How to Improve the Fight Against Doping

Institut für Biochemie Institute of Biochemistry How to Improve the Fight Against Doping A perspective from the German Sport University and the Insti...
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Institut für Biochemie Institute of Biochemistry

How to Improve the Fight Against Doping A perspective from the German Sport University and the Institute of Biochemistry

Wilhelm Schänzer

Cologne - 5th October 2011 1

Institut für Biochemie Institute of Biochemistry

Manfred Donike 23.8 1933 – 21.8.1995 1966 First publication dope analysis based on GC separation techniques 1969 Synthesis of MSTFA 1972 Dope testing Olympic Games Munich GC and MS 1977 Professor (appointment) Institute of Biochemistry German Sport University

1980 Member of the IOC MCsubcommission „Doping and Biochemistry“ 2

Institut für Biochemie Institute of Biochemistry

Tour de France 1967

Tom Simpson tragic death Mont Ventoux amphetamine

alcohol 3

Institut für Biochemie Institute of Biochemistry

Manfred Donike 23.8 1933 – 21.8.1995 1966 First publication dope analysis based on GC separation techniques 1969 Synthesis of MSTFA 1972 Dope testing Olympic Games Munich GC and MS 1977 Professor (appointment) Institute of Biochemistry German Sport University

1980 Member of the IOC MCsubcommission „Doping and Biochemistry“ 4

Institut für Biochemie Institute of Biochemistry

List of prohibited substances for the Olympic Games in Munich 1972 a) Stimulants b) Narcotics

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Institut für Biochemie Institute of Biochemistry

Stimulants a) Psychomotoric Stimulants e.g. Ethylamphetamine Amphetamine Benzphetamine Cocain Diäthylaminopropiophenon Dimethylamphetamine Fencamphetamine Methylamphetamine Methylphenidate Norpseudoephedrine Phendimetrazin Phenmetrazin Prolintane and related substances b) Sympathomimetic Amines e.g. Ephedrine Methylephedrine Methoxyphenamine and related substances

c) Different Substances of the Central Nervous System e.g. Amiphenazol Bemegrid Leptazol Nikethamide Strychnin and related substances

Narcotics d) Narcotics and Analgetics e.g Dextromoramide Dipipanone Heroin Methadone Morphine Pethidine and related substances

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Institut für Biochemie Institute of Biochemistry

The 2011 Prohibited List - World Anti-Doping Code Substances and Methods prohibited in competition S0 Non-approved substances and methods S1 Anabolic agents Anabol androgenic steroids (AAS) Other anabolic agents S2 Peptide hormones, growth factors and related substances S3 Beta-2 Agonists S4 Hormone antagonists and modulators S5 Diuretics and other masking agents S6 Stimulants S7 Narcotics S8 Cannabinoids S9 Glucocorticosteroids M1 Enhancement of oxygen transfer Blood doping Artificial oxygen uptake, transport or delivery M2 Chemical and physical manipulation M3 Gene doping

Substances prohibited in particular sport Alcohol, Beta-Blockers

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Institut für Biochemie Institute of Biochemistry

Detection of Testosterone misuse 1983 Testosterone / Epitestosterone T/E - ratio > 6

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Institut für Biochemie Institute of Biochemistry

1981 Opening of a new laboratory - Institute of Biochemistry at the 7th floor of the new building - German Sport University 1981 Symposium organized under participation of the Medical Commission of the IOC and the Medical Commission of the IAAF 1983 1st Cologne Workshop on Dope Analysis Next year 2012 30th Cologne Workshop on Dope Analysis “Manfred Donike Workshop for Dope Analysis”

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Institut für Biochemie Institute of Biochemistry

20th Proceedings in 2011

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Institut für Biochemie Institute of Biochemistry

World Association of Anti-Doping Scientists  Experts in dope analysis  Working in an accredited laboratory  Charing of knowledge (new substances, new methods)  Exchange of reference material

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Institut für Biochemie Institute of Biochemistry

New Doping Methods

Doping Control 12

WADA List of Prohibited Substances and Methods 2011

Institut für Biochemie Institute of Biochemistry

S0 Non-approved Substances S1 Anabolic Substances 1. Anabol Androgenic Steroids (AAS) a. Exogenous AAS: b. Endogenous AAS: 2. Other Anabolic Substances S2 Peptide Hormones

?

46 Substances 21 Substances 4 Substances

> 46 21 4

SARMs EPO + Analogs Choriogonadotropin Growth Hormone Insulin Analogs

> 20 1 1 5

?

SARMs EPO + Analogs GHRH, GHRP

LHRH

Growth factors Human Insulin IGF-1 LH

Synacthen S3 Beta-2 Agonists

6 Substances

>6

S4 Hormone Antagonists and Modulators

12 Substances

12

S5 Diuretics and other Masking Agents

18 Substances

> 18

Albumin

S6 Stimulants

63 Substances

> 63

Adrenalin

S7 Narcotics

11 Substances

> 11

S8 Cannabinoids S9 Glucocorticosteroids M1 Enhancement of Oxygen transfer M2 Chemical and Physical Manipulation M3 Gene Doping P.1 Alcohol P.2 Beta Blockers

1 Substance 16 Substances 3 Methods

1 > 16 3

dif. Techniques 2 Substances 1 Substance 19 Substances

Myostatin-Inhibitors

blood transfusion dif. Techniques

1

AICAR

AICAR

Gene Therapy

Gene Therapy

1 > 19

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Institut für Biochemie Institute of Biochemistry

Improved Analytical Techniques (especially for detection of anabolic androgenic steroids, but also for several peptides)

1995 - High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

1997 - Tandem Mass Spectrometry ... Continuous improvement in Mass Spectrometry

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Institut für Biochemie Institute of Biochemistry

High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Applied at the

- Olympic Games Atlanta 1996 - IOC accredited Dope control laboratories had to install this technique or a similar sensitive MS technique

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Institut für Biochemie Institute of Biochemistry

Identification of a Longterm Excreted Metabolite of Metandienone (anabolic steroid) - 2006 Cologne Laboratory - Additional reporting of about 53 cases for the abuse of metandienone (would have not been reported with the standard MS procedure)

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Institute of Biochemistry Dope Analyis 1972 – Olympic Games Munich Institut für Biochemie

Mass Analyser with Gaschromatograph Computer Data-System

MS Controler

MS

GC

Atlas MAT CH-5 - with On-line-Data System (left) – Gaschromatograph (right) 17

of Biochemistry Dope Analysis 2008 – Institute Routine Dope Control Institut für Biochemie

Mass Analyser with Gaschromatograph

GC

MS

Computer Data-System

GC-MS-MS Quantum (Thermo Fisher Scientific) Gaschromatograph (GC) – Mass Analyser (MS)

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Institut für Biochemie Institute of Biochemistry

Financial Support for Modern Analytical Equipment Who will pay ? How to keep 35 laboratories worldwide on a comparable level (harmonisation of analytical methods) ?

- Sport federations, Governments, WADA, IOC ?

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Institut für Biochemie Institute of Biochemistry

2002 Foundation of a Centre for Preventive Doping Research at the German Sport University Cologne - using the full scientific competence of other institutions of the German Sport University - Improvements in protein analysis - Research on new substances possibly of interest for doping purposes - appointment of a professor ship for preventive doping research (2005/2006) > Mario Thevis

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Institut für Biochemie Institute of Biochemistry

Research projects (peptide hormones)  Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs)  Synthetic insulins  IGF-1 and synthetic analogs  LH-RH  Synacthen  Growth hormone releasing hormones & metabolites  Recombinant growth hormone hGH  HEMATIDE (EPO-mimetic)  Proteases (manipulation)  Desmopressin 21

Institut für Biochemie Institute of Biochemistry

Research projects (gene doping & other)  Small interfering RNA (siRNA)  Generic screening assays (Development of for targeted and non-targeted doping control analysis)  Multi-analyte detection methods (Development particularly for peptide hormones)

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Institut für Biochemie Institute of Biochemistry

Research projects (small molecules)  Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs)  GW1516 (gene doping substance)  AICAR (gene doping substance)  Hypoxia-inducible-factor (HIF) stabilizers (“EPO mimetics“)  JWH-018 (synthetic cannabinoid)  S-107

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Institut für Biochemie Institute of Biochemistry

Centre for Preventive Doping Research at the German Sport University Cologne - Doping control and anti-doping research are working in a manner of “hand to hand“

- Highly effective anti-doping strategy - Case related research - Best model for other anti-doping research groups

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Institut für Biochemie Institute of Biochemistry

Centre for Preventive Doping Research at the German Sport University Cologne 2011

Foundation of an European Monitoring Centre for the early identification of new substances and methods having a potential for an abuse for doping purposes. supported by the Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany)

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Institut für Biochemie Institute of Biochemistry

Identification of Doping Traps  Protection of athletes  Inadvertent Doping Cases  Case related research  Contamination of Nutritional Supplements with prohormones (since 1999)  Fakes of Nutritional Supplements with anabolic steroids and stimulants  Food contamination - clenbuterol

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Institut für Biochemie Institute of Biochemistry

Summary

 Following the Cologne experience in dope control and anti-doping research we consider the situation (in Germany and several other countries) as follows:

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