Smart Grid Technology in Power Systems Davood Mohammadi Souran, Hossein Hoshmandi Safa, Behrooz Gohari Moghadam, Mehran Ghasempour and Parisa Tavakkoli Heravi
Abstract The smart grid, which is known as the next-generation power grid, uses two-way flows of electricity and information to create a widely distributed automated energy delivery network. This article is a survey of smart grid literature till 2011 on the enabling technologies for the smart grid. In this paper, three major systems are explored namely the smart infrastructure system, the smart management system, and the smart protection system. Possible future directions are also proposed in each system. For the smart infrastructure system, we specifically explore the smart energy subsystem, the smart information subsystem, and the smart communication subsystem. Various management objectives, such as improving energy efficiency, profiling demand, maximizing utility, reducing cost, and controlling emission are explored for the smart management system and for the smart protection system, various failure protection mechanisms which improve the reliability of the smart grid, and the security and privacy issues in the smart grid are explored. Keywords Smart grid
Power grid Security Privacy
D.M. Souran (&) B.G. Moghadam Khorasan Power Engineering Consultant Company (MONIRAN), Mashhad, Iran e-mail:
[email protected] B.G. Moghadam e-mail:
[email protected] D.M. Souran H.H. Safa M. Ghasempour Mashhad Electric Energy Distribution Company, Mashhad, Iran e-mail:
[email protected] M. Ghasempour e-mail:
[email protected] P.T. Heravi Department of Electrical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran e-mail:
[email protected] © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 V.E. Balas et al. (eds.), Soft Computing Applications, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 357, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-18416-6_109
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1 Introduction Traditionally, the term grid is used for an electricity system that may support all or some of the following four operations: electricity generation, electricity transmission, electricity distribution, and electricity control. A smart grid (SG), also called smart electrical or power grid, intelligent grid, intelligrid, future grid, intergrid, or intragrid, is an enhanced version of the twentieth century power network. Carrying power from a few central generators to a large number of users or customers is one of the main and general usage of the traditional power grids. In contrast, the SG uses two-way flows of electricity and information to create an automated control and distributed advanced energy delivery network. A brief comparison between the existing grid and the SG is presented in Table 1. Using newly introduced information technologies, the SG is capable of delivering power in more efficient ways and responding to wide ranging conditions and events. The SG could respond to events that take place anywhere in the power grid, such as power generation, transmission, distribution, and consumption, and accord the corresponding predefined strategies. As an example, once a medium voltage transformer failure event happens in the distribution grid, the SG may automatically change the power flow and recover the power delivery service. Let us perceive another example of demand profile shaping. Since lowering peak demand and smoothing demand profile decrease the total plant and capital cost requirements, in the peak period the electric utility can activate real-time pricing to ensure some users to reduce their power demands; so that the total demand profile full of peaks can be shaped to a daintily smoothed demand profile. More specifically, the SG can be regarded as an electric system that uses information, two-way, cyber-secure communication technologies, and computational intelligence in an integrated method across electricity generation, transmission, substations, distribution and consumption to achieve a system that is clean, safe, secure, reliable, recessive, effectiveness, and sustainable. This description covers the entire spectrum
Table 1 A brief comparison between the existing grid and the smart grid
Existing grid
Smart grid
Electromechanical One-way communication Centralized generation Few sensors Manual monitoring Manual restoration Failures and blackouts Limited control Few customer choices
Digital Two-way communication Distributed generation Sensors throughout Self-monitoring Self-healing Adaptive and islanding Pervasive control Many customer choices
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of the energy system from the generation to the end points of utilization of the electricity. A “smart grid” is simply an advanced electrical distribution system that has the capability to balance electrical loads from diverse, and often intermittent, alternative energy generation sources. One key component of the “smart grid” is the capacity to store electrical energy; this allows the demand from consumers to be met [1]. The ultimate SG is a vision. It is an integration of complementary sections, subsystems, functions, and services under the control of highly intelligent management and control systems. Given the extensive view of the SG research, different researchers may express different points of view for the SG due to different concentrations and plans. According to this introduction, in this paper, three major systems in SG are discussed to from a technical view: Smart infrastructure system: The smart infrastructure system is the energy, information, and communication infrastructure underlying of the SG that supports (1) advanced electricity generation, delivery, and utilization; (2) advanced information metering, monitoring, and management; and (3) advanced technologies in communication. Smart management system: The smart management system is the subsystem in SG that prepared advanced management and control tasks. Smart protection system: This section is the subsystem in SG that provides advanced grid reliability and safety analysis, failure protection, and security and privacy protection services. Other reviews on SG were done in [2–13]. Chen et al. [5], Yu et al. [13], and Hassan and Radman [8] briefly reviewed the basic concepts of smart grid and some technologies that could be utilized in smart grid. The authors of [9, 10] has reviewed the existing smart grid standardizations and gave concrete recommendations for future SG standards. Vasconcelos [11] outlined the potential benefits of smart meters, and prepared a short overview of the legal framework governing metering activities and policies in Europe. Brown and Suryanarayanan [4] determined an industry perspective for the smart distribution system and recognized those technologies which could be applied in the future works and researches in the smart distribution system. Baumeister [3] provided a survey of the work related to the cyber security of the smart grid. Chen [6] explored the security and privacy issues in smart grid and related issues to cyber security in the Internet. Gungor and Lambert [7] explored communication networks for electrical system automation and tried to provide a better understanding of the hybrid network architecture that can provide heterogeneous electrical system automation requirements. Akyol et al. [2] analyzing how, where, and what types of wireless communications are appropriate for deployment in the electrical power system. Wang et al. [12] presented an overview on the communication architectures in the power systems, including the communication network compositions, technologies, functions, requirements, and research challenges. The network implementation considerations and challenges in the power system settings are discussed in many papers. In this survey complements, the other reviews with considering: (1) comprehensively review the literature till 2011, and systematically classify the work for the smart infrastructure system (energy, information, and communications), the smart management system, and the smart
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protection system; and (2) outline challenges and future research directions for each of these three major systems. The novelty of this survey is in the classification, volume of information prepared, and predestinating of future research in these three major systems.
2 Definition of a Smart Grid Various authors, government organization bodies have given numerous definitions of smart grid. A smart grid can be defined as an upgraded electricity grid network enabling two-way information and power exchange between suppliers and consumers, due to the pervasive incorporation of intelligent communication monitoring and management systems [14]. The initial components of smart grid started with the idea of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) with the aim of improving demand-side management and energy efficiency, and constructing self-healing reliable grid protection against malicious sabotage and natural disasters [15]. However, new requirements and demands drove the electricity industries, research organizations, and governments to revision and expand the initially perceived scope of smart grid. The U.S. Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 directed the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to proportionate the research and extend of a framework to gain interoperability of smart grid and devices. Although an accurate and comprehensive definition of smart grid has not been proposed yet, according to the report from NIST [16], the anticipated benefits and requirements of a smart grid are the following: (1) Improving power reliability and quality; (2) Maximizing facility usage and averting construction of back-up (peak load) power plants; (3) Enhancement of capacity and efficiency of existing electrical power networks; (4) Improving resilience to disruption; (5) Enabling predictive maintenance and self-healing responses to system disturbances; (6) Facilitating extended deployment of renewable energy resources; (7) Accommodating distributed power sources; (8) Automating maintenance and operation; (9) Reducing greenhouse gas emissions by enabling electrical vehicles and new power resources; (10) Reducing oil consumption by reducing the need for inefficient generation during peak usage periods; (11) Presenting opportunities to make better grid security; (12) Enabling transition to plug-in electrical vehicles and new energy storage options;
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Fig. 1 The NIST conceptual model for smart grid
(13) Increasing consumer options; (14) Enabling new products, services, and markets. In order to realize this new grid paradigm, NIST presented a conceptual model (as shown in Fig. 1), which can be used as a reference for the different parts of the electrical system where smart grid standardization work is happening. This conceptual model divides the smart grid into seven domains. Each domain encompasses one or more smart grid actors, including devices, systems, or
Table 2 Domains and actors in the NIST SG conceptual model [16] Domain
Actors in the domain
Customers
The end users of electricity. May also generate, store, and manage the use of energy The operators and participants in electricity markets The organizations providing services to electrical customers and utilities
Markets Service providers Operations Bulk generation Transmission Distribution
The managers of the movement of electricity The generators of electricity in bulk quantities. May also store energy for later distribution The carriers of bulk electricity over long distances. May also store and generate electricity The distributors of electricity to and from customers. May also store and generate electricity
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programs that decide and exchange information necessary for performing applications. The short explanation of the domains and actors are given in Table 2. Refer to the appendix of the NIST report [16] for more detailed descriptions. Note that NIST proposed this model from the perspectives of the various roles involved in the smart grid. In contrast, this paper which looks at smart grid from a technical point of view, divides smart grid into three major systems: smart infrastructure, smart management, and smart protection systems. 1. Smart infrastructure system: The intelligent infrastructure is the energy, information and communication infrastructure underlying the smart grid. It supports bidirectional flow of electricity and information. Note that is easy to understand the concept of “two-way flow of information”. “Bidirectional flow of power” means the power supply is not unidirectional more. For example, in the network of traditional energy, electricity is generated by the power plant, then moved by the transmission, distribution network, and finally delivered to users. In a smart grid, electricity can also be put back into the network by users. For example, users may be able to generate electricity through solar panels in homes and put it back to the network, or electric vehicles can provide energy to help balance loads “peak shaving” (sending power to the network when demand is high). This backward flow is important. For example, it can be extremely helpful in a microgrid that has been “islanded” due to power failures. The microgrid can work, albeit at a reduced with the help of the energy fed back in the customer level. Intelligent power subsystem, the subsystem of intelligent information and intelligent communication subsystem: In this survey, more intelligent infrastructure is divided into three subsystems. The intelligent power subsystem is responsible for the advanced generation, supply, and consumption. Intelligent information subsystem is responsible for advanced metering information, monitoring, and management in the context of the smart grid. The smart communication subsystem is responsible for communication connectivity and information transmission among systems, devices, and applications in the context of the smart grid. It is noticeable that the reason why we separate information subsystem and communication subsystem is to get a handle on the involved complexity of the SG as a system of systems. 2. Smart management system: The smart management system is the subsystem in smart grid that provides advanced management and control services and functionalities. The main reason for intelligent network can revolutionize the network is the explosion of functionality based on your smart infrastructure. With this extension of new management applications and services that can leverage the technology and
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capability upgrades enabled by this advanced infrastructure, the grid will keep becoming “smarter.” The smart management system takes advantage of the smart infrastructure to pursue various advanced management objectives. So far, most of these objectives relate to improving energy efficiency, supply and demand, emissions control, reduced operating costs, and optimization utility. 3. Smart protection system: The intelligent protection system is the subsystem that provides advanced analysis of network reliability, fault protection and security services, and protection of privacy. By taking advantage of intelligent infrastructure, the smart grid must not only realize a more intelligent management system, but also provide intelligent protection system that can support more effective and efficient protection mechanisms so fails, troubleshoot cyber security, and preserve privacy. In this article, we describe smart grid using this classification. We encourage readers to refer to this classification in case of any confusion when reading the text. On hand order although there has been much debate over the exact definition, a smart grid actually encompasses a wide range of technology solutions that optimize the value chain of energy. Depending on where and how a specific utility operates through that chain, you can benefit from the implementation of certain parts of a set of smart grid solutions.
3 An Overview of Legislations, Standards, Projects, Programs, and Trials In 2001, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) began a series of Communications and Controls Workshops focused on the integration of distributed energy resources [17]. The broad view of a transformation to smart grid was reflected in DOE’s Grid Wise [18]. The US federal government has also established its policy for SG, which is reflected in two Acts of Congress. The first one is the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 [19] which determined studies on the state and security of smart grid establishes a federal advisory committee and intergovernmental agency task force; frames technology research, development and demonstration; directs the advancement of interoperability; and creates a matching foundation program to encourage investment in smart grid [17]. The second one is the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 [20], which includes $3.4 billion in funding for the smart grid Investment Grant Program and $615 million for the smart grid Demonstration Program. The result of these programs is expected to lead to a combined investment of over $8 billion in SG capabilities. In order to promote the development of smart grid, governments, academia, industries, and research organizations have put great effort in the pilot projects, programs, and field tests. In order to help readers assess recent developments, especially in the industrial sector, we summarize 17 major projects, programs, and
Acea Distribuzione smart metering in Rome
American transmission company’s phasor measurement unit project
CERTS microgrid test bed demonstration
1
2
3
Project/program name
American Electric Power
American Transmission Company
Acea Distribuzione
Organization
US
US
IT
*Country
Table 3 A summary of major projects/programs/trials
From 2003
2010–2012
From 2004
Period The implementation of the integrated advanced metering management system began in 2004 with the objective of improving energy efficiency in Italy’s capital. The system includes high accuracy bidirectional meters and smart grid applications such as network operation control, and the ability to monitor low and medium voltage line status automatically It aims at building a fiber optics communications network for high-speed communications to maximize the full capability of phasor measurement networks across American Transmission Company’s transmission system Smart Grid 1.0 deployment started in 2003. It is the first fully operational SG deployment in the U.S. Smart Grid 2.0 deployment started in 2008. It offers improved customer services, including: (1) by phone or online real-time meter reads, (2) web-based management of smart consumer appliances, and (3) remote service turn on and shut-off
Brief description of project/program/trial
(continued)
Integrated system
Transmission grid
Smart meter and AMI
Project/program/trial category
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EU-DEEP
Fenix
Grid4EU
6
7
8
5
CERTS microgrid test bed demonstration DLC + VIT4IP
4
Project/program name
Table 3 (continued)
ERDF
Iberdrola Distribucion
GDF Suez
Kema Nederland BV
American Electric Power
Organization
DE, SE, ES, IT, CZ, FR
ES, UK, Sl, AT, DE, NL, FR, RO
FR, GR, UK, DE, BE, ES, SE, PL, LV, AT, HU, IT, FI, CY, CZ, TR
DE, AT, UK, NL, IT, BE, IL
US
*Country
2011–2015
2005–2009
2004–2009
2010–2013
From 2006
Period
It aims at developing, verifying, and testing a high-speed narrow-band power line communications infrastructure using the Internet Protocol (IP) which is capable of supporting existing and extending new and multiple communication applications It brings together eight European energy utilities and aims at removing most of the technical and nontechnical barriers that prevent a massive deployment of distributed energy resources in Europe It aims at boosting distributed energy resources by maximizing their contribution to the electric power system, through aggregation into large-scale virtual power plants and decentralized management It is led by a group of European distribution system operators and aims at testing in real size some innovative system concepts and technologies in order to highlight and help to remove some of the barriers to the SG deployment (technical, economic, societal, environmental, or regulatory)
It aims at enhancing the ease of integrating small energy sources into a microgrid
Brief description of project/program/trial
(continued)
Integrated system
Integrated system and virtual power plants
Integrated system and distributed resources
Communication and information systems
Integrated system and microgrid
Project/program/trial category
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INOVGRID
IntelliGrid
Large-scale demonstration of charging of electric vehicles
Model city Manheim
9
10
11
12
Project/program name
Table 3 (continued)
MW Energie
ChoosEV A/S
Electric Power Research Institute
EDP Distribuicao SA
Organization
DE
DK
US
PT
*Country
2008–2012
2011–2013
From 2001
2007–2011
Period It aims at replacing the current low voltage meters with electronic devices called energy boxes, using automated meter management standards It aims at creating a new electric power delivery infrastructure that integrates advances in communications, computing, and electronics to meet the energy needs of the future. At present, the IntelliGrid portfolio is composed of five main projects: IntelliGrid architecture, fast simulation and modeling, communications for distributed energy resources, consumer portal, and advanced monitoring systems Its main investigation is whether it is possible to move the charging of electric vehicles to a more environmental friendly time and whether the electric vehicle owner is interested in it It concentrates on an urban conurbation in which distributed renewable energy resources are used to a large extent. Within the framework of the e-energy project, a representative large-scale trial is being conducted both in Manheim and in Dresden to demonstrate that the project can be applied and translated to other regions
Brief description of project/program/trial
(continued)
Integrated system
Smart meter and AMI, integrated system, and electric vehicle
Other
Integrated system and home application
Project/program/trial category
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More microgrids
Pacific Gas and Electric Company’s SmartMeter Program
Pacific Northwest smart grid demonstration project
13
14
15
Project/program name
Table 3 (continued)
Bonneville power administration
Pacific Gas and Electric Company
ICCS/National Technical University of Athens
Organization
US
US
ES, GR, PT, NL, IT, DK, MK, DE
*Country
2010–2014
From 2006
2006–2009
Period It aims at: (1) implementing sophisticated control techniques for distributed generators; (2) integrating microgrids into operation and development of the power system; (3) conducting field trials to test control strategies on actual microgrids; and (4) quantifying microgrids effects on power system operation and planning It is part of a statewide effort driven by the California Public Utilities Commission to upgrade California’s energy infrastructure with automated metering technology. This technology will enable new programs that help California energy customers use less energy and save money It aims at (1) validating new smart grid technologies and business models; (2) providing two-way communication between distributed generation, storage, and demand assets and the existing grid infrastructure; (3) quantifying smart grid costs and benefits, and (4) advancing standards for interoperability and cyber security approaches
Brief description of project/program/trial
(continued)
Integrated system
Smart meter and AMI
Integrated system, smart meter and AMI, microgrid, distribution grid, and home application
Project/program/trial category
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Smart Grid City, Boulder, Colo
Smart Grid Demonstration Project in SinoSingapore Tianjin Ecocity
16
17
Project/program name
Table 3 (continued)
Tianjin Electric Power Company
Xcel Energy
Organization
CN
US
*Country
2010–2011
2008–2010
Period Smart Grid City is a technology pilot that explores smart-grid tools in a real-world setting. The goal of this pilot is to help determine: (1) Which energy management and conservation tools customers want and prefer; (2) Which technologies are the most effective at improving power delivery; (3) How best to incorporate SG technology into the business operations to improve efficiency, reduce carbon emissions and modernize the energy delivery system; (4) How to roll out the most promising SG components on a wider scale. Xcel energy has installed approximately 23,000 smart meters in Boulder as part of a new era in electricity grid management The project aims at building a smart power supply network with 220 kV and 110 kV transmission grid, 10–35 kV distribution lines, and 380 V/220 V low voltage distribution grid
Brief description of project/program/trial
Integrated systems
Integrated system, smart meter and AMI
Project/program/trial category
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tests, shown in Table 3. They cover smart meter, AMI, transport network, distribution network, distributed resources, virtual power plant, home use, microgrid, electric vehicle, and integrated systems.
4 Conclusion and Recommendations Because of the potential importance of smart grid, this comprehensive survey explores the technologies used in smart gird. We have studied the main smart grid projects/programs/trials and three major technical systems smart grid: intelligent system infrastructure, intelligent management system, and intelligent protection system. We have outlined challenges and future research lines worth exploring for each of these three systems. We divided further intelligent infrastructure into three subsystems: intelligent power subsystem, the subsystem of intelligent information, and intelligent communication subsystem. For intelligent energy subsystem, we have reviewed the work of generation, transmission, and distribution. We have also described two important new paradigms of the grid: microgrid and G2V/V2G. For the subsystem of intelligent information, we reviewed the work in the measurement information, measurement and management. For intelligent communication subsystem, we reviewed the wireless communication technologies and cable and communication management from end to end. In brief, in the transition from the conventional power grid to the smart grid, we will replace a physical infrastructure with a digital one. The needs and changes present the power industry with one of the biggest challenges it has ever faced [21]. For the smart management system, most of the existing works aim to provide energy efficiency, demand profile, utility, cost, and emission, based on the smart infrastructure by the usage of optimization, machine learning, and game theory. We believe that within the advanced infrastructure framework of smart grid, more and more new management services and applications would emerge and eventually revolutionize consumers’ daily lives. For the intelligent protection system, we have work to verify the reliability of the system, error protection mechanism, security and privacy in the SG context. However, we must note that the modern infrastructure used in SG one hand, authorizes us to identify more efficient mechanisms to defend against attacks and to handle failures, but on the other hand, opens up many new vulnerability. More thorough research on the smart protection system is desirable. Of the existing efforts in SG, we have also learned some useful lessons. Below we list these lessons from four perspectives: practical assignments and projects, infrastructure, management system, and protection system. First, the practical assignments and projects of the SG should be well analyzed before the initiative starts. For example, Xcel Energy’s Smart Grid City project [22] aimed at turning Boulder, Colorado into an ultimate smart grid hub. However, when the project was almost finished in 2010, only 43 % of Boulder residents had installed smart meters
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and the cost of the project ballooned to $42.1 million from $15.3 million. Note that this number does not count the cost of running and maintaining the grid. One possible reason why the result was not satisfactory is that Xcel failed to perform a thorough cost-benefit analysis before the initiative begins. Therefore, although smart grid itself is an encouraging and promising technology, we still need to carefully design blueprints of smart grid projects. In other words, do not necessarily and directly lead to new and advanced technologies into a profitable and prosperous future. We need advanced and matured project initiation, planning, execution, and control to ensure that the practical projects SG be completed satisfactorily. In addition, current projects and programs are mainly used by utility companies or related organizations (see Table 3) out. Probably, they might not have enough experience on the design and use of complex communication and information systems. However, SG is a complex system of systems, leading to complex interactions among energy, information, and communication systems. The development of the SG infrastructure can ask to be included for advanced information and communication technology sector. For example, electric utilities can still lead the development of the network, while other areas through outsourcing or cooperation involved. The term smart in “Smart Grid” implies that the grid has the intelligence to realize advanced management objectives and functionalities. The experience in other sectors, especially consumer electronics, tells us that only the technologies that will be customer-oriented functionality eventually attract customers to accept and use. SG is no exception. For example, one of the most important management objectives in SG is the reduction of CO2 emissions. However, this does not necessarily mean that customers are willing to update their devices to support the new feature. Therefore, in addition to the design of different management objectives and functions, must the electric power industry, to how to motivate customers to buy into these new ideas to think. To protect part, we have the following two lessons. The first is that we examine the behavior of the power company. Although SG is expected to provide advanced protection in practice, the power companies want to provide services to minimize costs and maximize profits. You cannot tilt well understood, therefore, neglecting safety and privacy, and long-term reliability of the system in the face of the threat. This raises some potential challenges to other system designers. For example, we can ask, “Should we fully trust in the power company when we make our capabilities in the field of energy suppliers?” It is likely that the power company itself is trusted, but it has no ability to provide fully trusted services. As mentioned in Sect. 2, in order to save costs, energy utilities, the information management outsource to a third party (e.g., a cloud provider). This allows energy companies to lose, to some extent control over ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of information. New technologies in SG, we should also be introduced to evaluate the potential risk, for example, as I said, with the smart metering architecture itself there are many new security and privacy issues. Therefore, we must do a thorough evaluation of the new technologies. In summary, there is no doubt that the emergence of the smart grid will lead to an environment friendly future, a better power supply, and finally to revolutionize
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our daily lives. But we still have a long way to go before this vision becomes reality. We need to consider not only how this mighty hammer (smart grid), but also the nails (various functions) can be used to improve.
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