WHY

should I buy a

R-123 chiller?

1

1

LOW PRESSURE. Why R123:

Low Pressure

Zero Emission by Design

Trane has the lowest field-verified operational leakage rate at 0.5%, as well as the lowest average refrigerant charge. Many Customers Enjoy the First Charge as the Last Charge CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY

2

MOST EFFICIENT DESIGN.

2

Why R123:

Most Efficient Design Direct Drive

@AHRI Conditions

Type of Refrigerant Theoretical Refrigerant Efficiency

Gear Drive

Gear Drive

(Hermetic Mech)

(Hermetic Mech)

Multi Stage

Single Stage

Single Stage

R-123 0.433 kW/ton

R-134a 0.460 kW/ton

R-134a 0.460 kW/ton

(Open Mech)

(8.1 COP)

(7.6 COP)

(7.6 COP)

0.388 kW/ton

0.415 kW/ton

0.415 kW/ton

(9.1 COP)

(8.5 COP)

(8.5 COP)

100% 83.3% 95.5%

98.1% 80.4% 95.0%

97.9% 81.8% 95.0%

Chiller Efficiency

0.487 kW/ton

0.554 kW/ton

0.545 kW/ton

(7.2 COP)

(6.3 COP)

(6.4 COP)

Highest Possible Efficiency

0.449 kW/ton

13.5% (kW/ton)

0.519 kW/ton

(7.8 COP)

15.6% (COP)

(6.8 COP)

Centrifugal Chiller Cycle Efficiency Drive Train Efficiency Compressor Efficiency Motor Efficiency

“Published”

Design for Efficiency CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY

3

0.0% LEAK-TIGHT WARRANTY.

3

Million Kilograms CFC-11 Equivalent

Why R-123: 0.0% Leak-Tight Warranty

15

HCFC Production Cap US EPA Est. of HCFC use Actual HCFC usage Actual R-123 usage

65% - 2004

10 35% - 2010

5

2007 MP Change

25% Expected new HCFC demand1

10% - 2015 0.5% - 2020

0 1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

http://epa.gov/ozone/title6/phaseout/ServicingNeedsRevisedDraftReport_June.2008.pdf

ODP Weighted U.S. HCFC Use & Consumption Cap

4

Why R-123:

0.0% Leak-Tight Warranty

“Provide as part of the chiller scope a leak-tight refrigerant warranty for a period of 60 months from initial start-up or 66 months from date of shipment, whichever is less. During this period, manufacturer shall furnish replacement refrigerant in excess of 0.0% which is lost due to a leak in the machine. Once a leak is determined, action must be taken by others to eliminate the source of the leak. Replacement parts and labor are not covered under this warranty. If the chiller is placed under a comprehensive service and maintenance agreement from the original equipment manufacturer prior to the expiration of the standard leak-tight warranty, the leak-tight warranty shall remain in effect for the life of the chiller at no additional cost, as long as an active service and maintenance agreement remains in place without interruption.”

Putting Trane’s Commitment in Writing CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY

ENERGY IS KING!

4

5

Why R-123:

Energy is King!

All Refrigerants we use today are and will be available for the life of the equipment. Focus on reliable, efficient designs. We’ll worry about the refrigerant!

Cost of Electricity 94.53% First Cost of Chiller 5.18% Cost of Initial Refrigerant 0.25% Cost of Lifetime Refrigerant Supply 0.04% Balanced Approach with a Focus on Efficiency CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY

any

QUESTIONS

6

what’s

NEXT

1

CHILLER design

2

VFD basics

3

what is IPLV

4

the new CVHS & CVHL

5

REFRIGERANT news

7

CHILLER design

1 Chiller Design:

Design Fundamentals

Commitment to delivering: - Reliability - Efficiency - Lowest Emissions Direct Drive Multi-Stage Semi-Hermetic Low Pressure with Integrated Unit Controls

Trane Remains Committed to Building the Best Chiller! CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY

8

Chiller Design:

Reliability Comparison Direct Drive Hermetic

Motor Reliability

Gear Drive Hermetic

Gear Drive Open

99.9%

99.9%

99.9%

(2) @ 99.9% 99.8%

(6) @ 99.9% 99.4%

(8) @ 99.9% 99.2%

Transmission Reliability

100%

99.4%

99.2%

Coupling Reliability

100%

100%

99.5%

Shaft Seal Reliability

100%

100%

92.0%

Total Failure Rate

0.3%

1.3%

10.2%

Reliability Rate

99.7%

98.7%

89.8%

Bearing Reliability

Reliability Equation from ASHRAE Applications Handbook "Operations and Maintenance Management".

Reliability through Simplicity of Design! CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY

Chiller Design:

Component Comparison

Gear Drive

Gear Drive

Direct Drive

Direct Drive

(Hermetic Mech)

(Open Mech)

(Hermetic MagLev)

(Hermetic MagLev)

Duplex (rear)

#1 Motor Journal

#1 Motor Journal

#1 Radial Magnetic

#1 Radial Magnetic

Journal (front)

#2 Motor Journal

#2 Motor Journal

#2 Radial Magnetic

#2 Radial Magnetic

Bearings

#3 Low Speed Journal

#3 Thrust Magnetic

#3 Thrust Magnetic

#4 Low Speed Journal

#4 Backup Radial

#4 Backup Radial

#5 High Speed Journal

#5 Low Speed Thrust

#5 Backup Radial

#5 Backup Radial

#6 High Speed Thrust

#6 High Speed Journal

#6 Backup Thrust

#6 Backup Thrust

#1 Mag Bearing Power

#1 Mag Bearing Power

#2 Mag Bearing Power

#2 Mag Bearing Power

#3 Mag Bearing Power

#3 Mag Bearing Power

Bearing Controller

Bearing Controller

compressors on the chiller

#3 Motor Thrust #4 High Speed Journal

#7 High Speed Journal #8 High Speed Thrust

Transmission, Coupling & Shaft Seal Lubrication System

Low Speed Bull Gear

Low Speed Bull Gear

High Speed Pinion Gear

High Speed Pinion Gear Coupling Shaft Seal

Oil

Oil

Oil

Oil Pump

Oil Pump

Oil Pump Shaft Seal Lubrication

Electronic Systems

4

9-10

14-15

Backup Power

Backup Power

12

12 x 2*

* The total number of components must be multiplied by the total number of

Direct Drive (Hermetic Mech)

Simplicity Delivers the Highest Reliability

9

Chiller Design:

Most Efficient Design Direct Drive

@AHRI Conditions

Type of Refrigerant Theoretical Refrigerant Efficiency

Gear Drive

Gear Drive

(Hermetic Mech)

(Hermetic Mech)

Multi Stage

Single Stage

Single Stage

R-123 0.433 kW/ton

R-134a 0.460 kW/ton

R-134a 0.460 kW/ton

(Open Mech)

(8.1 COP)

(7.6 COP)

(7.6 COP)

0.388 kW/ton

0.415 kW/ton

0.415 kW/ton

(9.1 COP)

(8.5 COP)

(8.5 COP)

100% 83.3% 95.5%

98.1% 80.4% 95.0%

97.9% 81.8% 95.0%

Chiller Efficiency

0.487 kW/ton

0.554 kW/ton

0.545 kW/ton

(7.2 COP)

(6.3 COP)

(6.4 COP)

Highest Possible Efficiency

0.449 kW/ton

13.5% (kW/ton)

0.519 kW/ton

(7.8 COP)

15.6% (COP)

(6.8 COP)

Centrifugal Chiller Cycle Efficiency Drive Train Efficiency Compressor Efficiency Motor Efficiency

“Published”

Design for Efficiency CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY

VFD basics

2 10

VFD Basics:

Compression Basics

Vr  refrigerant flow rate

R

Vt

 rotational speed

refrigerant flow rate

diameter

× diameter

rotational speed

Velocity to Pressure Relationship CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY

VFD Basics:

Compression Basics

R

Vr R Vt

Vt

full load

Vr

part load

Part-Load Operation CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY

11

VFD Basics:

Compression Basics

Vr < static pressure

R Vt

Compressor Surge CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY

VFD Basics:

Range of Stability Comparison Compressor Characteristics Define Chillers Ability to Perform Design Point

 35-55%

10-25%

100%

100%

Head (DP)

Head (DP)

SURGE

Capacity (Tons)

Capacity (Tons)

Single-Stage

Multi-Stage

Multi-Stage Design Reliably Operates in All Real-World Conditions CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY

12

VFD Basics:

When Does a VFD Make Sense?

Does a VFD Improve Performance at Part Load or Part Lift? lvg condenser water

2 gpm/ton (0.036 L/S/kW)

lift

(DT)

58°F (32°C)

800 gpm (51 L/S)

load = 500 tons (1,758 kW) load a gpm × (Tent evp – Tlvg evp)

lvg evaporator water

lift a Pcnd – Pevp lift a Tlvg cnd – Tlvg evp Load Versus Lift CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY

VFD Basics:

When Does a VFD Make Sense? ** 60 Hz gives us the impeller speed needed for design lift.

1000 Tons

Frequency 38°C (100.4°F)

60 Hz

Condenser

29.5°C (85°F)

LIFT 33.5°C

IGV 100%

(60.4°F)

o

m

Moto r

VFD

Mass Flow

12°C (53.6°F)

Evaporator 38 Hz

4.5°C (40°F)

(psid min.)

Example: 100% Full Load @ Design Conditions CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY

13

VFD Basics:

When Does a VFD Make Sense?

500 1000 Tons 35.5°C (96°F)

Frequency

38°C (100.4°F)

60 Hz

Condenser

29.5°C (85°F) 50%

LIFT 33.5°C

IGV 100%

(60.4°F)

59

o

m

Moto r

VFD

Mass Flow

31°C (56°F)

Evaporator

12°C (53.6°F)

38 Hz

4.5°C (40°F) (psid min.)

Significant Load Reduction -> Only Small Savings CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY

VFD Basics:

When Does a VFD Make Sense?

1000 Tons 27°C (80.6°F)

Frequency

38°C (100.4°F)

60 Hz

Condenser

29.5°C (85°F) 18°C (64.5°F)

LIFT

IGV 100%

33.5°C (60.4°F)

o

m

Moto r

VFD

45

Mass Flow

22.5°C (40.6°F) 12°C (53.6°F)

Evaporator 38 Hz

4.5°C (40°F)

(psid min.)

Hours of Significant Lift Reduction -> VFD Saves $$ CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY

14

what is

IPLV

3 Understanding IPLV:

Industry Requirements ASHRAE 90.1 Minimum Requirements for Chillers

Tonnage Range

Path “A” Full Load

Path “B”

IPLV

Full Load

IPLV

kW/ton

(COP)

kW/ton

(COP)

kW/ton

(COP)

kW/ton

(COP)

2500

Foam Industry

CAFÉ Standards

begins transition to low GWP

to push R-134a change in US Autos

EU Proposes Ban HFC’s w/ GWP>150 Domestic Refrigeration

2030

2040

2050

EU Proposes Service Ban US/Can/Mex

EU Proposes

Proposal to cut HFC by 70%

79% reduction of HFC’s

EU Proposes Ban on equip w/HFC’s with GWP > 2500

Continued use of recycled R-123 Continued use of recycled CFC’s

Note: Included in the use of “recycled” refrigerants is also the use of stockpiled supplies of the refrigerant produced before the phase out date. In addition, there is no restriction on the importation of recycled and recovered supplies of refrigerants.

19

Refrigerant Timeline:

Balancing ODP (Montreal) vs GWP (Kyoto) CFC-11 12 113 114 HCFC-22 123 141b 142b HFC-32 125 134a 143a 152a 227ea 236fa 245fa 404A 407C 410A 1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 ODP (relative to R-11)

0.0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 GWP (relative to CO2)

J. M. Calm and G. C. Hourahan, “Refrigerant Data Summary,” Engineered Systems, 18(11):74-88, November 2001 (based on 1998 WMO and 2001 IPCC assessments). © JMC 2001

Singularly an Easy Issue, Together becomes a Challenge CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY

Refrigerant Timeline:

Characteristics that Matter Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)

Water Cooled Chiller Efficiency (COP)

1

6.8 6.6

0.8

6.4

0.7 0.6

COP

ODP (R-11=1.0)

0.9

0.5

6.2 6

0.4

5.8

0.3 0.2

5.6

0.1 5.4

0 R-11

R-12

R-22

R-123

R-11

R-134a R-410A R-407C R-245fa

Global Warming Potential (GWP)

R-22

R-123

R-134a

R-410A

R-407C

R-245fa

Atmospheric Half-Life (Years)

12000

100

10000 80 8000

Years

GWP (CO2= 1.0)

R-12

6000

60 40

4000

150 GWP

2000 0 R-11

R-12

R-22

R-123 R-134a R-410A R-407C R-245fa

20 0 R-11

R-12

R-22

R-123

R-134a

R-410A

R-407C

R-245fa

ODP, GWP, COP, Atmospheric-Life… Impossible Balancing Act? CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY

20

Refrigerant Industry:

Auto Industry Developments

The refrigerant will meet new U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulation requirements, which call for improved greenhouse gas and fuel economy in passenger cars and light-duty trucks by 2016. Label on Cadillac ATS says it’s R-1234yf equipped

Auto Industry Already Shipping Cars with R-1234yf CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY

Refrigerant Industry:

ATMOshere America 2013

Aug 19, 2013

Panelists included representatives from → → → → →

U.S. Department of State U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Underwriters Laboratories U.S. Department of Energy Occupational Safety and Health Administration

“On a global stage, with the recent announcement that the U.S. and China have committed to work together and with other countries to use the Montreal Protocol, we’re possibly on the verge of an unprecedented agreement to phase-down the consumption and production of HFCs” said Wilkins

Danfoss Leads Panel on Refrigerants for the Future… CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY

21

Refrigerant Industry:

Movement on the Chiller Front

First Commercially Available Chiller with R-1234ze CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY

Refrigerant Industry:

New EU Proposal revising current F-gas regulation Existing EU laws on HFCs (1) F-gas Regulation focus on stationary equipment and “containment”. •

Leak prevention, recovery & record keeping.

(2) Mobile Air Conditioning Directive •

Bans of HFCs > 150 GWP for Automotive

New Proposal revising F-gas reg. (1) Proposed “phase-down” of HFC supply •

Reduction impacting new products and servicing - Begins in 2015 - 55% reduction by 1/1/2021 - 69% reduction by 1/1/2024 - 79% reduction by 1/1/2030

(2) Bans now being debated include: • • • • • •

2015 - HFC Ban in Domestic Refrigerators 2016 - HFC Ban stationary refrigeration (GWP >2,500). 2017 - HFC Ban in Commercial Refrigerators 2020 - HFC Ban in stationary HVAC. - HFC Ban in stationary refrigeration. 2025 - HFC Ban in transport refrigeration (excl. MAC). HFOs in blends.

No final law expected before end 2014

EU Phase-Down of HFCs coupled with bans CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY

22

Refrigerant Industry:

Increasing pressure…

Phase-out Speeding up…Transition Pressure Mounting CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY

Refrigerant Industry: HFC Phase Down Proposal

Amendment to Montreal Protocol to Phase-Down HFCs • Proposed by U.S., Canada, and Mexico April 2010 ~ Change from 2009

• Schedule for both developing and developed countries

• Clearer direction on addressing HFC byproduct emissions from HCFC production • Baseline of average of 2004, 2005, & 2006 consumption and production of HCFCs & HFCs • Phase down of production/consumption of HFCs:

http://www.epa.gov/ozone/intpol/mpagreement.html

U.S., Canada, and Mexico Joint HFC Phase Down Proposal CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY

23

HFO Development:

Publically Known HFOs & Future Refrigerant Choices High Pressure (R-22/R-410) Replacements R-32 (GWP=716) • Moderate GWP is a concern • 2L flammable • Blends of R-32 with very low GWP refrigerants are being evaluated

Medium Pressure (R-134a) Replacements R-1234yf (GWP