Chapter 14

Reproductive System (Male and Female)

Chapter Objectives Upon completion of the chapter the participant will be able to: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Name and locate the organs of the male reproductive system. Describe the functions of the various organs of the male reproductive system. Name the structures of the female reproductive system. Label the structures of the female reproductive system on a diagram. Describe the normal functioning of the female reproductive system. Analyze, define and spell the terms of the male and female reproductive systems. Successfully complete the exercises at the end of the chapter.

Male Reproductive System In the male there is some overlapping of the functioning of the urinary and reproductive systems.

Vas deferens

Bladder Seminal vesicle Ejaculatory duct

Prostate gland

Urethra

Epididymis

Glans penis Prepuse (foreskin)

Testis Scrotum

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¾ Scrotum: Also known as the scrotal sac, this is an external sac that encloses and supports the testes. It is located behind the penis. ¾ Testes: (didym/o, orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o) Also know as the testicles these are two egg shaped glands that produce sperm or spermatozoa. Prior to birth the testes develop in the abdomen and just prior to birth descend into the scrotal sac. They are suspended in the scrotum by spermatic cords. ¾ Spermatozoa (sperm/o, spermat/o) These are the male reproductive gametes that are produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. ¾ Epididymis: A tube found in the upper part of the testes that runs down the length of the testicle and after turning up again becomes the vas deferens. As sperm are formed they move through the seminiferous tubules and are collected in the epididymis where they are temporarily stored. While there they become mobile, or are made capable of spontaneous motion. ¾ Vas deferens: This is a tube that leaves the testes and carries the sperm up into the area around the urinary bladder and then down toward the urethra. ¾ Seminal Vesicles: These are glands that are located at the base of the urinary bladder and that open into the vas deferens as it joins the urethra. These vesicles secrete a substance that provides nutrition to the sperm. One of the final portions of the seminal vesicles is the ejaculatory duct and it passes through the prostate gland and enters the urethra. ¾ Prostate Gland (prostat/o): A gland that lies under the bladder and surrounds the upper end of the urethra. This gland secretes a thick fluid that increases the motility of the sperm. ¾ Urethra: The tube that passes through the penis to the outside of the body. It serves both the urinary and reproductive systems. ¾ Penis (pen/i, priap/o) Termed the male sex organ, it transports the sperm to the outside of the body. It is composed of tissue that is capable of becoming erect to allow sexual functioning to occur.

Semen (semin/i) This is the fluid that is excreted during sexual activity. It contains sperm plus the secretions of the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland. Its production begins with puberty and is stimulated by hormones that are produced by the endocrine glands (luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone). When released during sexual activity semen will normally contain approximately 250 million sperm.

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Word Parts for the Male Reproductive System Roots ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾

andr/o balan/o didym/o, pen/i, priap/o epididym/o olig/o orchid/o, orchi/o, testicul/o perine/o prostat/o semin/i sperm/o, spermat/o vas/o

male glans penis testes epididymis scanty, few testis, testicle perineum prostate gland semen, sperm sperm, spermatozoa vas deferens

Suffixes ¾ -cele ¾ -spadias ¾ -trophy

hernia opening, split nourishment

Prefixes ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾

ancircumhydrore-

without around water back

Term Analysis and Definition Word Part

Term

Term Analysis

Definition

andr/o

androgenic

andr = male -genic = producing

Producing male characteristics

balan/o

balanitis

balan = glans penis -itis = inflammation

Inflammation of the glans penis

balanorrhea

-orrhea = flow, discharge

Discharge from the glans penis

epididymitis

epididym = epididymis -itis = inflammation

Inflammation of the epididymis

epididym/o

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Word Part orchid/o, orchi/o, testicul/o

Term

Term Analysis

Definition

anorchism

an = no, lack of orch = testes -ism = condition

Condition where there is an absence of testes

cryptorchidism

crypt = hidden -ism = process

Process where the testes are hidden. “Undescended testicles”

orchidopexy

-pexy = surgical fixation

Surgical fixation of the testes into the scrotal sac Inflammation of the testes

orchitis

-itis = inflammation Pertaining to the testicle

testicular

testicul = testes -ar = pertaining to

prostatitis

prostat = prostate gland -itis = inflammation

Inflammation of the prostate gland

prostatectomy

-ectomy = surgical excision

Surgical excision of the prostate gland

aspermatogenesis

a = no, lack of spermat = sperm -genesis = formation, production

No production of sperm

oligospermia

oligo = scanty, deficient -ia = pertaining to

Pertaining to a deficiency in sperm

spermatocidal

-cidal = to kill

To kill or destroy sperm

vas/o

vasectomy

vas = vas deferens -ectomy = surgical removal

Excision of the vas deferens or a portion of it

-cele

hematocele

hemat = blood -cele = hernia, protrusion

Accumulation of blood around the testicles

hydrocele

hydro = water

Accumulation of water around the testicles.

spermatocele

spermat = sperm

Accumulation of fluid in the testicles

prostat/o

sperm/o, spermat/o

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Word Part

Term

Term Analysis

Definition

variocele

vari = dilated, varicose veins

Dilation of the testicular veins of the scrotum

epispadias

epi = on, upon, above -spadias = opening, slit

Opening of the meatus on the top of the penis

hypospadias

hypo = under

Opening of the meatus on the under side of the penis

-trophy

prostatic hypertrophy

prostat = prostate gland -ic = condition hyper = excessive trophy = nourishment

Enlargement of the prostate gland

circum-

circumcision

circum = around cis = to cut -ion = process

Process of removing the tissue around the head of the penis

re-

transurethral resection

trans = around urethr = urethra -al = pertaining to re = back sect = to cut -ion = process

Process of cutting back all or part of the prostate gland.

-spadias

Abbreviations: BPH:

benign prostatic hypertrophy or hyperplasia

STD’s:

sexual transmitted disease

TUR:

transurethral resection

UG

urogenital

VD

veneral disease

Female Reproductive System The primary function of the female reproductive system is the creation and support of a new life. The system consists of both internal and external organs that will be discussed after the diagram.

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Internal Components of the Female Reproductive System ¾ Ovaries (oophor/o, ovari/o) Two almond shaped glands that are located in the pelvic cavity, one on either side of the uterus. They contain thousands of sacs called graafian follicles each of which contains a single ovum or egg. These ova (oo/o, ov/o, ov/i) are the female gametes. The function of the ovary is to discharge the egg and to produce hormones. When born the female has their lifetime supply of immature eggs already present in the ovaries. When puberty arrives an egg matures and is released on approximately a monthly basis. This process is called ovulation. The ovaries regulate the menstrual cycle by releasing the hormones estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is important in the development of secondary sex characteristics such as breast development and monthly it causes the walls of the uterus to thicken so it will be prepared should an egg get fertilized. Progesterone stimulates the growth of the blood vessels in the uterus, which will be needed if the egg is fertilized once released. If there is no fertilizing of the egg this increased lining will be shed through a process called menstruation. In women the ability to reproduce ceases at some point, usually about 50 years of age, and this is referred to as menopause. ¾ Fallopian Tubes (salping/o): These tubes link the ovaries and the uterus. One end of the tube is shaped like a funnel that is referred to as infundibulum. This end also has finger like projections called fimbriae that catch the ovum when it leaves the ovary and directs it into the fallopian tube. The fallopian tube acts as the duct to convey the ovum from the ovary to the uterus and also directs the sperm after sexual intercourse from the vagina and uterus.

Fallopian Tube Ovary

Uterus Cervix

Bladder

Vagina Urethra Anus

Urethral opening

Vaginal opening

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¾ Uterus (hyster/o, metr/o, metri/o, uter/o): This is the pear shaped organ that has muscular walls that allow it to expand as the fetus or baby develops. It is held in place in the pelvic cavity by ligaments. It consists of a fundus (fund/o) that is the round bulging part above the fallopian tubes and a corpus (corp/u) that is the body. The lower portion of the uterus that extends into the vagina is the cervix (cervic/o). The walls of the uterus are made up of three layers of tissue. These layers are the: { Perimetrium (peri-) which is the outer membranous layer. { Myometrium (my/o) is the middle muscular layer. { Endometrium (end/o) is the inner layer that is made up of specialized cells. ¾ Vagina (colp/o, vagin/o) This is a muscular tube that is lined with mucous membranes and extends from the cervix to the outside of the body. It is often referred to as the “birth canal”.

Fallopian Tube

Ovary

Fimbriae

Uterus Cervix Vagina

External Components of the Female Reproductive System ¾ External genitalia or vulva (vulv/o, episi/o): This refers to the parts of the reproductive system that are outside the body and that can be seen. The components of this area are the: clitoris, labia majora, labia minora, mons pubis and Bartholin’s glands. ¾ Mammary glands (mamm/o, mast/o) Known as breasts, are the milk producing glands that develop during puberty. They are classified as part of the reproductive system and the integumentary system. Each breast consists of a series of lactiferous glands (lact/i, lact/o) that produce milk after childbirth and lactiferous ducts that direct the milk to the nipple (thel/o) for feeding.

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If there is fertilization of an egg that has been released from the ovary pregnancy results. The egg is fertilized in the fallopian tube and then travels into the uterus where it implants in the uterine wall and the fetus or baby begins to develop. A placenta develops and attaches the baby to the uterine wall. It is through the placenta that the fetus gets its nourishment and oxygen. Once the baby has fully developed (nine months) the birth process or parturition occurs. This is accomplished when the muscles of the uterus contract and push the baby out through the cervix, into the vagina and out into the world. The term gravida is used to describe the obstetrical history of the woman and a prefix attached to it to indicate the number of pregnancies there have been.

Word Parts for the Female Reproductive System Roots ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾

abort/o amni/o cervic/o colp/o, vagin/o corp/u, corpor/o culd/o cyes/i, cyes/o ejaculat/o end/o episi/o, vulv/o fet/i, fet/o fibr/o flex/o fund/o galact/o, lact/o, lact/i gravid/o gynec/o hyster/o, metr/o, metri/o, uter/o labi/o lapar/o ligat/o lute/o mamm/o, mast/o men/o, menstru/o, menstruat/o my/o nat/i olig/o oo/o, ov/o, ov/i oophor/o, ovari/o part/o

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miscarriage, abortion amion, sac where the fetus grows cervix, neck of the uterus vagina body cul-de-sac pregnancy throw, hurl out within vulva, external genitalia fetus, unborn child fibers, fibrous tissue bend base, bottom milk pregnant woman uterus lips abdomen binding, tying yellow breast menses, menstruation muscle birth scant few egg ovary labor, childbirth -162-

¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾

pelv/i perine/o py/o retr/o salping/o thel/o top/o umbilic/o

pelvis perineum pus behind, backward tube nipple place, position,location navel

Suffixes ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾

-arche -cele -cyesis -emesis -gravida -logy -metry -opsy -para -partum -salpinx -tocia, tocin -ultra

beginning hernia pregnancy vomit pregnancy study of process of measuring to view to bear, give birth labor, delivery fallopian tube labor excess, beyond

Prefixes ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾

antenulliperiprimiretro-

forward, before none surrounding first back, behind

Term Analysis and Definition Word Part

Term

Term Analysis

Definition

amni/o

amniocentesis

amni = sac in which the fetus develops -centesis = puncture to obtain fluid

Surgical puncture made to obtain fluid from the amniotic sac

cervic/o

cervicitis

cervic = cervix -itis = inflammation

Inflammation of the cervix.

colp/o,

colporrhaphy

colp = vagina

Suturing of the vagina

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Word Part

Term

vagin/o

Term Analysis

Definition

-rrhaphy = suture

colposcopy

-scopy = process of visually examining

Process of visually examining the vagina

vaginitis

vagin = vagina -itis = inflammation

Inflammation of the vagina

vaginomycosis

myc = fungus -osis = condition

Fungal infection of the vagina

culdocentesis

culd = cul-de-sac -centesis = surgical puncture to remove fluid

Surgical puncture to remove fluid from the cul-de-sac of Douglas

culdoscope

-scope = instrument to visually examine

Instrument to visually examine the cul-de-sac of Douglas

episiotomy

episi = vulva, external genitalia -tomy = Surgical incision

Surgical incision into the vulva

episiorrhaphy

-rrhaphy = suture

Suturing of the vulva

vulvectomy

vulv = vulva, external genitalia -ectomy = surgical removal

Surgical removal of the vulva

vulvorectal

rect = rectum -al = pertaining to

Pertaining to the vulva and rectum

fibr/o

fibroid

fibr = fibrous tissue -oid = like

Tissue that is similar to fiber

galact/o

galactorrhea

galact = milk -rrhea = discharge, flow

Discharge of milk from the breast after breast feeding has stopped

gynec/o

gynecologist

gynec = woman -logist = specialist

Specialist who works with diseases of women

gynecology

-logy = study of

Study of women’s diseases.

hysterectomy

hyster = uterus

Surgical removal of the uterus

culd/o

epis/o, vulv/o

hyster/o, Revised 2005-09-13

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Word Part

Term

metr/o, uter/o

Term Analysis

Definition

-ectomy = surgical removal

hysterotomy

endometrosis

endometrium

metroptosis

metrorrhagia

parametrium

perimetrium intrauterine

rectouterine

-tomy = Surgical incision endo = within metr = uterus

Surgical incision into the uterus

-osis = abnormal condition

Tissue of the inside of the uterus found in areas other than the uterus

-ium = structure

Inner wall of the uterus

-ptosis = drooping

Displacement of the uterus into the vaginal canal (uterine prolapse)

-rrhagia = burst forth

Uterine bleeding other than during the menstrual cycle

para = near, inside

Structures found beside the uterus

peri = around

Outer most wall of the uterus

intra = within uter = uterus -ine = pertaining to

Pertaining to within the uterus

recto = rectum

Pertaining to the rectum and uterus

labi/o

labial

labi = lips -al = pertaining to

Pertaining to the lips

lact/o

lactogeneis

lact = milk -genesis = production

Production of milk by the breast

lapar/o

laparoscopy

lapar = abdomen -scopy = visual examination using a scope

Visual examination of the abdomen using a scope

ligati/o

tubal ligation

tub = fallopian tube -al = pertaining to

Method of sterilization where the fallopian tubes are blocked

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Word Part

Term

Term Analysis

Definition

ligati = binding, tying -ion = process

by tying

mammary

mamm = breast -ary = pertaining to

Pertaining to the breast

mammography

-graphy = process of recording

X-ray to diagnose problems in the breast

mammoplasty

-plasty = surgical repair

Surgical repair or reconstruction of the breast

mastectomy

-ectomy = surgical removal

Surgical removal of the breast

mastopexy

-pexy = surgical fixation

Surgical fixation of the breast

amenorrhea

a = no, lack of men = menses, menstruation -rrhea = discharge

No menstruation

dysmenorrhea

dys = difficult, painful

Painful menstruation

menopause

-pause = stoppage

Stoppage of menstruation

menorrhea

-rrhea = discharge, flow

Menstrual flow

oligomenorrhea

oligo = scant

Diminished menstrual flow

nat/i

postnatal

post = after nal = birth -al = pertaining to

Pertaining to after birth

o/o, ov/o

oocyte

o = egg -cyte = cell

Egg cell

ovoid

-oid = like ov = egg

Resembling an egg

Oophororrhagia ovarian

oophor = ovary -rrhagia = burst forth oavri = ovary -ian = pertaining to

Hemorrhaging from the ovary

mamm/o, mast/o

men/o menstru/o, menstruat/o

oophor/o, ovari/o

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Pertaining to the ovary

Word Part

Term

Term Analysis

Definition

perine/o

colpoperineo -plasty

colp = vagina perine = perineum -plasty = surgical repair

Surgical repair of the vagina and perineum

salping/o, salpinx

hysterosalpingectomy

hyster = uterus salping = fallopian tube -ectomy = surgical removal

Surgical removal of the uterus and fallopian tubes

hysterosalpingogram

-gram = record

Record of the uterus and fallopian tubes

salpingopexy

-pexy = surgical fixation

Surgical fixation of the fallopian tubes

salpingooophorectomy

oophor = ovary -ectomy = surgical removal

Surgical removal of the ovary and fallopian tube

hematosalpinx

hemat = blood -salpinx = fallopian tube

Accumulation of blood in the fallopian tube

pyosalpinx

py = pus

Accumulation of pus in the fallopian tube

polythelia

poly = many thel = nipple -ia = condition

Condition of having more than one nipple per breast

thelitis

-itis = inflammation

Inflammation of the nipple

top/o

ectopic pregnancy

ec = out top = place -ic = pertaining to

Pertaining to a pregnancy that occurs outside the uterus

-arche

menarche

men = menses, menstruation -arche = beginning

Beginning of regular menstrual cycles

-cele

cystocele

cyst = bladder -cele = hernia, protrusion rect = rectum

Hernia of the bladder against the vaginal wall

thel/o

rectocele

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Hernia of the rectum against the vaginal wall

Word Part

Term

Term Analysis

Definition

-cyesis

pseudocyesis

-cyesis = pregnancy

False pregnancy

-emesis

hyperemesis gravidarum

hyper = excessive -emesis = vomit gravaridum = pregnancy

Excessive vomiting during pregnancy

-gravida

multigravida

multi = many gravida = pregnancy

Many pregnancies

nulligravida

null = none

A woman who has not been pregnant

primigravida

primi = first

A woman’s first pregnancy

-logy

cytology

cyt = cell -logy = study of

Study of cells

-metry

pelvimetry

pelv = pelvis -metry = process of measuring

Process of measuring the pelvis

-opsy

biopsy

bio = life -opsy = to view

To take living tissue and examine it to determine if there is a problem

-para

multipara

multi = multiple -para = give birth

Woman who has given birth two or more times

nullipara

nulli = none

Woman who has never given birth

primipara

primi = first

A woman who has given birth to her first baby

antepartum

ante = before -partum = delivery

Before delivery of a baby

postpartum

post = after

After delivery of a baby

-tocia, -tocin

oxytocin

oxy = sharp tocin = labor

Hormone secreted that causes sharp labor

ante-

anteflexion

ante = before flex = bending -ion = process versi = turning, tipping

Bending forward of a part of the organ

retro = back, behind

Bending back of a part of an

-partum

anteversion RetroRevised 2005-09-13

retroflexion

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Tipping forward of an organ

Word Part

Term

Term Analysis -ion = process flex= bending

retroversion

versi = turning, tipping

Abbreviations:

AB:

abortion

BBT:

basal body temperature

C-section:

cesarian section

D and C:

dilation (dilatation) and curettage

EDC:

estimated date of confinement

Grav 1:

pregnancy 1

Gyne:

gynecology

IUD:

intrauterine device

LMP:

last menstrual period

PID:

pelvic inflammatory disease

WNL:

within normal limits

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Definition organ

Tipping backward of an organ