Strategy recognizes these important factors and consequently proposes the necessary measures with regards to research in the priority areas, capacity building as well as the provision of extension services that are described below. This strategic objective will focus on support to research on forest plantation development to provide the relevant data and information to minimize economic and ecological risks to investments in forest plantations; build the critical mass of the required technical and managerial expertise; and provide the essential extension support.
Research
Research under this strategy will aim at developing technologies and providing information on site-species matching, propagation methods, tree improvement, tree and stand management techniques, site productivity management, establishment and regeneration of trees on farms, identification and evaluation of suitable tree species for incorporation into farming systems, generation of tree management techniques on farm and assessing the productivity of such systems. There are currently low investments in research and development and gaps in key data relevant to forest plantation development in Ghana. Therefore, a Forest Plantation Research Fund will be established to provide support to priority research areas. The key focus of research in the short to medium term will be seed and tree improvement (S&Ti) The purpose of this area of research is to optimize the availability of tree seeds of high quality and to provide relevant seed information for afforestation, reforestation and agroforestry programs in the country. Programs that involve establishment, certification and management of improved seed production areas and seed orchards (seed stands) for plantation tree species, research on the genetic improvement of selected tree species (indigenous and exotic), identification and certification of seed collection areas for indigenous species and general seed biology would be undertaken. Other priority research and investigation areas include:
Tree pest and disease control/management development of best management practices and silviculture for key indigenous/exotic species and their mixtures Growth and yield studies and prediction for the prioritized and potential tree species Production of broad species-site maps for each prioritized species for the whole country
22
Economic calculations (IRR and cost benefit analysis) on the profitability of each prioritized species for various site qualities and scales of operation using the best available growth, cost and price information to guide the choice of species by current and potential investors Market research – Demand and trends in demand, competition and market forecast.
Capacity Building
Human capital development is an important consideration for the implementation of plantation development plans. Appropriate categories of manpower requirements for plantation development (e.g. large scale commercial forest plantations and the small scale tree growers) would therefore be equipped with the necessary technical, supervisory and managerial skills to ensure effective and efficient delivery of best practice forest plantation management services. Measures to develop and upgrade capacity in forest plantation development and management include the following:
Targeted technical level short-term and refresher courses as well as training of trainers in hands-on forest plantation development and management skills will be fast-tracked in collaboration with the WITC, KNUST, UENR and the existing private commercial plantation developers.
Implementation of professional development programmes at the local and international levels to strengthen institutional capacity would be pursued. There will be collaboration with local universities and training institutions with programs in forestry to regularly review curricula in line with the demands of the forest plantation industry.
Organize study tours and exchange programs with foreign public and private institutions implementing best practice plantation development, i.e. Malaysia, Costa Rica, Thailand, Brazil, Chile, South Africa, Cote D’ Ivoire, etc.
Sponsorship for priority advanced degree programmes in disciplines such as: genetics and tree breeding; plantation silviculture and management; forest economics, forest engineering and forest plantation pest and disease management/Control.
Extension services The private sector and community plantation efforts will be supported with education and extension services to promote adoption of best plantation management practices. The appropriate linkages will be facilitated between the forest plantation industry, the FC, FORIG/other research institutions, and the Universities to ensure effective transfer of technology and the provision of feedbacks to promote the adoption of best practices
23
generated by research. Model plantations will be established across the country for demonstration purposes. There will be collaboration with the following, among others, for the provision of extension services: Plantation Developers Associations/Groups. Relevant civil society organizations National Service Secretariat Key actions to be implemented under this strategic objective include: Develop integrated pest management systems and train personnel to implement the systems for monitoring, detecting and managing outbreak of pests and diseases within plantations. Undertake trials of selected exotic and indigenous timber tree species to determine their suitability for plantation establishment, enrichment planting and incorporation into agro-forestry systems. Develop standardized guide books for forest plantation extension services Assess capacity building requirements for forest plantations development Undertake genetic improvement of key plantation species (indigenous and exotic) Undertake mass production of improved genetic material Undertake international educational tours to model plantation setups Organize capacity building/training programs on fire prevention and management. Improve training in site productivity management. Design certificate programs for the private sector to upgrade their skills and knowledge to maintain high operational standards within the industry. Build capacity of timber processing industry to improve efficiency and utilization of small-diameter-logs Details of targeted actions and timelines for this Strategic Objective are presented in Appendix 3.
24
Strategic Objective 5: Governance 3.1 GUIDING PRINCIPLES In the promotion of the development of forest plantations, the following guiding principles with regards to good governance in forest plantation will be pursued: 3.2
Assurance of clear land and tree tenure Assurance of consistent and clear enabling Government policies, laws and regulations to sustain investor confidence Prompt and efficient law enforcement and conflict resolution – especially with regards to land ownership and lease disputes Promotion of multi-stakeholder dialogue approach as a platform for decisionmaking and the provision of feedback from the stakeholders. Distribution of benefits on an equitable basis to all relevant stakeholders
INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES FOR THE STRATEGY’S IMPLEMENTATION
The Forestry Commission Act, 1999 (Act 571) mandates the Forestry Commission (FC), among others, to undertake and support the development of forest plantations for the restoration of degraded areas (on and off–reserves), the increased production of industrial timber and the expansion of the country’s protected forest cover nationwide. Currently, the FC’s plantation development effort is coordinated by the Plantations Department (PD) of the Forest Services Division (FSD). The PD has a staff strength of eight – 1 Director, 2 Senior Managers, 4 Middle/Junior managers and 1 Secretary. The PD coordinates the execution of the FC’s mandate through the FSD district and regional management across the country with the Resource Management Support Center (RMSC) of the FC, based in Kumasi, providing management support principally in the form of standard setting and monitoring. In view of the growing importance of forest plantations and the greater responsibility expected of the FC to effectively coordinate the planned actions and manage the expectations of the many stakeholders, especially the private sector investors, it is recommended that the current structure be reviewed accordingly and commensurate authority and resources provided to ensure effective delivery of planned outputs under this strategy. The FC fulfills this mandate in collaboration with a number of institutions and stakeholders including MLNR, FPDFB, MoFEP, EPA, Landowners and forest fringe communities, Private Plantation Developers, Media, Timber Industry, Civil Society Organizations, Research and Academic Institutions, Lands Commission and GNFS. The collaborating institutions and their expected roles are summarized in Table 10 below.
25
Table 9: Roles of supporting institutions/stakeholders Institution/Stakeholder Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources (MLNR) Forest Plantation Development Fund Board Parliamentary Select Committee on Lands and Forestry Forest Plantation Technical Steering Committee (proposed) Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MOFEP) Environmental Agency (EPA)
Roles Policy formulation and monitoring Provide funds for agreed plantation initiatives Provide funds for research & technical support Legislation and monitoring of strategy implementation Oversight, monitoring
Legislate for and regulate any tax incentives for forest plantations and will implement these through the Ghana Revenue Authority. Additionally MOFEP releases GoG funds for financing public forest plantations Protection Evaluate and monitor environmental standards and approve EIA/ESIA for large-scale development.
Landowners and forest fringe Support FC in the prevention of illegal activities and communities wildfires from destroying plantation areas, partner FC in the development of forest plantations. Form the bulk of labour for plantation development by both public and private investors. Timber Industry Advise on species selection relative to industry needs. MoFA Collaborate on trees on farm component and extension training and support Lands Commission identify land banks for off-reserve areas registration of Leases for commercial forest plantation development Research and Academic Research, professional and technical education Institutions Ghana National Fire Service Review fire management plans Fire education and sensitization Fire fighting The Media Information dissemination and public education and sensitization Civil Society Organizations monitoring, public interest and rights advocacy, information dissemination and awareness creation
It is proposed that a multi-stakeholder advisory body to be known as the Forest Plantation Technical Steering Committee (FPTSC), be formed to guide the implementation of this forest plantation strategy. Key actions under this strategic objective would include:
Strengthen enforcement of forest laws and regulations
26
Ensure transparency in the implementation of the Ghana Forest Plantation Strategy by adopting collaborative M&E systems Institute annual award scheme for exceptional performance in plantation development Build structures and arrangements to facilitate equitable distribution of forest plantation benefits. Establish and inaugurate FPTSC Develop consultative processes and systems to involve key stakeholders in decision making on forest plantation development Develop and implement fair and transparent systems for allocating timber rights for forest plantations Implement mechanisms that ensures fair pricing of plantation timber and other products and services Develop and implement clear regulations for submission and approval of reforestation/afforestation/forest plantation development plans for establishments both on and off-reserve Liaise with Plant Protection Dept of MoFA to grant approval for importation of all planting material for forest plantation / forest nurseries development.
Details of targeted actions and timelines for this Strategic Objective are presented in Appendix 3.
27
PART IV – FINANCE 4.1 BUDGET AND FUNDING SOURCES The total cost of implementing the Strategy over the 25-year period (2015 – 2040) is US$ 3,525,510,920 (Appendix 5). Table 10 below highlights the summary costs and expected funding sources. Funding for the strategy will be sourced from government (public) and private sector. Government funding is expected to come from direct budget support, levies (eg. a 5 pesewas carbon levy on a liter of petroleum products could yield an estimated $40million/yr), pension funds (i.e. SSNIT) and donor support. Donor support would be in the form of loans, grants and direct budgetary support. Private sector funds are expected to be sourced from debt and or equity financing and grants. Generally, the Government of Ghana and its agencies and development partners, apart from directly funding limited establishment and maintenance of public forest plantations, will mainly fund activities aimed at facilitating the creation of an enabling environment for investment in forest plantation development. These will include promulgation of legislations, policies and establishment of institutional structures that promote investment in forest plantations; creation of land banks; genetic tree improvement and subsequent provenance testing and establishment of seed stands; Licensing of tree nurseries and plantation development contractors; capacity building within key agencies charged with supporting forest plantation development; research; etc. Private sector investments will mainly target the actual implementation of forest plantation projects.
28
Table 10: Budget Summary (2015 – 2040) COST ITEM STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 1: Establishment and management of planted forests STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 2: Investment Promotion STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 3: Employment creation and livelihoods STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 4: Research and development, training and capacity building, extension STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 5: Governance Monitoring & Evaluation
BUDGET (US$) FUNDING SOURCE(S) 3,499,883,920 GoG (39%) Private Sector (61%)
TOTAL
3,525,510,920
470,000 GoG 7,975,000 GoG (53%) Private Sector (47%) 6,502,000 GoG
2,655,000 GoG (78%) Private Sector (22%) 8,025,000 GoG GoG: [US$ 1,410,372,368.00 (40%) Private Sector: [US$ 2,115,558,552.00] (60%)
4.2 EXPECTED YIELD AND INCOME In terms of yield, the extra 500,000 ha of plantation would supply an average of 2.6 million cubic meters of round wood annually over the 25 years [Mean Annual Increment (MAI) of 10m3/ha/yr, 25-year rotation] for plantations in Ghana (Appendix 6). The 2.6 million cubic meters of wood at an estimated average timber price of US$100 per cubic meter would provide average timber revenue of US$260 million annually. The 235,000 ha of existing forest plantation would be expected to supply an average of 1.41 million cubic meters of round wood annually over the 25-year period of the strategy (MAI of 6m3/ha/yr, 25-year rotation) (Appendix 6). At an estimated average timber price of US$100 per cubic meter, this would provide average timber revenue of US$141 million annually. Between strategy years 1-3 (2015 – 2017) an average of approximately US$15 million is expected to be generated annually from thinnings of the existing plantations. An average of US$110 million is expected to be generated annually between strategy years 4 – 9 (2018 -2023) from further thinnings and harvesting of sawlogs from the existing plantations and an average of US$400 million annually between strategy years 10-25 (2024 – 2040) from harvesting of sawlogs from existing plantations. 29
Poorly stocked stands within forest reserves would be enriched at an average of 100 stems per hectare. Assuming 50% of these stems survive and reach maturity then these would supply an average of 250m3 of round wood per hectare by year 40 (Mean round wood volume of 5m3 per tree; MAI of 6.25m3/ha/yr, 40-year rotation,). Using an estimated average timber price of US$75 per cubic meter, the targeted 100,000 ha would provide total timber revenue of US$1.875 billion at the end of the 40-year rotation (or average annual revenue of US$46.875 million). Additionally, significant income is expected from carbon offset schemes (i.e Compliance Carbon Markets, Voluntary Carbon Markets, etc.), CDM, REDD+ and payment for environmental services. Significant environmental and socio-economic benefits such as environmental enhancement and conservation, livelihood support through job creation and promotion of economic activities within local communities and the envisaged expansion in the timber and affiliated industries across the country would be realized as a result of implementing the strategy. 4.3 FINANCIAL APPRAISAL The financial appraisal of the strategy was undertaken to determine its net worth or profitability over the 25-year period. Total project income is US$8,312,041,023 with expected investment cost of US$3,524,930,920 over the period. The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) for executing the strategy is 18% and the Net Present Value (NPV) is US$643,978,150.29 (Cost of capital of 10%) [detailed financial analysis in Appendix 7]. It is therefore evident from the results that the proposed investments to be made under this strategy would yield an attractive financial return. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the robustness of the investment in the face of adverse changes or uncertainties that may affect its viability. At a cost of capital of 10%, year on year expenditure (cost) was increased by 20% over the period of the strategy and this yielded a positive NPV of US $375,484,673.10, with an IRR of 14%. A 20% year on year decrease in revenue over the same period also yielded a positive NPV of US $352,996, 894.28, with an IRR of 15%. Finally, year on year cost was increased by 20% while revenue was decreased by 10%, and yet a combination of these two negative effects yielded a positive NPV of US$ 176,840,119.47. It is therefore evident from the above results that the proposed investments to be made under this strategy would yield an attractive financial return, and would remain viable in the face of unexpected, but possible, extreme adverse income and expenditure regimes.
30
PART V – MONITORING, EVALUATION and REPORTING 5.1
INDICATORS FOR MONITORING
The plan will be subject to regular and objective reviews to determine its effectiveness and establish its impact. Although the future may hold developments that have not been anticipated, the detailed internal and external analyses undertaken stand us in good stead to manage the future. Monitoring of the Strategy’s indicators will be undertaken by the Executive Director, FSD with support from the FPTSC. The performance indicators to be used in monitoring the implementation of the Strategy will include: 5.2
number and types of forest plantation investors processed and approved; number of parcels and extent of lands in degraded forest reserve and OFR that are leased to investors; number of persons who attend and complete the various training courses organized under the Strategy (e.g. short-term, refresher, formal etc) extent of lands planted annually by each category of investor; number of genetically improved seedlings produced and delivered to tree growers extent of existing plantations that have been rehabilitated extent of enrichment plantings undertaken number of jobs created the disbursement of the available funds for implementing the strategy size of investments in forest plantations MONITORING & EVALUATION
Progress monitoring will be undertaken by the Executive Director, FSD. Annual reports will be prepared indicating progress towards the achievement of the set milestones. The reports will be submitted to the Chief Executive of the Forestry Commission who will make copies available to the FC Board, FPTSC, Parliamentary Select Committee on Lands and Forestry, MLNR, Civil Society and other relevant bodies or institutions. These reports will form the basis for monitoring and evaluation of progress. The detailed M&E framework is shown in Appendix 3. The strategy will be reviewed every 5 years from the date of commencement of implementation. A summative evaluation will be carried out at the end of year 25 to determine the effectiveness of the strategy in achieving the set objectives. Lessons learnt will inform the development of a new strategy.
31
Appendix 1 : Forest Plantation Establishment Achievements under the NFPDP (2002-2012)
CFMP
HIPC
PRIVATE DEVELOPERS
FSD MODEL
EXPANDED PROGRAM
FC/ INDUSTRY PLTN FUND
TOTAL PLANTED AREA
YEAR
MTS
2002
17,341*
1,609.00**
18,950.00
2003
17,541*
1,609.00**
19,150.00
2004
16,090*
5,509.84
1,609.00**
23,208.84
2005
9,105*
1,136*
3,341.93
1,609.00**
15,191.93
2006
9,401*
2,298*
2,708.50
1,609.00**
16,016.50
2007
8,711*
2,731*
2,947.82
1,613.00
78.50
16,081.32
2008
111*
2,930*
1,806.67
5,690.47
160.0
10,698.14
2009
2,427.30*
4,293*
902.84
3,598.17
140.0
11,361.31
2010
4,316.66
14,186.171
100.00*
18,602.83
2011
4,143.70
6,804.74
300.00*
11,248.44
2012
2,052.10
5,928.42
420.00*
8,400.52
TOTAL
80,727.30 13,388.0 17,217.60
30,020.03
378.5
26,919.33
820
168,909.83
*Reported figures, yet to be verified by technical audit **Achievement of Private Developers for the period 2002-2007 has been estimated based on total establishment collated at the end of 2007, averaged over the period, due to lack of proper documentation on yearly achievements
APPENDIX 2: RECOMMENDED TREE SPECIES FOR FOREST PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT IN GHANA VEGETATION ZONE
SCIENTIFC NAME
COMMON/TRADE NAME
KEY USES
High Forest Zone
Indigenous:
Khaya ivorensis, Khaya grandifolia, Khaya angolensis
African Mahogany
Terminalia superba
Ofram
Veneer, Plywood, Furniture
Pycanthus angolensis
Otie
Plywood, Veneer, Boards, Furniture
Canarium schweinfurthii
Bediwonua
Plywood, Veneer, Boards, Furniture
Dalbergia sissoo
Rosewood
Furniture, Veneer, Plywood
Dalbergia retusa
Rosewood
Furniture, Veneer, Plywood
Tieghemella heckelii
Makore
Plywood, Veneer, Boards, Furniture
Pterygota macrocarpa
Koto
Plywood, Veneer, Boards, Furniture
Triplochiton scleroxylon
Wawa
Plywood, Boards, Particle Board
Entandrophragma angolensis
Edinam
Plywood, Veneer, Boards, Furniture
Entandrophragma cylindricum
Sapele
Plywood, Veneer, Boards, Furniture
Entandrophragma candolli
Kosipo
Plywood, Veneer, Boards, Furniture
Entandrophragma utile
Utile
Plywood, Veneer, Boards, Furniture
Ceiba pentandra
Ceiba
Veneer, Plywood, Boards
Hallea stipulosa
Subaha
Furniture, Boards
Strombosia glaucescens
Afina
Guarea cedrata
Guarea
Veneer, Plywood, Furniture, parquet
Terminalia ivorensis
Emire
Veneer, Plywood
Afromosia elata
Kokrodua
Furniture, Parquet, Veneer
Milicia excelsa
Odum
Furniture, Parquet
Lovoa klaineana
African Walnut
Veneer, Plywood
Aningeria spp.
Asanfena
Veneer, Plywood
Piptadeniastrum africanum
Dahoma
Mining Timber, Sleeppers, Furniture
Heritiera utilis
Nyankom
Veneer, Plywood, Furniture
Nauclea diderrichii
Kusia
Furniture, Parquets, panelling
Mansonia altissima
Mansonia
Furniture, Parquets, Veneer
Swietenia macrophylla *
Mahogany
Plywood, Veneer, Boards, Furniture
Cedrela odorata
Cedrela
Furniture, Veneer, Plywood
Tectona grandis
Teak
Veneer, Furniture, Parquet, Transmission poles
Shorea spp*
Red Meranti
Veneer, Furniture, Parquet, Plywood, Panelling
Plywood, Veneer, Boards, Furniture
Mining Timber, Electicity transmission poles
Exotics:
Gmelina arborea
Gmelina
Veneer, Plywood, Furniture, Parquet, Pulp
Paulownia
Plywood, Pulp, Parquets
Paulownia tomentosa*
Paulownia
Plywood, Veneer
Paulownia fortunei*
Paulownia
Plywood, Veneer
Aucoumea
Plywood, Veneer, Panelling,
Sentang
Veneer, Furniture, Panelling
Paulownia elongata *
Aucoumea klaineana* Azadiracta excelsa* Eucalyptus laeropinea* Eucalyptus deglupta* Eucalyptus microcorys* Eucalyptus globulus
Eucalyptus
Plywood, Veneer, Boards, Paper, Transmission Energy
Eucalyptus resinifera* Eucalyptus pilularis* Eucalyptus spp (including hybrids) Bambusa spp Pinus spp
Bamboo
Furniture
Pines
Furniture, Window frames, Panelling, Floors and Roofing, Turpentine
APPENDIX 2: RECOMMENDED TREE SPECIES FOR FOREST PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT IN GHANA VEGETATION ZONE
SCIENTIFC NAME
COMMON/TRADE NAME
KEY USES
Transitional Zone
Indigenous:
Ceiba pendandra
Ceiba
Veneer, Plywood, Boards
Khaya ivorensis, Khaya grandifolia, Khaya angolensis Triplochiton scleroxylon
African Mahogany
Plywood, Veneer, Boards, Furniture
Wawa
Plywood, Boards, Particle Board
Terminalia superba
Ofram
Veneer, Plywood, Furniture
Terminalia ivorensis
Emire
Veneer, Plywood
Nauclea diderrichii
Kusia
Furniture, Parquets, panelling
Mansonia altissima
Mansonia
Furniture, Parquets, Veneer
Milicia excelsa
Odum
Furniture, Parquet
Afromosia elata
Kokrodua
Furniture, Parquet, Veneer
Piptadenia africana
Dahoma
Mining Timber, Sleeppers, Furniture
Aningeria spp.
Asanfena
Veneer, Plywood
Lovoa klaineana
African Walnut
Veneer, Plywood
Pterocarpus erinaceous
African Rosewood
Furniture, parquet
Tectona grandis
Teak
Veneer, Furniture, Parquet, Transmission poles
Azadiracta excelsa*
Sentang
Veneer, Furniture, Panelling
Cedrela odorata
Cedrela
Furniture, Veneer, Plywood
Acacia mangium
Acacia
Energy, Charcoal, Paper
Senna siamea
Cassia
Fuel wood (Energy)
Eucalyptus
Plywood, Veneer, Boards, Energy
Eucalyptus resinifera* Eucalyptus spp (including hybrids) Bambusa spp
Bamboo
Pinus spp
Pines
Furniture Furniture, Window frames, Panelling, Floors and Roofing, Turpentine
Ceiba
Veneer, Plywood, Boards
African Mahogany
Boards, Furniture
Acacia mangium
Acacia
Fuel wood (Energy)
Millettia thonningii
Millettia
Fuel wood (Energy)
Azadirachta indica
Neem
Fuel wood (Energy)
Tectona grandis
Teak
Veneer, Furniture, Panelling
Ceiba pentandra
Ceiba
Veneer, Plywood, Boards
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Eucalyptus spp (including
Eucalyptus
Veneer, Plywood, Boards, Energy
Eucalyptus
Plywood, Veneer, Boards, Energy
Senna siamea
Senna siamea
Fuel wood (Energy)
Millettia thonningii
Millettia
Fuel wood (Energy)
Acacia mangium
Acacia
Pulp, Fuel wood (Energy)
Exotics:
Eucalyptus laeropinea* Eucalyptus deglupta* Eucalyptus microcorys* Eucalyptus globulus*
Indigenous:
Ceiba pentandra
Northern Zone
Khaya senegalensis Exotics:
Coastal Savannah
hybrids)
Acacia auriculiformis
Pulp, Fuelwood
Azadirachta indica
Neem
Fuel wood (Energy)
Tectona grandis
Teak
Veneer, Furniture
Ceiba pentandra
Ceiba
Veneer, Plywood, Boards
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Eucalyptus spp (including hybrids) * Species to be introduced
Eucalyptus
Veneer, Plywood, Boards, Energy
Eucalyptus
Plywood, Veneer, Boards, Energy
Appendix 3 GHANA FOREST PLANTATION STRATEGY M & E FRAMEWORK
GOAL OF STRATEGY: To achieve sustainable supply of planted forest goods and services to deliver a range of economic, social and environmental benefits
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES
ACTIONS
TIME FRAME
PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 1 -5 Yrs
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 1: Establishment and management of planted forests
Action 1.1: Identify, survey and map suitable lands within Number of digital maps produced forest reserves for plantation development Action 1.2: Liaise with the Lands Commission, traditional councils and other landowners to identify off-reserve lands earmarked for commercial plantation development
Area (ha) and number of off reserve lands identified
Action 1.3: Develop and maintain a system to update a register on degraded lands available for forest plantation (On reserve and off reserve) [Land Bank] Action 1.4: Publish database of available on and offreserve lands (Land bank) for plantation development Action 1.5: Procure genetically improved /superior planting materials of selected exotic timber tree species
Updated land register
Database published Weight/number and species of planting materials procured
Action 1.6: Collect seeds from plus native and exotic Weight and species of seeds collected timber tree species Action 1.7: Establish Seed Orchards (clonal and seedling) Area (ha), number and species of seed of selected exotic and native timber tree species (300 ha) orchards established Action 1.8: Maintain/Tend Seed Orchards (existing and new)/ Seed Production Areas (SPAs) Action 1.9: Establish and operate a Tissue Culture Lab and Other Facilities (Vegetative Propagation Center) Action 1.10: Establish and operate three (3) State-of-theArt Central tree nurseries (Kumasi / Sunyani / Tamale) - 6 million seedlings capacity/ yr Action 1.11: Review existing plantation MoPs (A,B and C) and consolidate into one document Action 1.12: Publish reviewed plantation MoP Action 1.13: Develop and publish MoP on Enrichment Planting Action 1.14: Undertake coppice management of an estimated 15,000ha teak plantations harvested prior to 2015 and 10,000ha annually from 2027 Action 1.15: Undertake Enrichment planting in poorlystocked / convalescing forest reserves Action 1.16: Undertake maintenance of Enrichment Planting sites ( New ad Existing) Action 1.17: Undertake replanting of an estimated 3,000ha harvested forest plantations (species other than teak). Action 1.18: Maintain replanted sites (3,000 ha) Action 1.19: Implement FC’s MoP on wildfire management
Area (ha) of SPAs and SOs maintained Quality of tissue culture facility constructed Number of modern central tree nursery established and operated Number of seedlings produced Plantation MoP ready for publishing Plantation MoP published MoP on enrichment planting published Area (ha) of coppices managed stands Number and area (ha) of poorly stocked forest reserves improved Number and area (ha) of enrichment planting sites maintained Area (ha) and species of harvested stands replanted Area (ha) of replanted stands maintained Availability of fire reports indicating nationwide trends of fire incidence Length and quality of fire rides constructed
Action 1.20: Construct fire rides (10meter wide) within existing government plantations (160,000ha) [Est. 19,200 km) Action 1.21: Maintain / rehabilitate an estimated 235,000 Area (ha) of existing forest plantation ha (160,000 ha public and 75,000 ha private) existing maintained/rehabilitated forest plantations Action 1.22: Establish new plantations [20,000 ha/yr] Area (ha) of new plantations established (with
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 2: Forest plantation investment promotion
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 3: Employment creation and livelihoods
Action 1.23: Maintain newly established plantations Action 1.24: Establish Model Plantations for demonstration of best practice (200 ha/yr) Action 1.25: Maintain existing (378ha) and newly established (200ha/yr) Model Plantations Action 1.26: Promote agro-forestry/farm forestry (trees on farm); [extension services and supply 2 million seedlings/yr] Action 1.27: Liaise with Minerals Commission to rehabilitate mined sites Action 1.28: Liaise with Water Resources Commission,VRA, GWCL, others to rehabilitate degraded watersheds Action 1.29: Procure key logistics for field operations/monitoring and supervision (i.e. Vehicles, motorbikes, GPS, pruning saws, pruning shears, chainsaws, protective clothing, first aid and safety equipment etc.) Action 1.30: Facilitate forest plantations management and chain of custody certification (FSC, PEFC, etc) Action 1.31: Facilitate the enactment of policy/legislation to support ownership by farmers of planted trees on farms #VALUE! Action 2.1: Prepare and publish a forest plantation investor handbook Action 2.2: Undertake studies and stakeholder consultations to support the introduction of a Reforestation Levy / Carbon Tax Action 2.3: Expand the coverage of the Timber Export Levy to include all key timber species exported as airdried lumber. Action 2.4: Facilitate the establishment of a specialized market for the trading of forest plantation stands
over 75% survival) Area (ha) of new plantatioms maintained Area (ha) and number of model plantations established (with over 75%survival) Area (ha) and number of existing and new model plantatioms maintained Number of farms adopting the ToF system Number of seedlings supplied per year Number and area (ha) of mined sites rehabilitated Number and area (ha) of degraded watersheds rehabilitated Number and type of key field operations logistics procured
Number and area (ha) of plantations certified by FSC, PEFC etc. Policy document or legislation on ownership of trees on farms Forest plantation investor handbook published Report on reforestation levy and carbon tax study published /submitted Number of key timber species exported as air dried lumber increased Number and area (ha) of plantations traded
Action 3.1: Recruit labour from fringe communities to Number of workers recruited undertake enrichment planting, plantation establishment and maintenance Action 3.2: Promote out-grower forest plantation schemes Number of out-growers engaged and establishment of private nurseries Area (ha) of forest plantations under outAction 3.3: Promote the establishment of community fire protection crews
grower schemes Number of seedlings produced Number of community fire protection crews established
6 - 10Yrs
11-15Yrs
16-20 Yrs
21-25 Yrs
Employment creation and livelihoods
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES
ACTIONS
TIME FRAME
PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 1 -5 Yrs
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 1: Establishment and management of planted forests
Number of skills and enterprise development programs held Number of participants Action 3.5: Monitor Implementation of Social Number of and value of infrastructural projects Responsibility Agreements (i.e. Schools, Clinics, Water and implemented Action 3.4: Undertake skills and enterprise development
Sanitation etc.) within fringe communities.
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 4: Investment in Research, Extension services and Capacity Building
Action 3.6: Facilitate infrastructural development within forest fringe communities (SRA etc)
Number of and value of infrastructural projects implemented
Action 4.1: Assess capacity requirements for forest plantation development Action 4.2: Design and implement professional development programmes at the local and international levels to strengthen institutional capacity in order to improve delivery of services. Action 4.3: Design and implement capacity-building and certification programmes for the private sector (i.e. plantation contractors, nursery operators, etc.) to upgrade their skills and knowledge to maintain high operational standards within the industry. Action 4.4: Review curricula of courses in plantation silviculture and management and introduce on-field attachment programs in line with current best practice Action 4.5: Undertake training of FSD staff in best practice in plantation establishment and management Action 4.6: Build capacity of timber processing industry to improve efficiency and utilization of small-diameter-logs
Assessment report Number of professional development programmes designed and implemented Number and category of staff trained Number of capacity building programs organised Number of private sector players trained and certified Number of courses reviewed/introduced Number of vacation attachment programmes organized Number of FSD staff trained
Number of industry participants trained % increase in volume of small diameter logs utilized Action 4.7: Develop integrated pest management (IPM) Number of personnel trained Number systems and train personnel to implement the systems for of IPMs developed monitoring, detecting and managing outbreak of diseases within plantations. Action 4.8: Develop protocols for mass production of Number of species with protocols developed selected genetically improved planting materials Number of improved planting materials Action 4.9: Undertake trials of selected exotic and indigenous timber tree species (30ha/yr) to determine their suitability for plantation establishment and enrichment planting. Action 4.10: Design methodology, collect and analyse data on species trials Action 4.11: Maintain Species Trial stands
Information on species trials produced Area (ha) of species trial stands maintained
Action 4.12: Design and establish permanent sample plots (PSPs) in representative plantation sites across the country. Action 4.13: Collect and analyse data from established PSPs Action 4.14. Collaborate with FORIG and other stakeholders to monitor and develop effective methods to control invasive plant species Action 4.15: Design methodology, collect and analyse data on key tree parameters Action 4.16: Engage Consultants (2-year) [Tree Breeder, Vegetative Propagation and Tree Nursery Specialist]
Number and area (ha) of PSPs established
Action 4.17: Engage Consultants (3-year) [ Plantation Silviculturist with experience in ICT/GIS applications in plantation management, mechanization of field operations, Soil nutrient management, and forest certification] Action 4.18: Carry out feasibility study on the mechanisation of forest plantation field operations Action 4.19: Carry out a study on improving site productivity Management. Action 4.20: Commission a study on benefit sharing arrangements (BSA) for OFR areas Action 4.21: Train FSD staff to provide Extension Services to Private Sector Forest Plantation Developers and communities Action 4.22: Develop and publish standardized guide books for forest plantation extension services Action 4.23: Undertake a study to develop allometric models for Key plantation timber species to facilitate trading in Carbon. Action 4.24: Undertake international educational tours to model plantation setups (i.e. Malaysia, Brazil, South Africa, Costa Rica, etc.) by key plantation staff
Number of consultants engaged produced by consultants
Action 4.25: Undertake training in conflict management
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 5: Governance
produced Number and area (ha) of exotic and indigenous timber tree species tried
Information on PSPs produced Area (ha) of previously invaded land devoid of invasive species Basal area of invasive tree speies Information on key tree parameters produced Number of consultants engaged Reports
Report on feasibility studies published/submitted Report on site productivity management studies published/submitted Report on BSA studies published/submitted Number of FSD staff trained Guide book for forest plantation extension services published Report/paper on allometric modelling published/submitted Number of international educational tours undertaken Category of plantation staff participating in the tour Number of disputes / conflicts resolved
Action 5.1: Conduct study to identify gaps in current governance processes Action 5.2: Review existing monitoring and accountability framework for plantation management Action 5.3: Develop and advertise criteria for selection and award for exceptional performance in plantation development. Action 5.4: Institute award schemes for private plantation developers. Action 5.5: Introduce consultative processes and systems to involve key stakeholders in decision making concerning forest plantations. Action 5.6: Liaise with the plant protection department of MoFA to regulate importation of planting material for forest plantation establishment/nurseries Action 5.7: Strengthen enforcement of forest laws and regulations Action 5.8: Set up a multi-stakeholder advisory committee to guide the implementation of the forest plantation strategy Action 5.9: Develop and implement transparent mechanisms for pricing and allocation of forest plantation timber. Action 5.10: Strengthen the existing structures for information sharing and conflict management (e.g. National Forest Forum) Action 5.11: Review Current Plantation Development Structure
Report on studies published/submitted
Action 5.12: Award exceptional performers
Number of award recipients
Monitoring and accountability framework document published Award criteria published in the media (print, radio, internet, TV etc.) Number of exceptional performers awarded Number of stakeholders involved/engaged in decision making Record/report on number and types of species imported Number of cases and persons prosecuted Number of stakeholders forming the committee and background Number of permits issued Criteria/procedure for pricing and allocation of plantation timber published in the media Number of disputes / conflicts resolved Report on reviewed plantation structure
6 - 10Yrs
11-15Yrs
16-20 Yrs
21-25 Yrs
Total Jobs Created/Year
20,000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
10000
10000
10000
10000
140000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
10000
10000
10000
10000
20000
136000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
10000
10000
10000
10000
20000
132000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
10000
10000
10000
10000
20000
128000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
10000
10000
10000
10000
20000
124000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
10000
10000
10000
10000
20000
120000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
10000
10000
10000
10000
20000
116000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
10000
10000
10000
10000
20000
112000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
10000
10000
10000
10000
20000
108000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
10000
10000
10000
10000
20000
104000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
10000
10000
10000
10000
20000
100000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
10000
10000
10000
10000
20000
96000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
10000
10000
10000
10000
20000
92000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
10000
10000
10000
10000
20000
88000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
10000
10000
10000
10000
20000
84000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
10000
10000
10000
10000
20000
80000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
10000
10000
10000
10000
20000
76000
4000
4000
4000
4000
10000
10000
10000
10000
20000
72000
4000
4000
4000
10000
10000
10000
10000
20000
68000
4000
4000
10000
10000
10000
10000
20000
64000
4000
10000
10000
10000
10000
20000
60000
10000
10000
10000
10000
20000
50000
10000
10000
10000
20000
40000
10000
10000
20000
30000
10000
20000
2,364,000
124,000
140,000
30,000
4000
136,000
132,000
128,000
124,000
120,000
116,000
112,000
108,000
104,000
100,000
96,000
92,000
88,000
84,000
80,000
76,000
72,000
68,000
64,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
144000
20000
Coupe Coupe Coupe Coupe Coupe Coupe Coupe Coupe Coupe Coupe Coupe Coupe Coupe Coupe Coupe Coupe Coupe Coupe Coupe Coupe Coupe Coupe Coupe Coupe Coupe 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Appendix 4: POTENTIAL NUMBER OF JOBS TO BE CREATED OVER THE 25 YEAR PERIOD Coupe/ Project Year Project year 1 (2015) Project year 2 (2016) Project year 3 (2017) Project year 4 (2018) Project year 5 (2019) Project Year 6 (2020) Project Year 7 (2021) Project Year 8 (2022) Project Year 9 (2023) Project Year 10 (2024) Project Year 11 (2025) Project Year 12 (2026) Project Year 13 (2027) Project Year 14 (2028) Project Year 15 (2029) Project Year 16 (2030) Project Year 17 (2031) Project Year 18 (2032) Project Year 19 (2033) Project Year 20 (2034) Project Year 21 (2035) Project Year 22 (2036) Project Year 23 (2037) Project Year 24 (2038) Project Year 25 (2039) Project Year 26 (2040)
TOTAL
Responsibility 3
4
5
Cost
6
Cost
7
Cost
8
Cost
9
Cost
10
Appendix 5
2
Cost
Yearly Projected costs (US Dollars)
PROJECTED COST OF STRATEGY (2015 - 2040) 1 Cost
2,000
Cost
2,000
Cost
2,000
Cost
2,000
Unit Cost Per Activity ($/units)
50,000
25,000
2,000
2,000
Collaborator(s)
100,000
25,000
2,000
2,000
Lead
100,000
25,000
2,000
2,000
FC
Appendix 5: ACTIONS AND BUDGET GHANA FOREST PLANTATION STRATEGY Projected Costs
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 1: Establishment and management of planted forests
25,000
5,000
2,000
Action 1.1: Identify, survey and map suitable lands within forest reserves for plantation development 50,000
5,000
2,000
MLNR, Lands Commission, OASL,Traditional Council, Landowners, Private Plantation Developers
10,000
2,000
FC
FC
2,000
Action 1.2: Liaise with the Lands Commission, traditional councils and other landowners to identify off-reserve lands earmarked for commercial plantation development Action 1.3: Develop and maintain a system to update a register on degraded lands available for forest plantation (On reserve and off reserve) [Land Bank]
2,000
20,000
2,000
20,000
10,000
20,000
MLNR, Lands Commission, OASL, NHC
20,000
FC
20,000
90,000
Action 1.4: Publish database of available on and offreserve lands (Land bank) for plantation development
20,000
90,000
100,000 20,000
90,000
150,000 20,000
127,500
150,000 20,000
300,000
152,500
200,000 20,000
200,000
165,000
FORIG, MLNR, MOFA, Private Sector
100,000
165,000
FC
$2000/ha
90,000
FORIG, Fringe Communities FORIG, Fringe Communities, Private Sector
40,000
300,000
37,500
300,000
25,000
300,000
25,000
300,000
25,000
300,000
25,000
300,000
25,000
300,000
25,000
300,000
25,000
500,000
25,000
1,500,000
350,000
FC FC
FORIG, Private Sector
FC, Private Sector
FC
FORIG/GAEC
FORIG, Universities, Private Sector
50,000 50,000
30,000
750,000
Action 1.5: Procure genetically improved /superior planting materials of selected exotic timber tree species Action 1.6: Collect seed from plus native and exotic timber tree species Action 1.7: Establish Seed Orchards of selected exotic and native timber tree species (300 ha)
FC
Action 1.8: Maintain/Tend Seed Orchards (existing and new)/ Seed Production Areas (SPAs) Action 1.9: Establish and operate a Tissue Culture Lab and Other Facilities (Vegetative Propagation Center)
FC
$500/ha(yr25) $250/ha (yr6 - 10), $100/ha (yr11 +)
Action 1.10: Establish and operate three (3) State-ofthe-Art Central tree nurseries (Kumasi / Sunyani / Tamale) - 6 million seedlings capacity/ yr
MLNR, FORIG, Universities, Private Plantation Developers
2,625,000
2,625,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
FC
Action 1.11: Review existing plantation MoPs (A,B and C) and consolidate into one document
30,000
2,625,000
1,000,000
Action 1.12: Publish reviewed plantation MoP
50,000
2,625,000
1,000,000
5,068,320
FORIG, Universities
2,625,000
1,000,000
4,668,320
FC
2,625,000
1,000,000
4,268,320
Action 1.13: Develop and publish MoP on Enrichment Planting
$350/ha
1,000,000
3,868,320
Fringe Communities, Private Sector
1,000,000
3,468,320
FC
$200/ha
3,128,100
FORIG, Universities, Fringe Communities
2,378,100
FC
1,628,100
Action 1.14: Undertake coppice management of an estimated 15,000ha teak plantations harvested prior to 2015 and 10,000ha annually from 2027
878,100
$150/ha(yr25) $80/ha (yr6-10)
128,100
Action 1.15: Undertake Enrichment planting in poorlystocked forest reserves
Fringe Communities
1,500,000
FC
1,500,000
Action 1.16: Undertake maintenance of Enrichment Planting sites ( New ad Existing)
1,500,000 $1,500/ha
900,000
Fringe Communities, Private Sector
200,000
FC
900,000 200,000
200,000
Action 1.17: Undertake replanting of an estimated 3,000ha harvested forest plantations (species other than teak).
FC / Private Sector
900,000
30,000,000
200,000
78,000,000
200,000
30,000,000
1,100,000
72,000,000
337,800
200,000
30,000,000
397,800
1,300,000
66,000,000
457,800
200,000 2,400,000
30,000,000
517,800
1,500,000
2,400,000
82,250,000
60,000,000 400,000
577,800
200,000 2,400,000
82,250,000
30,000,000 Fringe Communities
$600/ha(yr 25) $300/ha (yr6-10), $2000/ha
517,800
1,500,000
$500/ha(yr25), $300/ha
2,400,000
82,250,000
54,000,000
FC / Private Sector
FORIG, Private Sector, Universities, Fringe Communities
473,400
200,000
Fringe Communities, Private Sector
$500/km
82,250,000
30,000,000 Action 1.22: Establish new plantations [20,000 ha/yr]
FC / Private Sector
113,400
353,400
1,000,000 FC
Private Developers, Loggers, GFS, Fringe Communities, Civil society, Media, Ghana Police Service
82,250,000
30,000,000
400,000
48,000,000 FC
$600/ha(yr25) $300/ha (yr6-10), $100/ha
233,400
500,000 FC
Fringe Communities, Feeder roads, MMDAs, Private sector
$350/ha
30,000,000
400,000
36,000,000 Action 1.23: Maintain newly established plantations
FORIG, Private Sector, Universities, Fringe Communities
200,000 FC
Fringe Communities
$1500/ha
30,000,000
400,000
24,000,000 Action 1.24: Establish Model Plantations for demonstration of best practice (200 ha/yr)
FC
Action 1.18: Maintain replanted sites (3000 ha) Action 1.19: Implement FC’s MoP on wildfire management Action 1.20: Construct fire rides (10meter wide) within existing government plantations (160,000ha) [Est. 19,200 km) Action 1.21: Maintain / rehabilitate an estimated 235,000 ha (160,000 ha public and 75,000 ha private) existing forest plantations
30,000,000
400,000
12,000,000
Action 1.25: Maintain existing (378ha) and newly established (200ha/yr) Model Plantations
GHANA FOREST PLANTATION STRATEGY Projected Costs
Action 1.26: Promote agro-forestry/farm forestry (trees on farm); [extension services and supply 2 million seedlings/yr] Action 1.27: Liaise with Minerals Commission to rehabilitate mined sites Action 1.28: Liaise with Water Resources Commission,VRA, GWCL, others to rehabilitate degraded watersheds Action 1.29: Procure key logistics for field operations/monitoring and supervision (i.e. Vehicles, motorbikes, GPS, pruning saws, pruning shears, chainsaws, protective clothing, first aid and safety Action 1.30: Facilitate forest plantations management and chain of custody certification (FSC, PEFC, etc) Action 1.31: Facilitate the enactment of policy/legislation to support ownership by farmers of planted trees on farms SUB TOTAL STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 2: Forest plantation investment promotion Action 2.1: Prepare and publish a forest plantation investor handbook Action 2.2: Undertake studies and stakeholder consultations to support the introduction of a Reforestation Levy / Carbon Tax Action 2.3: Expand the coverage of the Timber Export Levy to include all key timber species exported as airdried lumber.
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Appendix 5
2
Yearly Projected costs (US Dollars)
PROJECTED COST OF STRATEGY (2015 - 2040) 1
800,000
Responsibility
800,000
5,000
Cost
800,000
5,000
Cost
800,000
5,000
Cost
800,000
5,000
Cost 800,000
5,000
5,000
Cost
800,000
5,000
5,000
Cost
800,000
5,000
5,000
Cost
800,000 5,000
5,000
Cost
Collaborator(s)
800,000 5,000
5,000
Cost
Lead
Farmers, Nursery Operators, etc.
5,000
5,000
Cost
FC / MoFA
Minerals Commission, Mining Companies,
5,000
Unit Cost Per Activity ($/units)
FC / EPA
5,000
3,000,000
113,415,120
116,755,120
5,000
104,075,120
5,000
97,972,620
Water Resources Commission, VRA, EPA, others
3,000,000
176,369,900
20,000
94,482,620
FC
3,000,000
136,318,500
160,675,500
MLNR, MoFEP
124,884,000
50,000
149,133,500
FC
50,000
-
FORIG, Private Plantation Developers, MLNR
-
5,000
10,000
FC
10,000
100,000
100,000
-
5,000
100,000
100,000
10,000
100,000
100,000
-
5,000
100,000
MLNR, Civil society, MOFEP, AGI, PURC, MESTI
10,000
100,000
FC/Consultant
-
5,000
100,000
10,000
50,000 -
10,000
100,000
10,000
50,000
50,000
5,000
100,000
MLNR, MOFEP
50,000
150,000
10,000
100,000
FC
160,000
10,000
5,000
100,000
FC/Consultant
110,000
10,000
5,000
100,000
MLNR, Ghana Stoclk Exchange, Min. of Trade, MOFEP
10,000
5,000
100,000
SUBTOTAL
10,000
5,000
100,000
Action 2.4: Facilitate the establishment of a specialized market for the trading of forest plantation stands
5,000
100,000
MDA, Fringe Communities
Fringe Communities
100,000
FC / Private Sector FC / Private Sector
100,000
10,000
100,000
10,000
100,000
10,000
100,000
100,000
10,000
100,000
100,000
10,000
100,000
Fringe Communities, MDA, Private Sector
10,000
100,000
MDA, Fringe Communities, Consultants
10,000
100,000
FC / GFS
10,000
100,000
FC / Private Sector
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 3: Employment creation and livelihoods Action 3.1: Recruit labour from fringe communities to undertake enrichment planting, plantation establishment and maintenance Action 3.2: Promote out-grower forest plantation schemes and establishment of private nurseries Action 3.3: Promote the establishment of community fire protection crews
10,000
100,000
Action 3.4: Undertake skills and enterprise development
10,000
100,000
325,000.00
Traditional Council, OASL, MLGRD, MLNR, GES, GHS, Private Sector
100,000
325,000.00
FC
100,000
325,000.00
MDA
325,000.00
Action 3.5. Monitor Implementation of Social Responsibility Agreements (i.e. Schools, Clinics, Water and Sanitation etc.) within fringe communities.
325,000.00
50,000
325,000.00
50,000
325,000.00
50,000
325,000.00
20,000
50,000
325,000.00
FC / Private Sector
SUBTOTAL
20,000
325,000.00
Action 3.6: Facilitate infrastructural development within forest fringe communities (SRA etc)
Consultants/FC Private Sector, Fringe Communities
50,000
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 4: Investment in Research, Extension services and Capacity Building
MLNR, Universities, FORIG
30,000
20,000
Action 4.1: Assess capacity requirements for forest plantation development
FC
Consultant, MLNR
50,000
Action 4.2: Design and implement professional development programmes at the local and international levels to strengthen institutional capacity in order to improve delivery of services.
FC
50,000
Action 4.3: Design and implement capacity-building and certification programmes for the private sector to upgrade their skills and knowledge to maintain high operational standards within the industry.
GHANA FOREST PLANTATION STRATEGY Responsibility
MLNR, Universities, FORIG
Collaborator(s)
FC
FORIG, KNUST, UDS
Lead
Action 4.4: Review curricula of courses in plantation silviculture and management and introduce on-field attachment programs in line with current best practice FC/Consultant
GTMO, FAWAG, Aid to Artisans, etc.
Projected Costs
Action 4.5: Undertake training of FSD staff in best practice in plantation establishment and management FC
KNUST; FFRT; FC
FC / FORIG
Universities
Universities
Unit Cost Per Activity ($/units)
$2500/ha
1
3
4
Cost
5
Cost
6
Cost
7
Cost
8
Cost
9
Cost
10
Appendix 5
2 Cost
20,000
Cost
20,000
75,000
90,000
15,000
81,000
15,000
72,000
15,000
63,000
15,000
200,000
15,000
200,000
Cost
Yearly Projected costs (US Dollars)
PROJECTED COST OF STRATEGY (2015 - 2040)
Cost
20,000
200,000
75,000
81,000
200,000
50,000
50,000
15,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
75,000
72,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
75,000
15,000
50,000
50,000
75,000
54,000
50,000
75,000
15,000
50,000 20,000
20,000
100,000
356,000
20,000
400,000
5,000
20,000
50,000
226,000
162,000
20,000
358,000
20,000
50,000
5,000
5,000
36,000
20,000
100,000
297,000
5,000
15,000
15,000
150,000
200,000
579,000
5,000
18,000
FORIG, Universities, Private Developers
50,000
250,000
Action 4.16: Engage Consultants (2-year) [Tree Breeder, Vegetative Propagation and Tree Nursery Specialist] Action 4.17: Engage Consultants (3-year) [ Plantation Silviculturist with experience in ICT/GIS applications in plantation management, mechanization of field operations, Soil nutrient management, and forest certification] Action 4.18: Carry out feasibility study on the mechanisation of forest plantation field operations Action 4.19: Carry out a study on improving site productivity Management. Action 4.20: Commission a study on benefit sharing arrangements for OFR areas Action 4.21: Train FSD staff to provide Extension Services to Private Sector Forest Plantation Developers and communities Action 4.22: Develop and publish standardized guide books for forest plantation extension services Action 4.23: Undertake a study to develop allometric models for Key plantation timber species to facilitate trading in Carbon.
SUB TOTAL
5,000
10,000
FORIG, Universities, Private Developers
10,000
150,000
FC
FC / FORIG
FORIG/GAEC
FORIG
Action 4.6: Build capacity of timber processing industry to improve efficiency and utilization of small-diameterlogs Action 4.7: Develop integrated pest management systems and train personnel to implement the systems for monitoring, detecting and managing outbreak of diseases within plantations. Action 4.8: Develop protocols for mass production of selected genetically improved planting materials Action 4.9: Undertake trials of selected exotic and indigenous timber tree species (30ha/yr) to determine their suitability for plantation establishment and enrichment planting. Action 4.10: Design methodology, collect and analyse data on species trials Action 4.11: Maintain Species Trial stands FC
Universities
250,000
30,000
10,000
FC
Universities
150,000
50,000
10,000
FC / FORIG
FORIG, UG, KNUST, UDS
50,000
100,000
50,000
10,000
FC / FORIG
FC, MLNR, FORIG
50,000
100,000
100,000
10,000
MLNR/FC/DPs
FC, FORIG, Universities, Private Sector
20,000
50,000
20,000
10,000
Consultant
FC, FORIG, Universities, Private Sector
50,000
100,000
871,000
10,000
Consultant
FC, FORIG, Universities, Private Sector, Traditional Authorities
100,000
20,000
$600/ha(yr 25) $300/ha
Consultant
FORIG, MOFA, Private Sector, Universities
120,000
1,228,000
5,000
Consultant
FORIG, MOFA, Private Sector, Universities
50,000
50,000
5,000
FC/Consultant
FC, Universities, Private Sector
1,445,000
20,000
5,000
FC/Consultant
FORIG, MLNR, Private Sector
50,000
5,000
FORIG
Private Sector, Fringe Communities
30,000
5,000
FC
FC, MLGRD, Civil Society, GTA, GTMO, FAWAG, National House of Chiefs (NHC)
20,000
FC/Consultant
MLNR, Civil Society, GIF,NHC
Action 4.12: Design and establish permanent sample plots (PSPs) in representative plantation sites across the country. Action 4.13: Collect and analyse data from established PSPs Action 4.14. Collaborate with FORIG and other stakeholders to monitor and develop effective methods to control invasive plant species
Action 4.24: Undertake international educational tours to model plantation setups (i.e. Malaysia, Brazil, South Africa, Costa Rica, etc.) by key plantation staff
FC/Consultant
Action 4.15: Design methodology, collect and analyse data on key tree parameters
Action 4.25: Training in conflict management
FC/Consultant
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 5: Governance Action 5.1: Conduct study to identify gaps in current governance processes Action 5.2: Review existing monitoring and accountability framework for plantation management
GHANA FOREST PLANTATION STRATEGY Projected Costs
Action 5.3: Develop and advertise criteria for selection and award for exceptional performance in plantation development. Action 5.4: Institute award schemes for private plantation developers. Action 5.5: Introduce consultative processes and systems to involve key stakeholders in decision making concerning forest plantations. Action 5.6: Liaise with the plant protection department of MoFA to regulate importation of planting material for forest plantation establishment/nurseries Action 5.7: Strengthen enforcement of forest laws and regulations Action 5.8: Set up a multi-stakeholder advisory committee to guide the implementation of the forest plantation strategy Action 5.9: Develop and implement transparent mechanisms for pricing and allocation of forest plantation timber. Action 5.10: Strengthen the existing structures for information sharing and conflict management (e.g. National Forest Forum) Action 5.11: Review Current Plantation Development Structure Action 5.12: Award exceptional performers
Monitoring and Evaluation
SUB TOTAL
Responsibility
PROJECTED COST OF STRATEGY (2015 - 2040)
Appendix 5
30,000
5,000
10,000
30,000
5,000
10
5,000
10,000
9
30,000
8
5,000
10,000
7
30,000
6
5,000
10,000
5
30,000
4
5,000
10,000
3
30,000
2
Yearly Projected costs (US Dollars)
5,000
10,000
1
5,000
30,000
Cost
5,000
10,000
Cost
20,000
30,000
Cost
5,000
10,000
10,000
Cost
20,000
30,000
Cost
MLNR; Civil Society, GIF
10,000
10,000
Cost
MLNR, Civil Society, GIF
30,000
Cost
FC/Consultant
MLNR, Land Owners, Private Planatation Developers,FORIG, Universities
20,000
Cost
FC/Consultant
MLNR,
25,000
Cost
FC
MLNR, FPTSC
30,000
10,000
Cost
FC
25,000
10,000
Unit Cost Per Activity ($/units)
FC
MLNR; Civil Society, GIF, Private Sector (i.e. GTMO, GTA, etc.), NHC, FPTSC
10,000
Collaborator(s)
FC/Consultant
MLNR, Civil Society, GIF,NHC
Lead
FC
FC
MLNR, Development Partners, Civil Society, FORIG, Universities, MOFEP, MESTI
MLNR, Civil Society,
80,000
200,000
20,000
235,000
50,000
130,000
50,000
95,000
50,000
95,000
50,000
95,000
50,000
30,000
200,000
95,000
50,000
30,000
200,000
95,000
50,000
30,000
200,000
95,000
50,000
30,000
200,000
95,000
50,000
FC
FC/Consultant
20,000
30,000
200,000
Action 6.1: Carry out baseline studies
50,000
30,000
200,000
127,329,000
365,000
138,536,500
270,000
150,839,500
230,000
161,954,500
230,000
177,316,900
230,000
95,488,620
230,000
101,022,620
2,230,000
104,951,120
230,000
114,227,120
230,000
117,763,120
230,000
2,000,000
Consultant
30,000
200,000
FC
30,000
200,000
Action 6.2: Develop ICT/GIS infrastructure to facilitate data capture, storage and retrieval, long-term planning and improve decision-making regarding field operations
30,000
MLNR, Development Partners, Civil Society, FORIG, Universities, MOFEP, MESTI
200,000
MLNR
35,000
FC
200,000
FC
MLNR, Development Partners, Civil Society, FORIG, Universities, MOFEP, MESTI, FPTSC
Action 6. 3: Progress monitoring and reporting on planned activities Action 6. 4: Publication and dissemination of Annual Reports to key stakeholders FC/Consultant
Action 6.5: Conduct summative evaluation SUB TOTAL GRAND TOTAL
FC
FC
Lead
MLNR, Lands Commission, OASL,Traditional Council, Landowners, Private Plantation Developers
Collaborator(s)
Responsibility
Appendix 5: ACTIONS AND BUDGET GHANA FOREST PLANTATION STRATEGY Projected Costs
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 1: Establishment and management of planted forests Action 1.1: Identify, survey and map suitable lands within forest reserves for plantation development Action 1.2: Liaise with the Lands Commission, traditional councils and other landowners to identify off-reserve lands earmarked for commercial plantation development
11
12
13
14
15
17
18
19
20
21
Appendix 5 16
PROJECTED COST OF STRATEGY (2015 - 2040) Yearly Projected costs (US Dollars)
Cost
2,000
Cost
2,000
Cost
2,000
2,000
Cost
2,000
2,000
Cost
2,000
2,000
Cost
2,000
2,000
Cost
2,000
2,000
Cost
2,000
2,000
Cost
2,000
2,000
10,000
Cost
2,000
2,000
10,000
45,000
Cost
2,000
2,000
10,000
45,000
FC
2,000
10,000
45,000
Action 1.3: Develop and maintain a system to update a register on degraded lands available for forest plantation (On reserve and off reserve) [Land Bank] 2,000
10,000
45,000
MLNR, Lands Commission, OASL, NHC
10,000
45,000
FC
10,000
45,000
Action 1.4: Publish database of available on and offreserve lands (Land bank) for plantation development
10,000
45,000
FORIG, MLNR, MOFA, Private Sector
10,000
45,000
FC
10,000
45,000
FORIG, Fringe Communities
67,500
FC FORIG, Fringe Communities, Private Sector
82,500
Action 1.5: Procure genetically improved /superior planting materials of selected exotic timber tree species
FC
FORIG, Private Sector
3,500,000
FC
3,500,000
9,468,320
Action 1.6: Collect seed from plus native and exotic timber tree species Action 1.7: Establish Seed Orchards of selected exotic and native timber tree species (300 ha) Action 1.8: Maintain/Tend Seed Orchards (existing and new)/ Seed Production Areas (SPAs)
1,000,000
300,000
25,000
3,500,000
9,068,320
200,000
25,000
1,000,000
300,000
30,000,000
25,000
3,500,000
8,668,320
200,000
100,000,000
25,000
1,000,000
300,000
30,000,000
25,000
3,500,000
8,268,320
200,000
98,000,000
25,000
1,000,000
300,000
30,000,000
25,000
3,500,000
7,868,320
200,000
96,000,000
25,000
1,000,000
300,000
30,000,000
25,000
3,500,000
7,468,320
200,000
94,000,000
25,000
1,000,000
300,000
30,000,000
25,000
FORIG/GAEC
3,500,000
7,068,320
200,000
92,000,000
FC, Private Sector
Action 1.9: Establish and operate a Tissue Culture Lab and Other Facilities (Vegetative Propagation Center)
1,000,000
300,000
30,000,000
300,000
FORIG, Universities, Private Sector
3,500,000
6,668,320
200,000
90,000,000
300,000
FC
MLNR, FORIG, Universities, Private Plantation Developers
1,000,000
300,000
30,000,000
137,800
300,000
FC
6,268,320
200,000
88,000,000
137,800
300,000
Action 1.10: Establish and operate three (3) State-ofthe-Art Central tree nurseries (Kumasi / Sunyani / Tamale) - 6 million seedlings capacity/ yr
FC
FORIG, Universities
1,000,000
300,000
30,000,000
137,800
300,000
Action 1.11: Review existing plantation MoPs (A,B and C) and consolidate into one document
FC
Fringe Communities, Private Sector
1,000,000
5,868,320
200,000
86,000,000
137,800
300,000
Action 1.12: Publish reviewed plantation MoP
FC
FORIG, Universities, Fringe Communities
5,468,320
500,000
30,000,000
137,800
300,000
Action 1.13: Develop and publish MoP on Enrichment Planting
FC
Fringe Communities
200,000
84,000,000
137,800
300,000
Action 1.14: Undertake coppice management of an estimated 15,000ha teak plantations harvested prior to 2015 and 10,000ha annually from 2027
FC
700,000
30,000,000
137,800
300,000
Action 1.15: Undertake Enrichment planting in poorlystocked forest reserves
Fringe Communities, Private Sector
200,000
82,000,000
177,800
300,000
Action 1.16: Undertake maintenance of Enrichment Planting sites ( New ad Existing)
FC
Fringe Communities, Private Sector
30,000,000
217,800
300,000
Action 1.17: Undertake replanting of an estimated 3,000ha harvested forest plantations (species other than teak).
FC
Private Developers, Loggers, GFS, Fringe Communities, Civil society, Media, Ghana Police Service
80,000,000
257,800
Action 1.24: Establish Model Plantations for demonstration of best practice (200 ha/yr)
Action 1.23: Maintain newly established plantations
Action 1.22: Establish new plantations [20,000 ha/yr]
FC
FC
FC / Private Sector
FC / Private Sector
FC / Private Sector
FC
FC
FORIG, Private Sector, Universities, Fringe Communities
FORIG, Private Sector, Universities, Fringe Communities
Fringe Communities
Fringe Communities
Fringe Communities, Feeder roads, MMDAs, Private sector
Action 1.18: Maintain replanted sites (3000 ha) Action 1.19: Implement FC’s MoP on wildfire management Action 1.20: Construct fire rides (10meter wide) within existing government plantations (160,000ha) [Est. 19,200 km) Action 1.21: Maintain / rehabilitate an estimated 235,000 ha (160,000 ha public and 75,000 ha private) existing forest plantations
297,800
Action 1.25: Maintain existing (378ha) and newly established (200ha/yr) Model Plantations
GHANA FOREST PLANTATION STRATEGY Projected Costs
Action 1.26: Promote agro-forestry/farm forestry (trees on farm); [extension services and supply 2 million seedlings/yr] Action 1.27: Liaise with Minerals Commission to rehabilitate mined sites Action 1.28: Liaise with Water Resources Commission,VRA, GWCL, others to rehabilitate degraded watersheds Action 1.29: Procure key logistics for field operations/monitoring and supervision (i.e. Vehicles, motorbikes, GPS, pruning saws, pruning shears, chainsaws, protective clothing, first aid and safety Action 1.30: Facilitate forest plantations management and chain of custody certification (FSC, PEFC, etc) Action 1.31: Facilitate the enactment of policy/legislation to support ownership by farmers of planted trees on farms SUB TOTAL STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 2: Forest plantation investment promotion Action 2.1: Prepare and publish a forest plantation investor handbook Action 2.2: Undertake studies and stakeholder consultations to support the introduction of a Reforestation Levy / Carbon Tax Action 2.3: Expand the coverage of the Timber Export Levy to include all key timber species exported as airdried lumber.
SUBTOTAL
Action 2.4: Facilitate the establishment of a specialized market for the trading of forest plantation stands
12
13
14
15
17
18
19
20
21
Appendix 5 16
PROJECTED COST OF STRATEGY (2015 - 2040) Yearly Projected costs (US Dollars)
800,000
11
800,000
5,000
Responsibility
800,000
5,000
5,000
Cost
800,000
5,000
5,000
Cost
800,000
5,000
5,000
Cost 800,000
5,000
5,000
Cost 800,000
5,000
5,000
Cost
800,000
5,000
5,000
Cost
800,000 5,000
5,000
Cost
800,000 5,000
5,000
Cost
Collaborator(s)
800,000 5,000 5,000
Cost
Lead
Farmers, Nursery Operators, etc.
5,000 5,000
Cost
FC / MoFA
Minerals Commission, Mining Companies,
5,000
Cost
FC / EPA
Water Resources Commission, VRA, EPA, others
3,000,000
FC
3,000,000
MLNR, MoFEP
3,000,000
FC
10,000
-
100,000
5,000
10,000
-
147,790,120
-
5,000
100,000
143,400,120
10,000
100,000
141,000,120
-
5,000
100,000
138,600,120
10,000
100,000
139,200,120
-
5,000
100,000
133,800,120
10,000
100,000
131,400,120
-
5,000
100,000
129,040,120
10,000
100,000
129,680,120
-
5,000
100,000
121,042,620
10,000
100,000
118,897,620
-
5,000
100,000
FORIG, Private Plantation Developers, MLNR
10,000
100,000
FC
-
5,000
100,000
MLNR, Civil society, MOFEP, AGI, PURC, MESTI
10,000
100,000
FC/Consultant
-
5,000
100,000
MLNR, MOFEP
10,000
100,000
FC
-
5,000
100,000
FC/Consultant
10,000
100,000
100,000
MLNR, Ghana Stoclk Exchange, Min. of Trade, MOFEP
5,000
100,000
100,000
MDA, Fringe Communities
100,000
100,000
315,000.00
FC / Private Sector
100,000
100,000
315,000.00
Fringe Communities Fringe Communities, MDA, Private Sector
100,000
315,000.00
FC / Private Sector
MDA, Fringe Communities, Consultants
100,000
315,000.00
FC / GFS
100,000
315,000.00
FC / Private Sector
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 3: Employment creation and livelihoods Action 3.1: Recruit labour from fringe communities to undertake enrichment planting, plantation establishment and maintenance Action 3.2: Promote out-grower forest plantation schemes and establishment of private nurseries Action 3.3: Promote the establishment of community fire protection crews
100,000
315,000.00
Action 3.4: Undertake skills and enterprise development
100,000
315,000.00
Traditional Council, OASL, MLGRD, MLNR, GES, GHS, Private Sector
100,000
315,000.00
FC
100,000
315,000.00
MDA
315,000.00
Action 3.5. Monitor Implementation of Social Responsibility Agreements (i.e. Schools, Clinics, Water and Sanitation etc.) within fringe communities.
315,000.00
FC / Private Sector
SUBTOTAL
Action 3.6: Facilitate infrastructural development within forest fringe communities (SRA etc)
Action 4.2: Design and implement professional development programmes at the local and international levels to strengthen institutional capacity in order to improve delivery of services.
Action 4.1: Assess capacity requirements for forest plantation development
FC
FC
Consultant, MLNR
MLNR, Universities, FORIG
Consultants/FC Private Sector, Fringe Communities
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 4: Investment in Research, Extension services and Capacity Building
Action 4.3: Design and implement capacity-building and certification programmes for the private sector to upgrade their skills and knowledge to maintain high operational standards within the industry.
GHANA FOREST PLANTATION STRATEGY Responsibility
MLNR, Universities, FORIG
Collaborator(s)
FC
FORIG, KNUST, UDS
Lead
Action 4.4: Review curricula of courses in plantation silviculture and management and introduce on-field attachment programs in line with current best practice FC/Consultant
GTMO, FAWAG, Aid to Artisans, etc.
Projected Costs
Action 4.5: Undertake training of FSD staff in best practice in plantation establishment and management FC
KNUST; FFRT; FC
FC / FORIG
Universities
Universities
FC
FORIG
FC/Consultant
FC/Consultant
Consultant
Consultant
Consultant
Consultant
MLNR/FC/DPs
FC / FORIG
FC / FORIG
FC
FC
FC, MLGRD, Civil Society, GTA, GTMO, FAWAG, National House of Chiefs (NHC)
Private Sector, Fringe Communities
FORIG, MLNR, Private Sector
FC, Universities, Private Sector
FORIG, MOFA, Private Sector, Universities
FORIG, MOFA, Private Sector, Universities
FC, FORIG, Universities, Private Sector, Traditional Authorities
FC, FORIG, Universities, Private Sector
FC, FORIG, Universities, Private Sector
FC, MLNR, FORIG
FORIG, UG, KNUST, UDS
Universities
Universities
FORIG, Universities, Private Developers
FORIG, Universities, Private Developers
FC
FC / FORIG
FORIG/GAEC
FORIG
Action 4.6: Build capacity of timber processing industry to improve efficiency and utilization of small-diameterlogs Action 4.7: Develop integrated pest management systems and train personnel to implement the systems for monitoring, detecting and managing outbreak of diseases within plantations. Action 4.8: Develop protocols for mass production of selected genetically improved planting materials Action 4.9: Undertake trials of selected exotic and indigenous timber tree species (30ha/yr) to determine their suitability for plantation establishment and enrichment planting. Action 4.10: Design methodology, collect and analyse data on species trials Action 4.11: Maintain Species Trial stands
FC/Consultant
MLNR, Civil Society, GIF,NHC
Action 4.12: Design and establish permanent sample plots (PSPs) in representative plantation sites across the country. Action 4.13: Collect and analyse data from established PSPs Action 4.14. Collaborate with FORIG and other stakeholders to monitor and develop effective methods to control invasive plant species
Action 4.24: Undertake international educational tours to model plantation setups (i.e. Malaysia, Brazil, South Africa, Costa Rica, etc.) by key plantation staff
FC/Consultant
SUB TOTAL
Action 4.22: Develop and publish standardized guide books for forest plantation extension services Action 4.23: Undertake a study to develop allometric models for Key plantation timber species to facilitate trading in Carbon.
Action 4.19: Carry out a study on improving site productivity Management. Action 4.20: Commission a study on benefit sharing arrangements for OFR areas Action 4.21: Train FSD staff to provide Extension Services to Private Sector Forest Plantation Developers and communities
Action 4.16: Engage Consultants (2-year) [Tree Breeder, Vegetative Propagation and Tree Nursery Specialist] Action 4.17: Engage Consultants (3-year) [ Plantation Silviculturist with experience in ICT/GIS applications in plantation management, mechanization of field operations, Soil nutrient management, and forest certification] Action 4.18: Carry out feasibility study on the mechanisation of forest plantation field operations
Action 4.15: Design methodology, collect and analyse data on key tree parameters
Action 4.25: Training in conflict management
FC/Consultant
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 5: Governance Action 5.1: Conduct study to identify gaps in current governance processes Action 5.2: Review existing monitoring and accountability framework for plantation management
Cost
11 Cost
12 Cost
13 Cost
14 Cost
15
17
Cost
18
Cost
19
Cost
20
Cost
21
Appendix 5 16
Cost
PROJECTED COST OF STRATEGY (2015 - 2040) Yearly Projected costs (US Dollars)
Cost
5,000
36,000
5,000
30,000
5,000
24,000
5,000
18,000
5,000
18,000
5,000
18,000
5,000
18,000
5,000
18,000
5,000
18,000
5,000
20,000
42,000
20,000
5,000
20,000
48,000
5,000
46,000
5,000
45,000
5,000
34,000
5,000
48,000
5,000
28,000
5,000
28,000
5,000
28,000
5,000
28,000
5,000
48,000
5,000
5,000 5,000
57,000
5,000
78,000
GHANA FOREST PLANTATION STRATEGY Projected Costs
Action 5.3: Develop and advertise criteria for selection and award for exceptional performance in plantation development. Action 5.4: Institute award schemes for private plantation developers. Action 5.5: Introduce consultative processes and systems to involve key stakeholders in decision making concerning forest plantations. Action 5.6: Liaise with the plant protection department of MoFA to regulate importation of planting material for forest plantation establishment/nurseries
Responsibility 12
13
14
15
17
18
19
20
21
Appendix 5 16
PROJECTED COST OF STRATEGY (2015 - 2040) Yearly Projected costs (US Dollars)
5,000
11
5,000
Cost
5,000
Cost
5,000
Cost
5,000
Cost 5,000
Cost 5,000
Cost
5,000
Cost
5,000
Cost
5,000
30,000
Cost
5,000
10,000
Cost
MLNR; Civil Society, GIF
30,000
Cost
FC/Consultant
MLNR, Civil Society, GIF
10,000
Collaborator(s)
FC/Consultant MLNR, Land Owners, Private Planatation Developers,FORIG, Universities
30,000
Lead
FC
10,000
50,000
30,000
95,000
10,000
50,000
30,000
95,000
10,000
50,000
30,000
95,000
10,000
50,000
30,000
95,000
10,000
50,000
30,000
95,000
10,000
50,000
30,000
95,000
10,000
50,000
30,000
95,000
10,000
50,000
30,000
95,000
10,000
50,000
MLNR,
95,000
MLNR, FPTSC
50,000
FC
95,000
FC
MLNR, Civil Society,
Monitoring and Evaluation
50,000
MLNR; Civil Society, GIF, Private Sector (i.e. GTMO, GTA, etc.), NHC, FPTSC
MLNR, Development Partners, Civil Society, FORIG, Universities, MOFEP, MESTI
95,000
FC/Consultant
FC
Consultant
230,000
30,000
148,478,120
200,000
230,000
30,000
144,068,120
200,000
230,000
30,000
141,668,120
200,000
230,000
30,000
139,268,120
200,000
230,000
30,000
139,868,120
200,000
230,000
30,000
134,488,120
200,000
230,000
30,000
132,074,120
200,000
230,000
30,000
129,725,120
200,000
230,000
30,000
130,366,120
200,000
230,000
30,000
121,739,620
200,000
230,000
30,000
MLNR, Civil Society, GIF,NHC
FC/Consultant
MLNR, Development Partners, Civil Society, FORIG, Universities, MOFEP, MESTI
Action 6. 3: Progress monitoring and reporting on planned activities Action 6. 4: Publication and dissemination of Annual Reports to key stakeholders
119,615,620
200,000
FC
FC
MLNR
FC
FC
Action 5.7: Strengthen enforcement of forest laws and regulations Action 5.8: Set up a multi-stakeholder advisory committee to guide the implementation of the forest plantation strategy Action 5.9: Develop and implement transparent mechanisms for pricing and allocation of forest plantation timber. Action 5.10: Strengthen the existing structures for information sharing and conflict management (e.g. National Forest Forum) Action 5.11: Review Current Plantation Development Structure Action 5.12: Award exceptional performers
Action 6.1: Carry out baseline studies
FC
MLNR, Development Partners, Civil Society, FORIG, Universities, MOFEP, MESTI, FPTSC
SUB TOTAL
Action 6.2: Develop ICT/GIS infrastructure to facilitate data capture, storage and retrieval, long-term planning and improve decision-making regarding field operations
FC/Consultant
Action 6.5: Conduct summative evaluation SUB TOTAL GRAND TOTAL
FC
FC
Lead
MLNR, Lands Commission, OASL,Traditional Council, Landowners, Private Plantation Developers
Collaborator(s)
Responsibility
Appendix 5: ACTIONS AND BUDGET Yearly Projected GHANA FOREST costs (US PLANTATION Dollars) STRATEGY Projected Costs
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 1: Establishment and management of planted forests Action 1.1: Identify, survey and map suitable lands within forest reserves for plantation development Action 1.2: Liaise with the Lands Commission, traditional councils and other landowners to identify off-reserve lands earmarked for commercial plantation development
23
Cost
24
Cost
25
Cost
26
Cost (US $)
TOTAL
Appendix 5
22 Cost
PROJECTED COST OF STRATEGY (2015 - 2040)
Cost
250,000
150,000
2,000
2,000
66,000
600,000
2,000
1,827,500
2,000
FC
45,000
2,000
Action 1.3: Develop and maintain a system to update a register on degraded lands available for forest plantation (On reserve and off reserve) [Land Bank]
45,000
60,000
45,000
1,700,000
2,000
MLNR, Lands Commission, OASL, NHC
600,000
45,000
25,000
2,000
FC
FORIG, MLNR, MOFA, Private Sector
300,000
FORIG, Fringe Communities, Private Sector
45,000
25,000
2,000
FC
FORIG, Fringe Communities
FC
FORIG, Private Sector
25,000
9,200,000
2,000
Action 1.4: Publish database of available on and offreserve lands (Land bank) for plantation development
FC
FC
25,000
300,000
2,000
Action 1.5: Procure genetically improved /superior planting materials of selected exotic timber tree species Action 1.6: Collect seed from plus native and exotic timber tree species Action 1.7: Establish Seed Orchards of selected exotic and native timber tree species (300 ha)
25,000
300,000
Action 1.8: Maintain/Tend Seed Orchards (existing and new)/ Seed Production Areas (SPAs)
FC, Private Sector
300,000
5,200,000
14,900,000
FORIG/GAEC
300,000
200,000
Action 1.9: Establish and operate a Tissue Culture Lab and Other Facilities (Vegetative Propagation Center)
300,000
200,000
FORIG, Universities, Private Sector
300,000
FC
80,000
200,000
FC
300,000
Action 1.10: Establish and operate three (3) State-ofthe-Art Central tree nurseries (Kumasi / Sunyani / Tamale) - 6 million seedlings capacity/ yr
FC
FORIG, Universities
200,000
50,000 FC
Fringe Communities, Private Sector
300,000
MLNR, FORIG, Universities, Private Plantation Developers
FC
FORIG, Universities, Fringe Communities
200,000
Action 1.11: Review existing plantation MoPs (A,B and C) and consolidate into one document Action 1.12: Publish reviewed plantation MoP
FC
Fringe Communities
300,000
30,000,000
30,000,000
106,000,000
30,000,000
108,000,000
30,000,000
110,000,000
30,000,000
6,585,200
1,970,000,000
780,000,000
411,250,000
9,600,000
4,500,000
154,075,220
20,000,000
64,750,000
80,000
Action 1.13: Develop and publish MoP on Enrichment Planting
FC
Fringe Communities, Private Sector
200,000
3,500,000
FC
Fringe Communities, Private Sector
3,500,000
FC
Private Developers, Loggers, GFS, Fringe Communities, Civil society, Media, Ghana Police Service
3,500,000
FC
Fringe Communities, Feeder roads, MMDAs, Private sector
3,500,000
Action 1.14: Undertake coppice management of an estimated 15,000ha teak plantations harvested prior to 2015 and 10,000ha annually from 2027
FC
Fringe Communities
3,500,000
Action 1.15: Undertake Enrichment planting in poorlystocked forest reserves
FC / Private Sector
Fringe Communities
104,000,000
137,800
2,000,000
102,000,000
137,800
8,068,320
Action 1.16: Undertake maintenance of Enrichment Planting sites ( New ad Existing)
FC / Private Sector
FORIG, Private Sector, Universities, Fringe Communities
137,800
8,068,320 Action 1.17: Undertake replanting of an estimated 3,000ha harvested forest plantations (species other than teak).
FC / Private Sector
137,800
8,418,320
Action 1.22: Establish new plantations [20,000 ha/yr]
FC
137,800
8,768,320
Action 1.23: Maintain newly established plantations
FORIG, Private Sector, Universities, Fringe Communities
9,118,320
Action 1.24: Establish Model Plantations for demonstration of best practice (200 ha/yr)
FC
Action 1.18: Maintain replanted sites (3000 ha) Action 1.19: Implement FC’s MoP on wildfire management Action 1.20: Construct fire rides (10meter wide) within existing government plantations (160,000ha) [Est. 19,200 km) Action 1.21: Maintain / rehabilitate an estimated 235,000 ha (160,000 ha public and 75,000 ha private) existing forest plantations
Action 1.25: Maintain existing (378ha) and newly established (200ha/yr) Model Plantations
Yearly Projected GHANA FOREST costs (US PLANTATION Dollars) STRATEGY Projected Costs
Action 1.26: Promote agro-forestry/farm forestry (trees on farm); [extension services and supply 2 million seedlings/yr] Action 1.27: Liaise with Minerals Commission to rehabilitate mined sites Action 1.28: Liaise with Water Resources Commission,VRA, GWCL, others to rehabilitate degraded watersheds Action 1.29: Procure key logistics for field operations/monitoring and supervision (i.e. Vehicles, motorbikes, GPS, pruning saws, pruning shears, chainsaws, protective clothing, first aid and safety Action 1.30: Facilitate forest plantations management and chain of custody certification (FSC, PEFC, etc) Action 1.31: Facilitate the enactment of policy/legislation to support ownership by farmers of planted trees on farms SUB TOTAL STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 2: Forest plantation investment promotion Action 2.1: Prepare and publish a forest plantation investor handbook Action 2.2: Undertake studies and stakeholder consultations to support the introduction of a Reforestation Levy / Carbon Tax Action 2.3: Expand the coverage of the Timber Export Levy to include all key timber species exported as airdried lumber.
26
TOTAL
Appendix 5 25
PROJECTED COST OF STRATEGY (2015 - 2040) 24
20,800,000
23
800,000
130,000
22
800,000
5,000
130,000
Responsibility
800,000
5,000
5,000
Cost (US $)
800,000
5,000
5,000
Cost
Collaborator(s)
800,000
5,000
5,000
Cost
Lead
Farmers, Nursery Operators, etc.
5,000
5,000
Cost
FC / MoFA
Minerals Commission, Mining Companies,
5,000
Cost
FC / EPA
Water Resources Commission, VRA, EPA, others
Cost
FC
3,499,883,920
21,000,000
MLNR, MoFEP
3,000,000
FC
153,290,120
120,000
154,390,120
FORIG, Private Plantation Developers, MLNR
300,000
149,740,120
FC
MLNR, Civil society, MOFEP, AGI, PURC, MESTI
148,090,120
FC/Consultant
MLNR, MOFEP
146,440,120
FC
5,000
10,000
-
100,000
100,000
5,000
10,000
-
100,000
100,000
5,000
10,000
-
100,000
100,000
5,000
10,000
-
2,500,000
2,500,000
125,000
470,000
100,000
150,000
20,000
FC/Consultant
MLNR, Ghana Stoclk Exchange, Min. of Trade, MOFEP
Fringe Communities
100,000
70,000
250,000
120,000
7,975,000.00
2,500,000
100,000
250,000
Fringe Communities, MDA, Private Sector
SUBTOTAL
MDA, Fringe Communities FC / Private Sector
MDA, Fringe Communities, Consultants
Action 2.4: Facilitate the establishment of a specialized market for the trading of forest plantation stands
FC / Private Sector
FC / GFS
100,000
FC / Private Sector
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 3: Employment creation and livelihoods Action 3.1: Recruit labour from fringe communities to undertake enrichment planting, plantation establishment and maintenance Action 3.2: Promote out-grower forest plantation schemes and establishment of private nurseries Action 3.3: Promote the establishment of community fire protection crews
100,000
Action 3.4: Undertake skills and enterprise development
100,000
Traditional Council, OASL, MLGRD, MLNR, GES, GHS, Private Sector
-
FC
100,000
315,000.00
MDA
Consultants/FC Private Sector, Fringe Communities
315,000.00
Action 3.5. Monitor Implementation of Social Responsibility Agreements (i.e. Schools, Clinics, Water and Sanitation etc.) within fringe communities.
MLNR, Universities, FORIG
315,000.00
FC / Private Sector
SUBTOTAL
Action 4.1: Assess capacity requirements for forest plantation development
FC
Consultant, MLNR
315,000.00
Action 3.6: Facilitate infrastructural development within forest fringe communities (SRA etc)
Action 4.2: Design and implement professional development programmes at the local and international levels to strengthen institutional capacity in order to improve delivery of services.
FC
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 4: Investment in Research, Extension services and Capacity Building
Action 4.3: Design and implement capacity-building and certification programmes for the private sector to upgrade their skills and knowledge to maintain high operational standards within the industry.
Yearly Projected GHANA FOREST costs (US PLANTATION Dollars) STRATEGY Responsibility 24
25
Cost
26
Cost (US $)
TOTAL
Appendix 5
23
Cost
PROJECTED COST OF STRATEGY (2015 - 2040) 22
Cost
120,000
Cost
MLNR, Universities, FORIG
800,000
Cost
FC
FORIG, KNUST, UDS
200,000
Collaborator(s)
Action 4.4: Review curricula of courses in plantation silviculture and management and introduce on-field attachment programs in line with current best practice FC/Consultant
GTMO, FAWAG, Aid to Artisans, etc.
Lead
Action 4.5: Undertake training of FSD staff in best practice in plantation establishment and management FC
150,000
Universities
18,000
5,000
18,000
5,000
18,000
5,000
18,000
5,000
927,000
220,000
450,000
200,000
KNUST; FFRT; FC
FC / FORIG
Universities
FORIG/GAEC
FC / FORIG
Consultant
MLNR/FC/DPs
FC / FORIG
FC / FORIG
FC
FC
FC, FORIG, Universities, Private Sector
FC, FORIG, Universities, Private Sector
FC, MLNR, FORIG
FORIG, UG, KNUST, UDS
Universities
Universities
FORIG, Universities, Private Developers
FORIG, Universities, Private Developers
100,000
80,000
450,000
500,000
185,000
150,000
FC
Consultant
80,000
Consultant
FC, FORIG, Universities, Private Sector, Traditional Authorities
420,000
Action 4.16: Engage Consultants (2-year) [Tree Breeder, Vegetative Propagation and Tree Nursery Specialist] Action 4.17: Engage Consultants (3-year) [ Plantation Silviculturist with experience in ICT/GIS applications in plantation management, mechanization of field operations, Soil nutrient management, and forest certification] Action 4.18: Carry out feasibility study on the mechanisation of forest plantation field operations Action 4.19: Carry out a study on improving site productivity Management. Action 4.20: Commission a study on benefit sharing arrangements for OFR areas Action 4.21: Train FSD staff to provide Extension Services to Private Sector Forest Plantation Developers and communities Action 4.22: Develop and publish standardized guide books for forest plantation extension services Action 4.23: Undertake a study to develop allometric models for Key plantation timber species to facilitate trading in Carbon.
50,000
100,000
6,502,000
90,000
-
120,000
Consultant
FORIG, MOFA, Private Sector, Universities
150,000
5,000
FC/Consultant
FORIG, MOFA, Private Sector, Universities
200,000
5,000
FC/Consultant
FC, Universities, Private Sector
470,000
5,000
FORIG
FORIG, MLNR, Private Sector
5,000
FC
Action 4.15: Design methodology, collect and analyse data on key tree parameters
Action 4.24: Undertake international educational tours to model plantation setups (i.e. Malaysia, Brazil, South Africa, Costa Rica, etc.) by key plantation staff
Action 4.12: Design and establish permanent sample plots (PSPs) in representative plantation sites across the country. Action 4.13: Collect and analyse data from established PSPs Action 4.14. Collaborate with FORIG and other stakeholders to monitor and develop effective methods to control invasive plant species
Action 4.6: Build capacity of timber processing industry to improve efficiency and utilization of small-diameterlogs Action 4.7: Develop integrated pest management systems and train personnel to implement the systems for monitoring, detecting and managing outbreak of diseases within plantations. Action 4.8: Develop protocols for mass production of selected genetically improved planting materials Action 4.9: Undertake trials of selected exotic and indigenous timber tree species (30ha/yr) to determine their suitability for plantation establishment and enrichment planting. Action 4.10: Design methodology, collect and analyse data on species trials Action 4.11: Maintain Species Trial stands FORIG
Projected Costs
-
Private Sector, Fringe Communities
SUB TOTAL
28,000
FC, MLGRD, Civil Society, GTA, GTMO, FAWAG, National House of Chiefs (NHC)
28,000
FC/Consultant
MLNR, Civil Society, GIF,NHC
28,000
FC/Consultant
28,000
Action 4.25: Training in conflict management
FC/Consultant
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 5: Governance Action 5.1: Conduct study to identify gaps in current governance processes Action 5.2: Review existing monitoring and accountability framework for plantation management
Yearly Projected GHANA FOREST costs (US PLANTATION Dollars) STRATEGY Projected Costs
Action 5.3: Develop and advertise criteria for selection and award for exceptional performance in plantation development. Action 5.4: Institute award schemes for private plantation developers. Action 5.5: Introduce consultative processes and systems to involve key stakeholders in decision making concerning forest plantations. Action 5.6: Liaise with the plant protection department of MoFA to regulate importation of planting material for forest plantation establishment/nurseries
Responsibility 23
Cost
24
Cost
25
Cost
26
Cost (US $)
TOTAL
Appendix 5
22 Cost
PROJECTED COST OF STRATEGY (2015 - 2040)
Cost
30,000
10,000
30,000
10,000
30,000
260,000
750,000
20,000
40,000
125,000
MLNR; Civil Society, GIF
10,000
Collaborator(s)
5,000
FC/Consultant
MLNR, Civil Society, GIF
30,000
5,000
FC/Consultant MLNR, Land Owners, Private Planatation Developers,FORIG, Universities
10,000
5,000
FC
MLNR,
2,655,000
1,200,000
-
MLNR, FPTSC
Lead
5,000
-
FC
50,000
FC
95,000
80,000
50,000
MLNR; Civil Society, GIF, Private Sector (i.e. GTMO, GTA, etc.), NHC, FPTSC
95,000
755,000
5,000,000
50,000
200,000
95,000
FC/Consultant
MLNR, Civil Society,
Monitoring and Evaluation
100,000
200,000
50,000
30,000
FC
MLNR, Development Partners, Civil Society, FORIG, Universities, MOFEP, MESTI
200,000
30,000
2,070,000
200,000
30,000
148,758,120
230,000
150,408,120
230,000
155,158,120
330,000
3,525,510,920
8,025,000
100,000
30,000
230,000
100,000
147,108,120
153,290,120
30,000
95,000
MLNR, Civil Society, GIF,NHC
FC/Consultant
Consultant
Action 6. 3: Progress monitoring and reporting on planned activities Action 6. 4: Publication and dissemination of Annual Reports to key stakeholders
-
FC
FC
MLNR, Development Partners, Civil Society, FORIG, Universities, MOFEP, MESTI
FC
FC
MLNR
Action 5.7: Strengthen enforcement of forest laws and regulations Action 5.8: Set up a multi-stakeholder advisory committee to guide the implementation of the forest plantation strategy Action 5.9: Develop and implement transparent mechanisms for pricing and allocation of forest plantation timber. Action 5.10: Strengthen the existing structures for information sharing and conflict management (e.g. National Forest Forum) Action 5.11: Review Current Plantation Development Structure Action 5.12: Award exceptional performers
Action 6.1: Carry out baseline studies
FC
MLNR, Development Partners, Civil Society, FORIG, Universities, MOFEP, MESTI, FPTSC
SUB TOTAL
Action 6.2: Develop ICT/GIS infrastructure to facilitate data capture, storage and retrieval, long-term planning and improve decision-making regarding field operations
FC/Consultant
Action 6.5: Conduct summative evaluation SUB TOTAL GRAND TOTAL
220,000
2,400,000
240,000
2,600,000
260,000
YIELD CALCULATIONS
200,000
2,200,000
APPENDIX 6:
180,000
2,000,000
13
160,000
1,800,000
12
140,000
1,600,000
11
120,000 1,400,000
10
4
100,000 1,200,000
9
3
80,000 1,000,000
8
2
60,000 800,000
7
1
40,000 600,000
6
20,000 400,000
5
Cumulative Area (ha)
200,000
YEAR
VOLUME (cbm)
25
500,000
24
480,000
23
460,000
5,000,000
22
440,000
4,800,000
21
420,000
4,600,000
20
400,000
4,400,000
19
380,000
4,200,000
18
360,000
4,000,000
17
340,000
3,800,000
16
320,000 3,600,000
15
300,000 3,400,000
14
280,000 3,200,000
YEAR Cumulative Area (ha)
3,000,000
2,600,000
65,000,000
2,800,000
AV. Annual Vol (m3)
Cumulative Vol. Yr1 -25 (m3)
VOLUME (cbm)
NB: MAI = 10 m3/ha
APPENDIX 7a: SUMMARY OF PROJECTED COST (US $) YEAR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 TOTAL
EXPENDITURE (US$) 127,329,000 138,536,500 150,839,500 161,954,500 177,316,900 95,488,620 101,022,620 104,951,120 114,227,120 117,763,120 119,615,620 121,739,620 130,366,120 129,725,120 132,074,120 134,488,120 139,868,120 139,268,120 141,668,120 144,068,120 148,478,120 147,108,120 148,758,120 150,408,120 155,158,120 153,290,120 3,525,510,920
2 (2016)
1 (2015)
YEAR
Telegraphic poles
Telegraphic poles
Telegraphic poles
PARTICULARS OF INCOME
$22
$15
$15
$15
AVERAGE UNIT PRICE
5,000,000
3,000,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
$115,000,000
$65,000,000
$15,000,000
$15,000,000
$15,000,000
50 stems out of 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (20,000 ha of 2009/2010 coupes). 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (20,000 ha of 2003/2004 coupes second thinning)
50 stems out of 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (20,000 ha of 2007/2008 coupes). 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (10,000 ha of 2002 coupe - second thinning)
50 stems out of 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (20,000 ha of 2006/2007 coupes)
50 stems out of 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (20,000 ha of 2004/2005 coupes)
REMARKS 50 stems out of 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (20,000 ha of 2003/2004 coupes)
GHANA FOREST PLANTATION STRATEGY: 2015 - 2040 APPENDIX 7b: SUMMARY OF PROJECT INVESTMENT INCOME (US $) TEAK
3 (2017)
Telegraphic/Transmission poles
$23
INCOME
4 (2018)
Telegraphic/Transmission poles
QUANTITY
5 (2019)
10 (2024)
9 (2023)
8 (2022)
7 (2021)
6 (2020)
Telegraphic/Transmission poles/ saw logs
Telegraphic/Transmission poles
Low-tensionTransmission poles
Telegraphic/Transmission poles
Telegraphic/Transmission poles
$34
$28
$25
$24
$24
7,250,000
6,000,000
4,000,000
4,500,000
4,500,000
$246,197,917
$167,500,000
$100,000,000
$107,500,000
$107,500,000
100 stems out of 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2015 coupe + 7,500 ha coppice mgt. area). 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (10,000 ha of 2010/2011 coupes - second thinning). 150 stems removed per hectare merchantable (20,000 ha of 2003/2004 coupes - third thinning)
50 stems out of 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (10,000 ha of 2014 coupe). 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (20,000 ha of 2009/2010 coupes - second thinning). 150 stems removed per hectare merchantable (10,000 ha of 2002 coupe - third thinning)
200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (20,000 ha of 2007/2008 coupes - second thinning)
50 stems out of 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (10,000 ha of 2012/2013 coupes). 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (20,000 ha of 2006/2007 coupes second thinning)
50 stems out of 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (10,000 ha of 2010/2011 coupes). 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (20,000 ha of 2004/2005 coupes second thinning)
$34
5,250,000
$179,375,000
100 stems out of 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2017 coupe) 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (10,000 ha of 2012/2013 coupes - second thinning). 150 stems removed per hectare merchantable (20,000 ha of 2006/2007 coupes - third thinning)
100 stems out of 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2016 coupe + 7500 ha coppice mgt. area). 150 stems removed per hectare merchantable (20,000 ha of 2004/2005 coupes - third thinning)
Telegraphic/Transmission poles/ saw logs
$208,541,667
11 (2025)
6,500,000
Telegraphic/Transmission poles/ saw logs $32
12 (2026)
100 stems out of 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2018 coupe). 150 stems removed per hectare merchantable (20,000 ha of 2007/2008 coupes - third thinning). $32
$142,500,000
Telegraphic/Transmission poles/ saw logs
9,000,000
4,500,000
13 (2027)
$38
100 stems out of 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2019 coupe). 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (10,000 ha of 2014 coupe - second thinning). 150 stems removed per hectare merchantable (20,000 ha of 2009/2010 coupes - third thinning). 250 stems removed per hectare (10,000ha of 2002 coupe - final harvest) Telegraphic/Transmission poles/ saw logs
$342,500,000
14 (2028)
17 (2031)
16 (2030)
15 (2029)
Telegraphic/Transmission poles/ saw logs
Telegraphic/Transmission poles/ saw logs
Telegraphic/Transmission poles/ saw logs
$42
$45
$40
11,000,000
12,500,000
14,000,000
$457,500,000
$562,500,000
$555,000,000
100 stems out of 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2022 coupe). 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2017 coupe - second thinning). 150 stems removed per hectare merchantable (10,000 ha of 2014 coupe - third thinning). 250 stems removed per hectare (20,000ha of 2006/2007 coupes - final harvest)
100 stems out of 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2021 coupe). 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2016 coupe + 7500 ha coppice second thinning). 150 stems removed per hectare merchantable (10,000 ha of 2012/2013 coupes - third thinning). 250 stems removed per hectare (20,000ha of 2004/2005 coupes - final harvest)
100 stems out of 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2020 coupe). 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2015 coupe + 7500 ha coppice second thinning). 150 stems removed per hectare merchantable (20,000 ha of 2010/2011 coupes - third thinning). 250 stems removed per hectare (20,000ha of 2003/2004 coupes - final harvest)
20 (2034)
19 (2033)
18 (2032)
Telegraphic/Transmission poles/ saw logs
Telegraphic/Transmission poles/ saw logs
Telegraphic/Transmission poles/ saw logs
$36
$41
$41
9,250,000
11,750,000
11,750,000
$337,500,000
$487,500,000
$487,500,000
100 stems out of 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2025 coupe). 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2020 coupe - second thinning). 150 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2017 coupe - third thinning). 250 stems removed per hectare (10,000ha of 2010/2011 coupes - final harvest)
100 stems out of 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2024 coupe). 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2019 coupe - second thinning). 150 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2016 coupe - third thinning). 250 stems removed per hectare (20,000ha of 2009/2010 coupes - final harvest)
100 stems out of 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2023 coupe). 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2018 coupe - second thinning). 150 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2015 coupe - third thinning). 250 stems removed per hectare (20,000ha of 2007/2008 coupes - final harvest)
23 (2037)
22 (2036)
21 (2035)
Telegraphic/Transmission poles/ saw logs
Telegraphic/Transmission poles/ saw logs
Telegraphic/Transmission poles/ saw logs
$39
$36
$36
10,500,000
9,250,000
9,250,000
$412,500,000
$337,500,000
$337,500,000
100 stems out of 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2028 coupe). 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2023 coupe - second thinning). 150 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2020 coupe - third thinning). 250 stems removed per hectare (15,000ha of 2015 coupes final harvest)
100 stems out of 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2027 coupe). 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2022 coupe - second thinning). 150 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2019 coupe - third thinning). 250 stems removed per hectare (10,000ha of 2014 coupes final harvest)
100 stems out of 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2026 coupe). 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2021 coupe - second thinning). 150 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2018 coupe - third thinning). 250 stems removed per hectare (10,000ha of 2012/2013 coupes - final harvest)
25 (2039)
24 (2038)
Telegraphic/Transmission poles/ saw logs
Telegraphic/Transmission poles/ saw logs
$39
$39
$39
10,500,000
10,500,000
10,500,000
$412,500,000
$412,500,000
$412,500,000
100 stems out of 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2031 coupe). 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2026 coupe - second thinning). 150 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2023 coupe - third thinning). 250 stems removed per hectare (15,000ha of 2017 coupes final harvest)
100 stems out of 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2030 coupe). 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2025 coupe - second thinning). 150 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2022 coupe - third thinning). 250 stems removed per hectare (15,000ha of 2016 coupes final harvest)
100 stems out of 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2029 coupe). 200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2024 coupe - second thinning). 150 stems removed per hectare merchantable (15,000 ha of 2021 coupe - third thinning). 250 stems removed per hectare (15,000ha of 2016 coupes final harvest)
7,039,114,583
Telegraphic/Transmission poles/ saw logs
$
26 (2040)
TOTAL
7 (2021)
6 (2020)
5 (2019)
4 (2018)
YEAR
Small saw logs
Small saw logs
Small saw logs
Small saw logs
Small saw logs
PARTICULARS OF INCOME
$25
$25
$25
$25
$25
$25
AVERAGE UNIT PRICE
800,000
800,000
800,000
800,000
800,000
400,000
$20,000,000
$20,000,000
$20,000,000
$20,000,000
$20,000,000
$10,000,000
INCOME
200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (4,000 ha of 2009/2010 coupes) (second thinning - first commercial thinning) [pre-thinning stocking - 500/ha, MTV = 1m3]
200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (4,000 ha of 2007/2008 coupes) (second thinning - first commercial thinning) [pre-thinning stocking - 500/ha, MTV = 1m3]
200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (4,000 ha of 2006/2007 coupes) (second thinning - first commercial thinning) [pre-thinning stocking - 500/ha, MTV = 1m3]
200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (4,000 ha of 2004/2005 coupes) (second thinning - first commercial thinning) [pre-thinning stocking - 500/ha, MTV = 1m3]
200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (4,000 ha of 2003/2004 coupes) (second thinning - first commercial thinning) [pre-thinning stocking - 500/ha, MTV = 1m3]
200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (2,000 ha 2002 coupe) (second thinning - first commercial thinning) [pre-thinning stocking - 500/ha, MTV = 1m3]
REMARKS
GHANA FOREST PLANTATION STRATEGY: 2015 - 2040 APPENDIX 7c: SUMMARY OF PROJECT INVESTMENT INCOME (US $) OTHER SPECIES (i.e Cedrela, Ofram, Emire, Gmelina etc)
8 (2022)
Small saw logs
QUANTITY
9 (2023)
17 (2031)
16 (2030)
15 (2029)
14 (2028)
Small/medium sized saw logs
Small/medium sized saw logs
medium-sized saw logs
medium-sized saw logs
11 (2025) Small saw logs
10 (2024) Small saw logs
$33
$33
$40
$40
$25
$25
2,400,000
2,400,000
1,200,000
600,000
400,000
400,000
$78,000,000
$78,000,000
$48,000,000
$24,000,000
$10,000,000
$10,000,000
200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (6,000* ha of 2016 coupe) (second thinning - first commercial thinning) [pre-thinning stocking - 500/ha, MTV = 1m3]; 300 stems removed per hectare merchantable (4,000 ha of 2006/2007 coupes) (final harvest) [pre-harvest stocking 300/ha, MTV = 1.5m3] (25-year rotation)
200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (6,000* ha of 2015 coupe) (second thinning - first commercial thinning) [pre-thinning stocking - 500/ha, MTV = 1m3]; 300 stems removed per hectare merchantable (4,000 ha of 2004/2005 coupes) (final harvest) [pre-harvest stocking 300/ha, MTV = 1.5m3] (25-year rotation)
300 stems removed per hectare merchantable (4,000 ha of 2003/2004 coupes) (final harvest) [pre-harvest stocking 300/ha, MTV = 1.5m3] (25-year rotation)
300 stems removed per hectare merchantable (2,000 ha of 2002 coupe) (final harvest) [pre-harvest stocking 300/ha, MTV = 1.5m3] (25-year rotation)
200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (2,000 ha of 2012/2013 coupes) (second thinning - first commercial thinning) [pre-thinning stocking - 500/ha, MTV = 1m3]
200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (2,000 ha of 2010/2011 coupes) (second thinning - first commercial thinning) [pre-thinning stocking - 500/ha, MTV = 1m3]
22 (2036)
21 (2035)
20 (2034)
19 (2033)
18 (2032)
Small/medium sized saw logs
Small/medium sized saw logs
Small/medium sized saw logs
Small/medium sized saw logs
Small/medium sized saw logs
$39
$36
$31
$33
$33
2,800,000
3,400,000
1,600,000
2,200,000
2,400,000
$108,640,000
$121,000,000
$49,000,000
$73,000,000
$78,000,000
200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (5,000 ha of 2021 coupe) (second thinning - first commercial thinning) [pre-thinning stocking - 500/ha, MTV = 1m3]; 300 stems removed per hectare merchantable (6,000* ha of 2016 coupe) (final harvest) [pre-harvest stocking - 300/ha, MTV = 1.5m3] (20-year rotation)
200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (5,000 ha of 2020 coupe) (second thinning - first commercial thinning) [pre-thinning stocking - 500/ha, MTV = 1m3]; 300 stems removed per hectare merchantable (2,000 ha of 2012/2013 coupes) (final harvest) [pre-harvest stocking 300/ha, MTV = 1.5m3] (25-year rotation); 300 stems removed per hectare merchantable (6,000* ha of 2015 coupe) (final harvest) [pre-harvest stocking - 300/ha, MTV = 1.5m3] (20-year rotation)
200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (5,000 ha of 2019 coupe) (second thinning - first commercial thinning) [pre-thinning stocking - 500/ha, MTV = 1m3]; 300 stems removed per hectare merchantable (2,000 ha of 2010/2011 coupes) (final harvest) [pre-harvest stocking 300/ha, MTV = 1.5m3] (25-year rotation)
200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (5,000 ha of 2018 coupe) (second thinning - first commercial thinning) [pre-thinning stocking - 500/ha, MTV = 1m3]; 300 stems removed per hectare merchantable (4,000 ha of 2009/2010 coupes) (final harvest) [pre-harvest stocking 300/ha, MTV = 1.5m3] (25-year rotation)
200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (6,000* ha of 2017 coupe) (second thinning - first commercial thinning) [pre-thinning stocking - 500/ha, MTV = 1m3]; 300 stems removed per hectare merchantable (4,000 ha of 2007/2008 coupes) (final harvest) [pre-harvest stocking 300/ha, MTV = 1.5m3] (25-year rotation)
25 (2039)
24 (2038)
23 (2037)
Small/medium sized saw logs
Small/medium sized saw logs
Small/medium sized saw logs
Small/medium sized saw logs
$34
$34
$34
$35
2,500,000
2,500,000
2,500,000
2,800,000
$85,000,000
$85,000,000
$85,000,000
$97,000,000
200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (5,000 ha of 2025 coupe) (second thinning - first commercial thinning) [pre-thinning stocking - 500/ha, MTV = 1m3]; 300 stems removed per hectare merchantable (5,000 ha of 2020 coupe) (final harvest) [pre-harvest stocking - 300/ha, MTV = 1.5m3] (20-year rotation)
200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (5,000 ha of 2024 coupe) (second thinning - first commercial thinning) [pre-thinning stocking - 500/ha, MTV = 1m3]; 300 stems removed per hectare merchantable (5,000 ha of 2019 coupe) (final harvest) [pre-harvest stocking - 300/ha, MTV = 1.5m3] (20-year rotation)
200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (5,000 ha of 2023 coupe) (second thinning - first commercial thinning) [pre-thinning stocking - 500/ha, MTV = 1m3]; 300 stems removed per hectare merchantable (5,000 ha of 2018 coupe) (final harvest) [pre-harvest stocking - 300/ha, MTV = 1.5m3] (20-year rotation)
200 stems removed per hectare merchantable (5,000 ha of 2022 coupe) (second thinning - first commercial thinning) [pre-thinning stocking - 500/ha, MTV = 1m3]; 300 stems removed per hectare merchantable (6,000* ha of 2017 coupe) (final harvest) [pre-harvest stocking - 300/ha, MTV = 1.5m3] (20-year rotation)
$ 1,139,640,000
26 (2040) TOTAL
* includes 1000ha/yr (Yr 1-3) Replanting
QUANTITY
2,000,000 4,000,000 6,000,000 6,000,000 6,000,000 6,000,000 6,000,000 6,000,000 6,000,000 6,000,000 6,000,000 6,000,000 6,000,000 6,000,000 6,000,000 6,000,000 6,000,000 6,000,000 6,000,000 6,000,000 6,000,000 6,000,000 6,000,000 6,000,000 6,000,000 144,000,000
SEEDLINGS PRICE (US$) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
INCOME (US$)
1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 72,000,000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 TOTAL
YEAR
173,125 173,125 173,125 173,125 173,125 173,125 207,750 277,000 380,875 380,875 380,875 380,875 380,875 380,875 380,875 380,875 380,875 380,875 380,875 380,875 380,875 380,875 380,875 380,875 380,875 380,875 8,206,125
WEIGHT (kg)
APPENDIX 7d: PROJECTED REVENUE FROM SALES OF SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
YEAR
TOTAL
SEEDS PRICE (US$) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5.83 6.88 7.73 7.73 7.73 7.73 7.73 7.73 7.73 7.73 7.73 7.73 7.73 7.73 7.73 7.73 7.73 7.73 7.73 7.73
INCOME (US$)
865,625 865,625 865,625 865,625 865,625 865,625 1,211,875 1,904,385 2,943,135 2,943,135 2,943,135 2,943,135 2,943,135 2,943,135 2,943,135 2,943,135 2,943,135 2,943,135 2,943,135 2,943,135 2,943,135 2,943,135 2,943,135 2,943,135 2,943,135 2,943,135 60,420,815
CUM INCOME (Seedlings / Seeds) 865,625 1,865,625 2,865,625 3,865,625 3,865,625 3,865,625 4,211,875 4,904,385 5,943,135 5,943,135 5,943,135 5,943,135 5,943,135 5,943,135 5,943,135 5,943,135 5,943,135 5,943,135 5,943,135 5,943,135 5,943,135 5,943,135 5,943,135 5,943,135 5,943,135 5,943,135 132,420,815
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
18%
127,329,000 138,536,500 150,839,500 161,954,500 177,316,900 95,488,620 101,022,620 104,951,120 114,227,120 117,763,120 119,615,620 121,739,620 130,366,120 129,725,120 132,074,120 134,488,120 139,868,120 139,268,120 141,668,120 144,068,120 148,478,120 147,108,120 148,758,120 150,408,120 155,158,120 153,290,120 3,525,510,920
EXPENDITURE ($)
APPENDIX 7e: FINANCIAL ANALYSES YEAR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 TOTAL
IRR
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
15,865,625 16,865,625 17,865,625 78,865,625 138,865,625 131,365,625 131,711,875 124,904,385 193,443,135 262,141,052 195,318,135 214,484,802 148,443,135 372,443,135 608,943,135 646,443,135 541,443,135 571,443,135 566,443,135 392,443,135 464,443,135 452,083,135 515,443,135 503,443,135 503,443,135 503,443,135 8,312,041,023
INCOME ($)
$ (111,463,375) $ (121,670,875) $ (132,973,875) $ (83,088,875) $ (38,451,275) $ 35,877,005 $ 30,689,255 $ 19,953,265 $ 79,216,015 $ 144,377,932 $ 75,702,515 $ 92,745,182 $ 18,077,015 $ 242,718,015 $ 476,869,015 $ 511,955,015 $ 401,575,015 $ 432,175,015 $ 424,775,015 $ 248,375,015 $ 315,965,015 $ 304,975,015 $ 366,685,015 $ 353,035,015 $ 348,285,015 $ 350,153,015 $ 4,786,530,103
NET CASHFLOW ($)
DISCOUNT RATE
2.50% 5% 7.50% 10% 12.50% 15% 17.50% 20% 24% 25%
NET PRESENT VALUE
$2,948,315,914.54 $1,814,661,254.61 $1,101,124,419.65 $643,495,183.51 $344,941,300.25 $147,188,844.46 $14,479,122.34 ($75,542,018.38) ($164,345,104.87) ($179,394,226.27)
