UNESCAP. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. Sustainable Transport Systems. Risk Managament of Natural Disasters

University of California, Irvine – Model United Nations UNESCAP 24th Annual High School Conference May 28-29, 2016 [email protected] Economic an...
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University of California, Irvine – Model United Nations

UNESCAP

24th Annual High School Conference

May 28-29, 2016

[email protected]

Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

Sustainable Transport Systems Risk Managament of Natural Disasters

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University of California, Irvine – Model United Nations 24th Annual High School Conference

May 28-29, 2016

[email protected]

April, 2016 Delegates and Faculty, It is with great pride that we welcome you to the 24th Annual UCIMUN High School Conference! Our staff has been working tirelessly to put this conference together, and we can’t wait to see you this Memorial Day weekend! Through these topic synopses, we seek to assist each delegate in their research, and encourage you to look well beyond these documents to learn about your topics from a variety of sources and positions! With the global onset of the new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and UCI’s commitment to alternative energy, zero-waste and water conservation projects, UCIMUN looks toward contributing to our campus’s Sustainability Initiative. This is why this year, our conference will be following a theme that echoes this commitment: “sustainable solutions for a resilient global community”. We hope that delegates come to agreements that resonate with this theme, and focus on solutions that can withstand the passage of time and equip developing with the tools to prevent and solve those problems in the future. We hope that our conference proves to be an engaging and educational experience for all delegates in attendance. Our goals are to further develop the skills and add to the experience of our veteran delegates, and to teach the ropes of debate to our newcomers. We aspire to create a forum within each committee that encourages high-level debate - mindful of the minutiae that exist on the international playing field. In addition, we will be looking, more so than ever before, for linchpins of cooperation and diplomacy in each committee, as drivers of comprehensive and multilateral solutions. Once again, we encourage you to research the topic to your fullest capabilities to facilitate substantive debate, and attain the high-level forum we wish to achieve. Together, we can create a conference that contributes to our collective education and further drives our commitment to the SDGs and a sustainable future! We look forward to seeing all of you at the conference! Zot! Zot! Zot! Regards, Rintu Saju & Suchith Shantharaj Co-Secretary Generals, UCIMUN 2016 2|UCIMUN

University of California, Irvine – Model United Nations 24th Annual High School Conference

May 28-29, 2016

[email protected]

April, 2016 Dear Delegates, My name is Athalia Magaña and I am the Under-Secretary General of Specials for Model United Nations at UCI 2015-2016. It is my pleasure to welcome everyone to this year’s MUN conference! I am currently a fourth year at UCI, majoring in Political Science with minors in International Studies and Spanish. This is my eighth year involved in MUN and am excited to be a part of this wonderful experience again! Model United Nations at UCI has been a significant part of my academic career and has inspired me to pursue a career in international law. In my first three years at UCI, I served as Director of the Security Council and Historical Security Council committees. This year I am honored to serve as the Under-Secretary General of Specials and oversee all specialized committees throughout the conference. My involvement in MUN has provided me with countless opportunities that enhanced the quality my academic studies and personal development. In the last year alone, I had the opportunity to travel with a group of eleven students to the National Model United Nations conference held in New York City. This week-long conference allowed me to act as a leader of the international community, think critically on pressing global issues, and collaborate with other delegates from around the world to brainstorm creative solutions. During this year’s conference, I hope delegates will take the opportunity to actively participate in committee, realize the importance of international collaboration, and work with each other to reach a resolution. Even though on the surface this MUN conference may seem far-fetched from making a difference in the world, it is one step closer to fostering the next generation of leaders that can make a difference in the international community. I highly encourage all delegates to seize this opportunity and take advantage of this unique experience. The Directors and Assistant Directors in each committee have prepared to stimulate a challenging yet invigorating debate. We look forward to seeing you in May and please do not hesitate to contact your Directors with any questions regarding committee. Happy preparations! Kind regards, Athalia Magaña Under-Secretary General of Specials [email protected]

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University of California, Irvine – Model United Nations 24th Annual High School Conference

May 28-29, 2016

[email protected]

April, 2016 Greetings delegates! Our names are Annie Nguyen and Jolene Huang and we would like to welcome you to the 24th Annual University of California, Irvine Model United Nations Conference! We are your co-Directors for the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. This is the first year at UCI MUN for the both of us, but we are excited to be embarking on this journey with you all. We’d first like to introduce ourselves to make this process a little more welcoming for you. I, Jolene, am a first year Biological Sciences major at University of California, Irvine. Despite having to decide between Exercise Sciences and Human Biology as my major, I definitely want to do research on Sports Medicine and Anatomy. Also, I’m considering a minor in Criminology. I’m actively involved in UC Irvine’s Women’s Club Basketball team and in housing community. Off campus I am a Children’s Musical codirector for a choir. Outside of my extracurricular I enjoy playing guitar, going on adventures, spending time with my sisters, and pretty much anything outdoors. Your other co-director, Annie here! Currently, I am pursuing a double degree in Political Science and Psychology and Social Behavior. Someday, I hope to attend law school and become a lawyer at a world-saving law firm like How I Met Your Mother’s Marshall Eriksen. But in the meantime, I spend my time at UCI as a writer for the official school newspaper, The New University, as an intern for the ASUCI Legislative Council program, and as a student in the Campuswide Honors Program. When I am not at school, I enjoy spending time at Disneyland, exploring Orange County for the newest places to eat, and watching the latest movies and TV shows. Moving on to the business at hand, we would like to introduce the significance of the topics we will be discussing in the UNESCAP committee. The two proposed topics are Sustainable Transport Systems and Risk Management of Natural Disasters. Both topics will include subtopics to further specify the direction of the debate on current issues. The first topic of Sustainable Transport Systems is extremely relevant to population growth and management and was discussed in the 2015 COP21 talks. The second topic, Risk Management of Natural Disasters, is a necessary discussion for the safety of all countries and is a continuously pressing matter. Overall, our expectations of this debate are to engage financial and social problems regarding both topics. When researching and drafting, be sure to curate a comprehensive and multifaceted report using sources outside of the given ones, since these subjects can pose a variety of perspectives. We advise every delegate to be prepared on their topics, as the discussion can go anyway. If you have any questions, feel free to contact either of us. With that, we look forward to welcoming you personally at the 2016 UCI MUN Conference. Best of luck! Regards, Annie Nguyen & Jolene Huang Directors, UNESCAP [email protected]

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University of California, Irvine – Model United Nations 24th Annual High School Conference

May 28-29, 2016

[email protected]

TOPIC 1: SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT SYSTEMS Introduction

The growth of urbanization has been steadily increasing at an alarming and consistent rate. Currently, 54% of the world population lives in an urban setting, and the United Nations projects that this percentage will escalate to 67% by 2050 (4). More specifically, the Asian and Pacific countries are hosts to 53% of the world’s population and a remarkable amount of this population resides in “high-growth urban areas” that are projected to further increase to dangerous heights throughout the 21st century (4). A majority of these Asian and Pacific countries face planning challenges when building and repairing their highly populated and highly dense cities. Particularly, Asian countries often fail to plan for the increase in number of personal motor vehicles, creating congestion in urban dwellings while increasing air pollution and damaging the quality of city life. Whether public transport, or private, the coalition of transport vehicles adds up to a third of all energy use and a fourth of worldwide CO2 emissions (9). These problems result in pollution, congestions, and car accidents. The congestive transport dilemma has also affected multiple countries’ GDP through health problems, lack of productivity, and high transport costs. Currently, a number of UN implemented and ESCAP supported plans are working towards the development of sustainable transport. Specifically, the UNESCAP has recently intervened to create the “Expert Group Meeting on Policy Options for Sustainable Transport Development” at the 2013 talks in Incheon, Korea, amongst other previous attempts at solving the sustainable transport crisis. But still, there exist a multitude of problems that arise in ESCAP memberstates and the surrounding developing region regarding this topic.

Topic Description

Operational Connectivity Developing countries of Asia and the Pacific encounter many problems in regards to subregional and regional transport networks. According to a report by UNESCAP, many of its member states have yet to open their roads and railways due to a variety of non-physical barriers not limited to “complicated control procedures, difficult visa formalities and duplicated inspections at and behind the borders” (13). In fact, about 40% of truck travel time was spent dealing with procedures, where most of the time was wasted at border crossings (13). Because of the extensive travel time, trade and investments decreased and for the most part each country’s economy circulated within itself. For example, the World Bank reported that developing countries lose from 15-24% of their national Gross Domestic Product. Furthermore, about 40% of transport pollution is caused by freight traffic, despite urban freight 5|UCIMUN

University of California, Irvine – Model United Nations 24th Annual High School Conference

May 28-29, 2016

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traffic only amounting to about 10% of total traffic (13). Clearly, the inability to connect with neighboring countries holds a significant effect on the economic and environmental health of the ESCAP member states. Although many attempts at subregional transport agreements were agreed upon, few proved to be very effective. The previous goals the committee secretariat has suggested include: a transport facilitation assistance system, and a logistics assistance system. Since 2007, ESCAP has also recognized the importance of the involvement of stakeholders, taking the initiative to organize an annual regional forum of national organizations’ chief executive officers asking them to provide freight forwarders, multimodal transport operators and logistics service providers. Additionally, the ESCAP has advised that “both infrastructure development, the ‘hardware’ of connectivity, and the facilitation of crossborder transit transport, the ‘software’ of connectivity” are necessary along the transport networks (12). Previous agreements that ESCAP has supported include: The Greater Mekong Subregion Cross-border Transport Agreement, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization’s Road Transport Facilitation Agreement, and China, Mongolia and Russia’s trilateral agreement. Their successes have often been impeded upon by massive investments by stakeholders, resulting in elongated project timelines and loss of interest by those involved. Roads and Railways In budding industrialized economies, highly populated urban dwellings are the centers for congestion on roads and railways due to the dense number of civilians. In May of 2011, the UN Commission on Sustainable Development confirmed that Shanghai lost 10% of its GDP as a result of traffic congestion as a cause of loss of productivity and time. The congestion roads in Asia as a whole often led to car accidents as well, which account for about 2-5% of Asian countries’ GDP (11). Specifically in Asia, the infrastructure of roads and railways is unsafe since approximately 700,000 or half of the “global road fatalities” occur in this region (7). Consequently these “car centered cities” consume about two third of global energy use and global greenhouse gas emissions. Particularly in the Asian region, CO2 emissions have doubled in the past 20 years and road transportation accounts for 83% of the total national emission rate (6). The failure to de-congest Asian and Pacific countries led to dangerous outcomes for the economy, people and environment of these countries. Recently, the UN has directed its focus on sustainable transport to aid developing countries boost their economy. The UN Global Plan for the Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011-2020 has been in effect. Additional attempts at fixing the congestion problems in Asian cities involved the erection of the Asian Highway Network in 2005 and the Intergovernmental Agreement on the Trans-Asian Railway Network in 2009. Between the two, 260,000 kilometers 6|UCIMUN

University of California, Irvine – Model United Nations 24th Annual High School Conference

May 28-29, 2016

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of rail routes have been built across the region. But despite these plans to decrease decongestion and increase interregional transportation, the scarcity of land and the high cost of the continued building and repairing of these systems have resulted in transport gaps, or further decongestion since commercial and residential developments often emerge near these roads or railways. So these have resulted as only temporary fixes to a consistently increasing dilemma, especially due to the increase in personal vehicles. Sources of Energy An ever-growing concern in regards to transport systems is often the harmfulness of the gases emitted on the population and the environment. Cities are known to be the largest contributors to the emission of greenhouse gases such as CO2, methane, black carbon, N2O and hydrofluorocarbons. About a third of the global greenhouse gases are emitted within the coalition of six North-East Asian countries alone (5). Since the 2000s, emissions in larger countries such as China and Russia have skyrocketed, despite many of the North-East Asian countries sharing similar urban populations. Specifically in 2011, the North-East Asian countries consumed 17% of the world fossil fuels in the transport sector alone, with China claiming the largest impact with its mass urbanization (5). Transport vehicles consume such a sizable amount of these fossil fuels, and automobiles in particular produce about 73% of CO2 emissions in a 2005 study (1). In addition, maritime transport measured at 12% of the 2005 CO2 emissions and air transport 10%. Previous attempts at lowering the motor vehicle hazardous gaseous effect have showed varying degrees of promise. The International Council on Clean Transport predicts that by 2030, national vehicle emission control programs could decrease the annual premature mortality rate by urban vehicle particle emissions in China and India by 79% (3). China is currently undergoing a pilot of low-carbon cities and provinces. Additionally, fuel quality standard requirements by countries are a popular path to cleaner vehicle emissions. Another solution countries such as Hong Kong and Japan have put forth include tax differentials at the pump or tax incentive refiners respectively, in attempts to switch to low-sulfur fuel. Meanwhile, Kathmandu, in Nepal still runs on electric three-wheeled cars after 13 years. Many solutions are being invented to decrease the impact of the human carbon footprint, but most of these innovations are still being tested and cannot be implemented on a national or global level at the moment, hence the difficulty in attempting to solve this growing dilemma.

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University of California, Irvine – Model United Nations 24th Annual High School Conference

May 28-29, 2016

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Bloc Positions

Developed Countries Much of the need for sustainable transport systems comes to the lack of care for the existing infrastructures in developed countries. Since established countries have already built transport systems, their populations, especially in the large cities depend on the constant maintenance and repair of such systems, yet are currently dealing with “inadequate investment in transport infrastructure that has led to crowding and poor energy efficiency” (10). Therefore, developed countries with pre-existing transport systems require the transition to building sustainable transport systems in order to continue the safety in health of their citizens and reduce the harmful environmental effect of current transportations. The ESCAP committee can provide better universal restrictions on sustainable transport. Developing Countries Commonly, the less urbanized a country is, the less environmental harm via transport systems will the country produce. But such developing states also require the aid of transport systems in order to profit economically. In the Asian Landlocked Developing Countries (A-LLDC), only 3% of Asian trade occurs due to “low growth of non-primary products” and the number of regional trade agreements is the lowest of all other ESCAP nations, despite the existence of free trade agreements and geographical proximity to developed countries (2). Surprisingly, there is low intraregional trade, yet high dependence on imports, creating a paradox in such nations’ economic profitability. Therefore, landlocked developing countries require a constant maintenance of land connections via sustainable transport systems to access world markets. Developing countries, as much as developed countries require the regulations of the ESCAP committee to organize their sustainable transport.

Committee Goals

In consideration of the committee name, the social and economic benefits of sustainable transport systems should be of utmost significance. Delegates must also make themselves knowledgeable about the issue of transportation in developed countries as well as developing countries, since debate will be focused on many of the proposed solutions derive from interregional cooperation through projects and national social and economic benefits may be furthered by collaboration with other member-states. During committee, discussion will also be about civilian life in regards to their impact on transport systems and environmental benefits that are byproducts of sustainable transport systems. Additionally, previous implementations of solutions and their financial burdens are expected to be considered. Overall,

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University of California, Irvine – Model United Nations 24th Annual High School Conference

May 28-29, 2016

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the purpose of debate is to foster interregional networking to building better sustainable transport infrastructure.

Research Questions

1. What is the effect of urbanization on your country? Will sustainable transport systems help further your nation into modernization? Is this economically beneficial? 2. Who are your country’s neighbors? Will working with these nations benefit you? Think about other nations’ transport coalitions. 3. What is the effect of personal motor vehicles in your country? What sort of transportation systems are available besides personal vehicles? 4. Has your country attempted to expand on current problematic transport systems? How has this harmed/helped your country’s population? 5. What prior UN solutions has your member nation previously supported? Will these programs continue to provide as suitable solutions?

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University of California, Irvine – Model United Nations 24th Annual High School Conference

May 28-29, 2016

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TOPIC 2: RISK MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL DISASTERS Introduction

More than 0.7 million have died and 1.7 billion people have been affected by natural disasters in the past ten years alone (5). However, the effects of these disasters vary widely across the international community. For example, the Asia-Pacific region continues to be the region with the highest amount of natural disasters in the world. Between 1994 and 2013, the Asia-Pacific region contained over 40% of the world’s reported natural disasters. Indonesia and the Philippines, in the subregion of Southeast Asia, were hit the hardest with 354,293 death between 2013 and 2014 (9). Most of the important economic cities in Asia and the Pacific are located near rivers, lakes, and oceans, making them extremely vulnerable to disasters such as floods and tsunamis. In 2011, 80% of global disaster-related economic deficit occurred in the Asia-Pacific region (4). As a response, in 2009 the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), World Bank, and the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) launched a cooperative program to strengthen disaster risk reduction and disaster management in Southeast Asia (15). Besides the actions of the aforementioned organizations, action plans such as The Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) and International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) also works on risk management plans to reduce the effects of natural disasters. More specifically, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) established a regional disaster unit in Bangkok, Thailand to support the Asia and Pacific Islands region in 2005 (16). A major difficulty these programs tend to face is convincing government to make firm decisions and expedite action in these countries. Also, post-disaster help, such as raising a sense of urgency within these countries and being unable to transport supplies adds on to the list of difficulties organizations face.

Topic Description

Pre-disaster: Disaster Prevention Given that more than 60% of the world’s population resides in Asia and the Pacific and more than 40% of all natural disasters occur in this region, there is no doubt that Asia and the Pacific is the most disaster-prone region. Characterized by active tectonic plate movements in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, the area has been a major source of earthquakes and tsunamis. Earthquakes, landslides, flash floods, avalanches and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOF) insert themselves in young mountain ranges. The natural disasters with the highest amount of deaths, such as the earthquake 10 | U C I M U N

University of California, Irvine – Model United Nations 24th Annual High School Conference

May 28-29, 2016

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Tangshan, China, all occurred in Asia and the Pacific. In just the past ten years, a person living in Asia-Pacific was two to three times as likely to be affected by a natural disaster as a person living in Africa. Many social, economic, and environmental factors all combine in order to determine vulnerability, exposure, and impact of a disaster on people or a country. With the migration of people from rural areas, 47.7% of the population now lives in the city. For more affordable living, the poor often settle in hazardous areas, for instance, flood plains fault-lines. Pre-disaster: Risk Management Disaster risk management means being able to respond efficiently and quickly to disaster situations. Preparations include response teams, food, temporary shelters, and medicine, among others, to be readily available as disaster strikes. Outside of managing resources, countries need to be trained in handling citizens in terms of efficient evacuations, containing panic, etc. Such techniques have been put into practice in several developed countries. For example, China and India have been training government officials in Asia and the Pacific on integrating disaster risk management into financial measures and national planning. Post-disaster: Urban Planning, Rebuilding and Improving, Environmental Recovery In an emergency, the first responders are disaster-affected people and their governments. When the government requests international humanitarian support to respond to natural disasters, national legal systems are the main regulatory frameworks to ensure the protection of disaster-affected people. Humanitarian action is also regulated by binding and non-binding international humanitarian and human rights laws, as well as the humanitarian principles of humanity, neutrality, impartiality and independence. This way, fundamental rights and protection for disasteraffected communities are guaranteed. The ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response and the SAARC Agreement on Rapid Response to Natural Disasters are examples of two binding agreements that regulate disaster preparedness and response action. The economic loss from natural disasters surged from about 28% global economic loss to 51% from the 1970s until now. Making up 70% of the world’s poor populations in Asia and the Pacific effected by natural disasters require a great deal of financing in order to clear destructed areas, build proper structures, and improve living conditions.

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University of California, Irvine – Model United Nations 24th Annual High School Conference

May 28-29, 2016

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Bloc Positions

Countries in the region contain different levels of exposure and vulnerability to varying natural disasters depending on their physical and socio-economic characteristics, ergo, it is necessary to identify the countries that are more exposed to natural disasters. Among the top 15 most exposed countries as of 2014 (per million people per 1000 km) there is the Philippines, Japan, Bangladesh, Netherlands, and Cambodia. Although the total number of events in these countries is lower than China and India, a person living in these countries is in fact more likely to experience a natural disaster occurrence than a person living in China or India, because of China and India’s large population. Other than the Great East Japan Earthquake’s effects on Japan’s numbers, none of the more developed countries were found to have more than 10 fatalities per million people on average. Findings by UNESCAP present fatalities per million people in a country against GDP per capita to illustrate disaster impacts against a measure of the size of economy. LDCs were significantly more prone to fatal natural disasters per million people. Western European and Others Region Susceptible to floods, storms, wildfires, and earthquakes, the Western European and Others Region (WEOR) experiences economic setbacks in development due to these disasters being caused by climate change and instability. As weather and climate know no political borders, cooperation across the region is required, both to harmonize legislative and institutional mechanisms for disaster risk reduction and to bolster the infrastructure and human capacity for weather, water and climate observations and forecasting.

Committee Goals

As outlined in the topic, an emphasis on pre-disaster and preparation is extremely essential to Risk Management. Discussions on the creation or implementation of training programs are highly encouraged. Delegates are expected to also include methods that spread awareness and promote interregional support. Communication and networking between countries will also be stressed to benefit post-disaster recovery. An understanding of natural disasters that occur in each represented region is expected to be incorporated in proposed solutions for risk management in Asia and the Pacific. Financial and economic positions of the countries within the AsianPacific region should be taken into consideration. As a whole, the focus is to illuminate complications in risk management and determine effective solutions in response to that.

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University of California, Irvine – Model United Nations 24th Annual High School Conference

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Research Questions

1. Which natural disasters affect your country the most? What has your country done to cope with those specific natural disasters? How can those methods be implemented in a solution for Asia and the Pacific? 2. What are the impacts of these disasters on your country economically? What are the impacts of these disasters on your country's growth? 3. What type of urban development and transportation/communication improvement has your country accomplished? How does it need to be improved? How does this influence your country’s ability to respond after a natural disaster? 4. What UN programs (pertaining to our topic) has your country supported and been involved in in the past? Have any UN programs been active in your country? 5. How would your country be able to provide for the solutions you choose to pursue? What would be required by other countries?

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University of California, Irvine – Model United Nations 24th Annual High School Conference

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Topic 1 Works Cited

1. Abe, Masato. "Achieving a Sustainable Automotive Sector in Asia and the Pacific: Challenges and Opportunities for the Reduction of Vehicle CO2 Emissions." ARTNeT & UNESCAP, Dec. 2011. Web. 24 Jan. 2016. . 2. Akhtar, Shamshad. "Connectivity and Integration in Asian LLDCs." UNESCAP, 4 Nov. 2014. Web. 23 Jan. 2016. . 3. Miller, Josh. "Emerging Technological Options to Improve Air Quality and Public Health in Urban Areas." The International Council on Clean Transportation, 27-29 Nov. 2013. Web. 24 Jan. 2016. . 4. "Intelligent Transportation Systems for Sustainable Development in Asia and the Pacific." Ed. The Information and Communications Technology and Disaster Risk Reduction Division. UNESCAP, 25 Nov. 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2016. . 5. NAM, Sangmin. "Overview of Low-carbon City Development and Transport Sector in North-East Asia." UNESCAP. Web. 24 Jan. 2016. . 6. Regmi, Madan B. "Policy Options for Reducing Transport Emissions." UNESCAP, 26-27 Sept. 2013. Web. 24 Jan. 2016. . 7. The Ministers of Transport and Representatives of the Members and Associate Members of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. "Regional Action Programme for Transport Development in Asia and the Pacific, Phase II (2012-2016)." UNESCAP, 12-16 Mar. 2012. Web. 23 Jan. 2016. . 8. "Review of Development in Transport in Asia and the Pacific." UNESCAP, 2013. Web. 24 Jan. 2016. . 14 | U C I M U N

University of California, Irvine – Model United Nations 24th Annual High School Conference

May 28-29, 2016

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9. "Sustainable and Inclusive Transport." UNESCAP. Web. 23 Jan. 2016. . 10. "Sustainable Infrastructure in Asia." UNESCAP, 6-8 Sept. 2006. Web. 24 Jan. 2016. . 11. "Sustainable Urban Transport Systems." UNESCAP & CITYNET, 2012. Web. 24 Jan. 2016. . 12. "Transport Facilitation and Connecting Subregional Transport Networks." UNESCAP. Web. 23 Jan. 2016. . 13. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Committee on Transport. "Transport Facilitation and Logistics Development: The Way to Enhance Operational Connectivity in the Region." UNESCAP, 7 Aug. 2014. Web. 23 Jan. 2016. 14. "Transport Logistics." UNESCAP. Web. 23 Jan. 2016. .

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University of California, Irvine – Model United Nations 24th Annual High School Conference

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Topic 2 Works Cited

1. Butler, Josh. "China, India, to Train Asia-Pacific Officials on Disaster Risk Management." China, India, to Train Asia-Pacific Officials on Disaster Risk Management. Inter Press Service News Agency, 20 Feb. 2015. Web. . 2. "Disaster Risk Management in East Asia & Pacific." Disaster Risk Management in East Asia & Pacific. World Bank, n.d. Web. . 3. "Disaster Risk Management in Asia and the Pacific." (2014): 0-73. Web. . 4. Disaster Risk Management in Asia and the Pacific Issue Paper. Manila, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2013. www.adb.org. Asian Development Bank and Asian Development Bank Institute, 2013. Web. . 5. "Europe - Disaster Statistics." Prevention Web. UNISDR, n.d. Web. . 6. Fagen, Patricia Weiss. "Natural Disasters in Latin America and the Caribbean." ReliefWeb. Humanitarian Policy Group, n.d. Web. . 7. "Managing Natural Disasters in Eastern Europe and Central Asia." Europe and Central Asia. World Bank, 2013. Web. . 8. Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare, Government of Japan (2014). The number of employment insurance benefits recipients. 9. "Natural Disasters." (2014): n. pag. 2014. Web. .

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10. Overview of Natural Disasters and Their Impacts in Asia and the Pacific, 1970 - 2014 (2015): 0-32. Mar. 2015. Web. 11. "South Eastern Europe Disaster Risk Mitigation and Adaptation Initiative." (2013): 0-98. Web. . 12. The Rise of Natural Disasters in Asia and the Pacific. PDF. 13. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (2013). Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2013. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations. 14. Vital Climate Graphics Africa." Natural Disasters Affect Most of Africa. GRID Arendal, 2014. Web. . 15. "World Bank-ASEAN-UN Set to Collaborate to Reduce Disaster Risk."Disaster Risk Management. World Bank, 18 May 2009. Web. 16. World Disasters Report." World Disasters Report 2014. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, 2014. Web. .

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