Glossary reporter /pB'UGWL/ xornalista, reporteiro/a
introduction
rollerblades /'pNoLVoMXh/ patíns (de rodas) en liña
alarm clock /L'oEl YoFY/ espertador archeologist /EYi'FoLXjBgW/ arqueólogo/a author /'GeL/ autor/a
sailor /'gMoL/ mariñeiro/a salmon /'gDlLm/ salmón screen protector / 'gYpAm UpLWCYWL/ protector de pantalla
avocado /DdL'YEXN/ aguacate
secretary /'gCYpLWLpi/ secretario/a
bacon /'VMYLm/ touciño entrefebrado
skate /gYMW/ patinar
biscuit /'VBgYBW/ galleta
ski /gYA/ esquiar
broccoli / 'VpFYLoi/ brócoli
skip /gYBU/ brincar, choutar; saltar á corda
camera /'YælLpL/ cámara
skirt / gYKW/ saia
cap / YæU/ gorra, pucha
skis /gYAh/ esquís
cauliflower /'YFoicoPL/ coliflor
slide /goOX/ esvarar; escorregar
cherry /'aCpi/ cereixa
slippers / 'goBULh/ zapatillas, pantuflas, chinelas
chilli /'WiBoi/ chile
snowboard / 'gmNVGX/ táboa de snowboard
coat /YNW/ abrigo
steak /gWMY/ filete, bisté
crawl /YpGo/ arrastrarse, reptar crisps /YpBgUg/ patacas fritas / fritidas (de bolsa) dentist / 'XCmWBgW/ dentista
suitcase /'gIWYMg/ maleta toast / WLHgW/ torrada toothbrush / 'WIeVpJi/ cepillo de dentes
detective / XB'WCYWBd/ detective
toothpaste / 'WIeUCBgW/ pasta de dentes, dentífrico
director / XL'pCYWL/ director/a
torch /WGa/ lanterna
earrings /'KmBnh/ pendentes
towel /'WPLo/ toalla
elbow pads /'CoVLH UDXh/ cobadeiras
tracksuit /'WpDYgIW/ chándal
electrician /BoCY'WpBim/ electricista
trainers /'WpMmLh/ zapatillas de deporte, tenis
flash /coæi/ flash
tuna /'WqImL/ atún
gloves /ZoJdh/ luvas
waiter /'rMWL/ camareiro
goggles /'ZFZoh/ lentes de mergullo
watch /rFa/ ver; mirar, observar, reparar
golf club /'ZFoc YoJV/ pau de golf hang / kæn/ pendurar, colgar
unit 1
headset /'kCXgCW/ auriculares, cascos helmet / 'kColBW/ casco
alley /'Doi/ calella, canella
hop / kFU/ choutar / brincar, dar choutos / brincos
amusement park /L'lqIhlLmW UEY/ parque de atraccións
ice skates /'Og gYMWg/ patíns de xeo
billboard / 'VBoVGX/ cartel, valado publicitario
jog / bFZ/ facer footing
bridge /VpBXj/ ponte
keypad /'YAUDX/ teclado numérico
bury / 'VCpi/ soterrar, enterrar
kneepads /'mAUDXh/ xeonlleiras
campsite / 'YælUgOW/ cámping
leap /oAU/ saltar, choutar, brincar
captivity / YæU'WBdLWi/ cativerio
leggings /'oCZBnh/ mallas, leggings
cash machine /'YDi lLiAm/ caixeiro automático
lemonade / oClL'mCBX/ limoada
castle /'YEgo/ castelo
magician / lL'XhjBim/ mago/a memory card /'lClLpi YEX/ tarxeta de memoria milkshake /'lBoYiMY/ batido muesli /'lqIhoi/ muesli (cereal para o almorzo) nuts /mJWg/ noces photo gallery /'cNWN ZDoLpi/ galería de fotos prawns / UpGmh/ gambas pull /UHo/ tirar / turrar de
damage / 'XDlBXj/ dano(s), estrago(s) entrance / 'CmWpLmg/ entrada escalator / 'CgYLoCBWL/ escaleira mecánica exit / 'CYgBW/ saída
omelette / 'FloLW/ tortilla plumber / 'UoJlL/ fontaneiro/a
convent / 'YFmdLmW/ convento
fence / cCmg/ valado, cerca fountain / 'cPmWLm/ fonte gate /ZMW/ porta graveyard / 'ZpCBdqEX/ cemiterio
Action! ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
1
Glossary jewellery /'bILopi/ xoias, alfaias
gross /ZpNg/ ordinario/a; basto/a
knowledge /'mFoBb/ coñecemento
grow into /ZpN 'BmWI/ converterse / transformarse en
lift / oBcW/ ascensor litter / 'oBWL/ lixo
hysterical /kB'gWCpBYo/ graciosísimo/a, esmendrellante (~ with laughter: morto/a / esmendrellado/a de risa)
locate / oN'YMW/ localizar, atopar
imaginative / B'lDbBmLWBd/ imaxinativo/a
look for /'oHY cG/ procurar, buscar
infect / Bm'cCYW/ contaxiar
market / 'lEYBW/ mercado
mean / lAm/ ruín, mesquiño/a, coreño/a
monument / 'lFmqHlLmW/ monumento
nasty /'mEgWi/ desagradábel, cruel
newsagent’s / 'mqIhMbLmWg/ tenda / quiosco de prensa
neighbouring / 'mMVLpBn/ veciño/a, próximo/a
nun /mJm/ monxa
nervous / 'mKdLg/ nervioso/a
pavement /'UMdlLmW/ beirarrúa
nosey /'mNhi/ entremetido/a
petrol station /'UCWpLo gWMim/ gasolineira
on and off /'Fm LmX Fc/ aos poucos, de maneira intermitente
port /UGW/ porto
organised /'GZLmOhX/ organizado/a
pub /UJV/ pub, bar public transport /UJVoBY 'WpæmgUGW/ transporte público realise / 'pALoOh/ decatarse de
private / 'UpOdLW/ reservado/a
remain / pB'lCBm/ seguir a ser
ridiculous / pB'XBYqLoLg/ ridículo/a
search for /'gKa cL/ procurar, buscar signpost /'gOmUNgW/ sinal, indicación, letreiro skyscraper /'gYOgYpMUL/ rañaceos
rude / pIX/ maleducado/a, groseiro/a sensitive /'gCmgLWBd/ sensíbel spread / gUpCX/ estenderse, propagarse, espallarse
staircase /'gWSYMg/ escaleira
unfair /Jm'cS/ inxusto/a
streetlamp / 'gWpAWoDlU/ farol
weird /rBLX/ raro/a, estraño/a
tiny /'WOmi/ diminuto/a, minúsculo/a tower / 'WPL/ torre traffic jam /'WpDcBY bDl/ atasco, atoamento tunnel /'WJmo/ túnel
unit 3 achieve /L'WiAd/ acadar, lograr, conseguir
worth of /'rKe Ld/ de; que vale(n) youth hostel /'qIe kFgWo/ pousada xuvenil
admire /LX'lOL/ admirar break a record / VpMY L 'pCYGX/ superar unha marca compete /YLl'UAW/ competir
unit 2
complain /YLl'UoMm/ queixarse
amusing /L'lqIhBn/ divertido/a, gracioso/a annoying / L'mQBn/ molesto/a, irritante behaviour / VB'kMdqL/ comportamento, conduta boarding school /'VGXBn gYIo/ internado brilliant /'VpBoiLmW/ brillante, xenial careless / 'YCLoLg/ desleixado/a, descoidado/a, que non ten coidado childish /'WiOoXBi/ infantil
contribute /YLm'WpBVqIW/ contribuír, colaborar, achegar; escribir convince /YLm'dBmg/ convencer cut back /YJW 'VDY/ reducir, minguar (o consumo) defeat /XB'cAW/ vencer, derrotar, superar drop out /XpFU 'PW/ abandonar, deixar earn money /Km 'lJmi/ gañar cartos encourage / Bm'YJpBb/ animar; estimular, fomentar enter / 'CmWL/ participar en (~ into: apuntar / inscribir en)
clumsy /'YoJlhi/ torpe, tardo/a, romo/a
fail / cMo/ fracasar, fallar; suspender
depressing / XB'UpCgBn/ deprimente embarrassing /Bl'VDpLgBn/ embarazoso/a, violento/a emotional /B'lNiLmo/ emotivo/a, sentimental enjoyable /Bm'bQLVo/ agradábel, divertido/a entertaining /CmWL'WCBmBn/ entretido/a, ameno/a fair / cCL/ xusto/a
pessimistic /UCgB'lBgWBY/ pesimista polite / UL'oOW/ educado/a, cortés; de boa educación
record /pC'YGX/ rexistrar
event /B'dCmW/ acontecemento
outgoing / 'PWZNBn/ extrovertido/a, sociábel
fight /cOW/ loitar, pelexar footwork / 'cHWrKY/ xogo de pernas get a job /ZCW L 'bFV/ acadar un traballo / emprego get an education /ZCW Dm CXjH'YMim/ formarse, recibir (unha) educación give up /ZBd 'JU/ renderse, abandonar
Action! ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
2
Glossary give your word /ZBd qG 'rKX/ dar a túa palabra improve /Bl'UpId/ mellorar
greenhouse gases /'ZpAmkPg ZDgBh/ gases de efecto invernadoiro
inspire /Bm'gUOL/ inspirar
habitat /'kDVBWDW/ hábitat
mainland /'lMmoæmX/ terra firme
highlight / 'kOoOW/ punto (máis) importante
participate /UE'WBgBUCBW/ participar
huge / kqIb/ enorme, inmenso/a
pass a subject /UEg L 'gJVbBYW/ aprobar unha materia
industrial waste /Bm'XJgWpiLo rMgW/ refugo(s), residuo(s) industrial(ais)
perform / UL'cGl/ render; desempeñar, cumprir pitch /UBWi/ campo, cancha
jar / bE/ tarro, bote jellyfish /'bCoicBi/ augamar
poll /UNo/ votación; enquisa
key /YA/ clave
rate /pMW/ valorar, puntuar
landfill /'oDmXcBo/ vertedoiro (de lixo)
recommend /pCYL'lCmX/ recomendar
metal / 'lCWo/ (de) metal
refuse / pB'cqIh/ negarse remind /pB'lOmX/ lembrar, acordarse de request / pB'YrCgW/ pedir, solicitar skip classes /gYBU 'YoEgBh/ saltar, latar ás clases spend money /gUCmX 'lJmi/ gastar cartos
nylon / 'mOoFm/ nailon overfishing / NdL'cBiBn/ pesca abusiva ozone layer /'NhNm oCBL/ capa de ozono packet /'UDYBW/ caixa, bolsa
succeed /gLY'gAX/ ter éxito, triunfar; acadar, lograr, conseguir; tirar, sacar boas cualificacións
paper / 'UMUL/ (de) papel
take an exam /WMY Dm BZ'hDl/ facer un exame
pollution / UL'oIim/ contaminación
tell a lie /WCo L 'oO/ dicir / contar unha mentira
recycling plant /pA'gOYoBn UoEmW/ planta de reciclaxe
tell the truth /WCo fL 'WpIe/ dicir / contar a verdade
rubber /'pJVL/ (de) goma
tournament /'WTmLlLmW/ torneo
toilet paper /'WQoLW UMUL/ papel hixiénico
plastic /'UoDgWBY/ (de) plástico
weigh /rM/ pesar wildlife /'rOoXoOc/ fauna
unit 4 biodegradable /VONXA'ZpOXLVo/ biodegradábel blow /VoN/ facer voar bottle /'VFWo/ botella
wood / rHX/ (de) madeira wool /rHo/ (de) la
unit 5
bowl / VLHo/ cunca box / VFs/ caixa
accept /LY'gCUW/ aceptar
can / Yæm/ lata
agree / L'ZpA/ consentir, aceptar; estar de acordo, concordar
carbon footprint /YEVLm 'cHWUpBmW/ pegada de carbono cardboard /'YEXVGX/ (de) cartón carton / 'YEWm/ caixa, envase de cartón climate change /'YoOlLW aMmb/ cambio climático cloth / YoFe/ (de) tea cold-blooded / YNoX'VoJXBX/ de sangue frío collection bank /YL'oCYim VDnY/ banco de recollida credit / 'YpCXBW/ saldo
approve / L'UpId/ aprobar, autorizar, outorgar / dar permiso blame /VoMl/ culpar, botar a culpa (a) break my heart /'VpMY lO kEW/ romperme o corazón break up /VpMY 'JU/ romper (unha relación) chemistry /'YClBgWpi/ química control / YLm'WpNo/ controlar criticise /'YpBWBgOh/ criticar
cup /YJU/ taza; copa deforestation / XAcFpB'gWCBim/ deforestación, despoboación forestal energy efficient / 'CmLbi BcBimW/ enerxeticamente eficiente, de baixo consumo exchange / BYg'WiMmb/ intercambiar
disagree / XBgL'ZpA/ non estar de acordo, discrepar, diverxer disapprove / XBgL'UpId/ desaprobar, estar en contra disease /XB'hAh/ enfermidade, doenza exclude /BY'gYoIX/ excluír fall in love /cGo Bm 'oJd/ namorarse
exhibition /CYgB'VBim/ exposición factory farming /'cæYWpi cElBn/ cría intensiva glass / ZoEg/ vaso; copa; (de) vidro / cristal global warming /ZoNVo 'rGlBn/ quecemento global
get along /ZCW L'oFn/ levarse (ben) get engaged /ZCW Bm'ZMbX/ prometerse get married /ZCW 'lDpiX/ casar get to know /ZCW WL 'mN/ (chegar a) coñecer
Action! ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
3
Glossary go out /ZLH 'PW/ saír
murderer / 'lKXLpL/ asasino/a, homicida
gossip /'ZFgBU/ lerchear
play a role /'UoM L pLHo/ desempeñar / ter un papel
hurt people’s feelings /kKW UAUoh 'cAoBnh/ ferir os sentimentos da xente
prison cell /'UpBhm gCo/ cela (do cárcere / prisión) prisoner /'UpBhmL/ preso/a
imitate /'BlBWCBW/ imitar; copiar
release (n) / pB'oAg/ liberación, posta en liberdade
include / Bm'YoIX/ incluír
release (v) /pB'oAg/ liberar; emitir
influence /'BmcoHLmg/ influenciar, influír en
robbery /'pFVLpi/ roubo
make friends /lCBY 'cpCmXh/ facer amigos
run away /pJm L'rCB/ fuxir, escapar
make up /lCBY 'JU/ facer as paces, reconciliar(se), avir(se)
scan /gYDm/ examinar
meaningful /'lAmBnco/ que ten sentido
search / gKa/ procurar, buscar, rexistrar
nothing in common /mJeBn Bm 'YFlLm/ nada en común
security guard /gB'YqHLpLWi ZEX/ garda de seguranza / seguridade
obey /L'VM/ obedecer
sentence /'gCmWLmg/ condena
outlook /'PWoHY/ punto de vista, perspectiva
solve / gFod/ resolver, solucionar
react /pi'DYW/ reaccionar
steal / gWAo/ roubar
rely on /pB'oO Fm/ confiar en, fiarse de; contar con
suspect /'gJgUCYW/ sospeitoso/a
share my feelings /iS lO 'cAoBnh/ compartir os meus sentimentos
thief / eAc/ ladrón/oa/ladra
star /gWE/ protagonizar, ter o papel principal
transfer / WpDmg'cK/ pasar, trasladar
stay in touch /gWM Bm 'WJWi/ permanecer / manterse en contacto support / gL'UGW/ apoiar
track /WpDY/ seguir a pista a, rastrexar uncover /Jm'YJdL/ descubrir verdict / dKXBYW/ sentenza; veredicto victim /'dBYWBl/ vítima
take after /WMY 'EcWL/ parecerse / saír a
weapon / 'rCULm/ arma
trust / WpJgW/ fiarse de, confiar en
witness / 'rBWmLg/ testemuña
unit 6
unit 7
alarm /L'oEl/ alarma
absorb /LV'gGV/ absorber
arrest / L'pCgW/ arrestar, deter
analyse /'DmLoOh/ analizar
bone /VNm/ óso break into /VpMY 'BmWL/ meterse en (sen permiso), irromper capture / 'YæUWiL/ capturar, apresar cell tower /'gCo WPL/ antena de telefonía móbil chase / aMg/ perseguir
artificial /EWB'cBio/ artificial atom /'DWLl/ átomo bright / VpOW/ brillante, prometedor cell / gCo/ célula cloning / 'YoNmBn/ clonación detect / XB'WCYW/ detectar; percibir
clue /YoI/ pista, indicio
electric / B'oCYWpBY/ eléctrico/a
court /YGW/ tribunal, xulgado
experiment / BY'gUCpBlCmW/ experimento
criminal /'YpBlBmo/ criminal demonstration / XClLm'gWpMim/ manifestación escape /B'gYMU/ escapar, fuxir
filter / 'cBoWL/ filtrar fluorescent / coG'pCgmW/ fluorescente glow /ZoN/ brillar, escintilar, resplandecer
evidence /'CdBXLmg/ proba(s); testemuño
hybrid /'kOVpBX/ híbrido
fingerprint / 'cBnZLUpBmW/ pegada dactilar
illuminate / B'oIlBmMW/ iluminar
footprint / 'cHWUpBmW/ pegada, pisada
laser / 'oCBhL/ láser
gadget / 'ZDbBW/ aparello
liquid /'oBYrBX/ líquido
give back /ZBd 'VDY/ devolver, volver
measure / 'lCjL/ medir
hack / kæY/ piratear; picar investigate /Bm'dCgWBZCBW/ investigar, pescudar law /oG/ lei; dereito life sentence /'oOc gCmWLmg/ cadea perpetua
microbe /'lOYpNV/ microbio mutation /lqI'WMim/ mutación particle /'UEWBYo/ partícula
Action! ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
4
Glossary path /UEe/ camiño, vieiro, sendeiro
ritual /'pBaHLo/ ritual; rito
project / UpL'XjCYW/ proxectar
spice / gUOg/ especia
prove / UpId/ demostrar, probar
stereotype / 'gWCpiLWOU/ estereotipo
radioactive /pMXiN'DYWBd/ radioactivo/a
superstition /gIUL'gWBim/ superstición
reflect / pB'coCYW/ reflectir
symbol /'gBlVo/ símbolo
remote control / pBlNW YLm'WpNo/ mando a distancia; control remoto
trend / WpCmX/ tendencia, moda
replace with / pB'UoMg rBf/ substituír / cambiar por
underdeveloped / JmXLXB'dCoLUW/ subdesenvolto/a, en vías de desenvolvemento
research / pB'gKa/ investigación, pescuda
values /'dæoqIh/ valores
sense / gCmg/ presentir, percibir, notar
village /'dBoBb/ vila, aldea
silk / gBoY/ seda
wedding / 'rCXBn/ voda
sit / gBW/ estar situado/a, atoparse
wedding ceremony /'rCXBn gCpLlLmi/ cerimonia nupcial
solid / 'gFoBX/ sólido stick / gWBY/ apegar(se)
unit 9
transmit / WpDmg'lBW/ transmitir
advanced /LX'dEmgW/ avanzado/a, adiantado/a
vibrate / dO'VpMW/ vibrar
available / L'dMoLVo/ dispoñíbel
X-ray /'CYgpM/ raio-X; radiografía
candle /'YæmXo/ candea convenient / YLm'dAmBLmW/ práctico/a, útil; acaído/a, cómodo/a
unit 8 advice /LX'dOg/ consellos
deodorant /XB'LHXLpLmW/ desodorizante
appreciation / LUpAii'CBim/ agradecemento, gratitude
disposable / XB'gUNhLVo/ refugábel, de usar e tirar
area / 'CLpiL/ zona, área; rexión
economical /AYL'mFlBYo/ económico/a
belief /VB'oAc/ crenza
ethical /'CeBYo/ ético/a, honrado/a
border /'VGXL/ fronteira, límite
feared / cRX/ temido/a
button /'VJWm/ botón
fork /cGY/ garfo
celebration /gCoB'VpMim/ celebración
inexpensive /BmBY'gUCmgBd/ económico/a
ceremony /'gCpLlLmi/ cerimonia
invest / Bm'dCgW/ investir
coast /YNgW/ costa
key ring /'YA pBn/ chaveiro
coastal /'YNgWo/ costeiro/a
knife /mOc/ coitelo
community /YL'lqImLWi/ comunidade
life-saving /'oOcgMdBn/ salvavidas, de salvamento
countryside /'YJmWpigOX/ campo
light bulb /'oOW VJoV/ lámpada
culture shock / 'YJoWiL iFY/ choque cultural
matches /'læWiBh/ mistos
custom /'YJgWLl/ costume
mouthwash /'lPerFi/ enxaugadura bucal
developed / XB'dCoLUW/ desenvolto/a
original /L'pBbLmo/ orixinal
festival / 'cCgWBdo/ festa, festividade
overpriced / NdL'UpOgW/ caro/a de máis
folklore / 'cNYoG/ folclore
plate /UoMW/ prato
gift /ZBcW/ agasallo, galano, doazón
profitable /'UpFcBWLVo/ rendíbel
greeting /'ZpAWBn/ saúdo
purpose /'UKULg/ propósito, obxectivo
historic /kB'gWFpBY/ histórico/a
refuse /pB'cqIh/ rexeitar; negarse
inland / 'BmoDmX/ (do) interior
scissors /'gBhLh/ tesoiras
major / 'lMbL/ principal, máis importante
serviette / gKdi'CW/ pano de mesa
mountainous /'lPmWLmLg/ montañoso/a
ship /iBU/ enviar, mandar, levar
move away /lId L'rM/ irse, marchar
simple /'gBlUo/ sinxelo/a, simple
notice /'mNWBg/ notar, reparar en, decatarse de
spoon / gUIm/ culler
population /UFUqH'oMim/ poboación
tissue /'WBiI/ pano de papel
procession /UpL'gCim/ desfile; procesión
unethical / Jm'CeBYo/ pouco ético/a
public holiday /UJVoBY 'kFoLXM/ festa nacional / oficial
vaccine / 'dDYgAm/ vacina
religion / pB'oBbLm/ relixión
valuable /'dæoqHLVo/ valioso/a Action! ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
5
Speaking Glossary introduction Exchanging Personal Information Hi, I’m (Olivia). /'kO Ol FoBdqJ/ Ola, son (Olivia). Where do you live? /rCL XL qI 'oBd/Onde vives? I live on (Oak Street). /O oBd Fm 'NY gWpAW/Vino en (a rúa Oak). What about you? /rFW LVPW 'qI/ E ti? How many brothers and sisters have you got? /'kP lCmi VpJfLh LmX gBgWLh kDd qI ZFW/ Cantos irmáns e irmás tes? I’ve got (one sister). /Od ZFW 'rJm gBgWL/ Teño (unha irmá). Have you got any pets? /kDd qI ZFW Cmi 'UCWg/ Tes algunha mascota? Yes, I have. /'qCg O kDd/ Teño. / Si. I’ve got a (dog). /Od ZFW L 'XFZ/ Teño (un can). His name’s (Spot). /kBh mMlh 'gUFW/ Chámase (Spot).
Classroom Language How do you pronounce this word? /'kP XL qI UpLmPmg fBg rKX/ Como se pronuncia esta palabra? What’s the material for the exam? /'rFWg fL lLWBLpiLo cL fL BZhDl/ Que materia entra no exame? Can I borrow your dictionary? /'YDm O VFpN qG XBYiLmpi/ Podo collerche prestado o dicionario? How much time have we got? /'kP lJa WOl kDd rA ZFW/ Canto tempo temos? When is the homework due? /'rCm Bh fL kNlrKY XqI/ Para cando son os deberes?
unit 1 Getting Around I’d like to book (two) plane tickets to (Berlin). /OX oOY WL VHY 'WI UoCBm WBYBWg WL VKoBm/ Gustaríame reservar (dous) billetes de avión para (Berlín). Would you like full board or just breakfast? /rHX qI oOY 'cHo VGX G bJgW VpCYcLgW/ Quería pensión completa ou só almorzo? Excuse me. How do I get to the (bridge)? /BY'gYqIg lA kP XI O ZCW WI fL VpBXj/ Desculpe. Como podo chegar á (ponte)? Take the (second) turning on your (left). /WMY fL 'gCYLmX WKmBn Fm qG oCcW/ Colla a (segunda) á (esquerda). I’d like to reserve a (single) room. /OX oOY WL pBhKd L 'gBno pIl/ Gustaríame reservar un cuarto (sinxelo). Would that be return or one way? /rHX fDW VA pB'WKm G rJm rM/ Sería de ida e volta ou só ida? Go straight to the corner of (Oak Street). /ZLH 'gWpMW WL fL YGmL Ld NY gWpAW/ Vaia dereito até a esquina con / de (a rúa Oak). When would you like to fly? /rCm rLX qI oOY WL 'coO/ Cando quería voar? The (bridge) will be on your (right). /fL VpBXj rBo VA Fm qG 'pOW/ (A ponte) estará á (dereita). What’s your return date? /rFWg qG pB'WKm XMW/ Cal é a súa data de volta? How can I help you? /'kP YLm O kCoU qI/ En que podo axudalo/a? OK, then what? /NYM 'fCm rFW/ Vale, daquela, que?
Talking About Past Activities Where did you go? /'rCL XBX qI ZLH/ A onde fuches / fostes? How did you get there? /'kP XBX qI ZCW fCL/ Como chegaches / chegastes alí? Did you do anything interesting? /XBX qI XI CmieBn 'BmWpLgWBn/ Fixeches / Fixestes algunha cousa interesante? What did you do first? /'rFW XBX qI XI cKgW/ Que fixeches / fixestes primeiro? First, we (walked across Tower Bridge). /'cKgW rA rGYX LYpFg WPL VpBXj/ Primeiro, (cruzamos a Ponte da Torre). What did you do after that? /'rFW XBX qI XI EcWL fDW/ Que fixeches / fixestes logo (diso)? After that, we (visited Camden Lock Market). /EcWL 'fDW rA dBhBWBX YælXLm oFY lEYBW/ Logo (diso), (visitamos o mercado de Camden). Did you have a good time? /'XBX qI kDd L ZHX WOl/ Pasáchelo / Pasástelo ben? Action! ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
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Speaking Glossary
unit 2 Talking About a Funny Incident Did anyone see it? /XBX CmBrJm 'gA BW/ Alguén o viu? What happened? /rFW 'kDULmX/ Que pasou / ocorreu / sucedeu? How did (she) react? /kP XBX iA pi'DYW/ Como reaccionou (ela)? Can you believe that? /YLm qI VB'oAd fæW/ Pódelo crer? What were you doing when it happened? /rFW rK qI 'XIBn rCm BW kDULmX/ Que estabas / estabades a facer cando pasou / ocorreu / sucedeu? What are you laughing about? /rFW E qI 'oEcBn LVPW/ De que estás a rirte/ estades a rirvos? Really? /'pALoi/ De verdade? That’s (hysterical)! /fDWg kB'gWCpBYo/ É (esmendrellante)! I agree. /O L'ZpA/ Estou de acordo. I’m sorry I wasn’t there! /Ol 'gFpi O rFhmW fCL/ Sinto que non estivera alí!
Telling a Story One day, I was (walking the dog). /'rJm XM O rFh rGYBn fL XFZ/ Un día (eu) estaba (a pasear no can). I was (eating) when suddenly I (saw some birds). /O rFh AWBn rCm 'gJXLmoi O gG gLl VKXh/ (Eu) Estaba (a comer) cando de súpeto (vin uns paxaros). I don’t believe it! /O XNmW VB'oAd BW/ Non o creo! It’s true! /BWg 'WpI/ É verdade / certo! What did you do? /rFW XBX qI 'XI/ Que fixeches / fixestes? At first, (I just stood there). /LW 'cKgW O bJgW gWHX fS/ Ao comezo, (só quedei alí de pé). But then, (I started taking pictures). /VLW fCm O gWEWBX WMYBn 'UBYaLh/ Mais logo, (comecei a tirar fotos). That sounds amazing. /fDW gPmXh L'lMhBn/ Parece incríbel. No way! /mN 'rM/ De ningún xeito / ningunha maneira!
unit 3 Talking About Goals and Achievements I’ve always wanted to (go on a safari). /Od 'GorCBh rFmWBX WL ZLH Fm L gLcEpi/ Sempre quixen (ir de safari). I’ve never been to (Africa). /Od 'mCdL VAm WL DcpBYL/ Nunca estiven en (África). I can’t imagine (practising three times a week). /O YEmW B'læbBm UpæYWBgBn epA WOlh L rAY/ Non podo imaxinarme (practicando tres veces á semana). I can’t believe (I’ve passed the maths test). /O YEmW VB'oAd Od UEgW fL lDeg WCgW/ Non podo crer (que aprobase o exame de matemáticas). I can’t believe it either. /'O YEmW VBoAd BW OfL/ Eu tampouco podo crelo. How did you do it? /kP XBX qI 'XI BW/ Como o fixeches / fixestes? Well, it definitely helped. /rCo BW 'XCcBmLWoi kCoUW/ Ben, sen dúbida (iso) axudou. Well done! /rCo 'XJm/ Ben feito! Good for you! /'ZHX cL qI/ Ben por ti! Have you ever been to (Africa)? /kDd qI 'CdL VAm WL DcpBYL/ Estiveches algunha vez en (África)? No, I haven’t, but I’d love to go. /mN O kDdmW VJW OX 'oJd WL ZLH/ Non, pero encantaríame ir.
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Speaking Glossary Talking About People We Admire How did she get started? /kP XBX iA ZCW 'gWEWBX/ Como comezou? What made her famous? /rFW lMX kL 'cCBlLg/ Que a fixo famosa? What else has she done? /rFW 'Cog kLh iA XJm/ Que máis fixo? What has she achieved? /rFW kLh iA L'WiAdX/ Que logrou / conseguiu? How does she inspire people? /kP XJh iA Bm'gUOL UAUo/ Como inspira á xente? Why do people admire her? /rO XI UAUo LX'lOL kL/ Por que a admira a xente? Her (first album) made her famous. /kL cKgW DoVLl lMX kL 'cCBlLg/ O seu (primeiro álbum / disco) fíxoa famosa. Her parents encouraged her to (sing). /kL UCLpLmWg BmYJpBbX kL WL 'gBn/ Os seus pais animárona a (cantar). They admire her for (her talent). /fM LX'lOL kL cL kL WDoLmW/ Admírana por (o seu talento). She makes people want to (work harder). /iA lMYg UAUo rFmW WL rKY 'kEXL/ Fai que a xente queira (traballar máis).
unit 4 Giving an Opinion I don’t see it that way. /O XNmW 'gA BW fDW rM/ Eu non o vexo así. I can’t argue with that. /O YEmW 'EZqI rBf fDW/ Non o discuto. I suppose you’re right. /O gL'ULHh qHL pOW/ Supoño que tes / tendes razón. You’ve got a point. /qId ZFW L 'UQmW/ Tes razón. I’m sorry, but I disagree. /Ol gFpi VLW O XBgL'ZpA/ Síntoo, pero non estou de acordo. In my opinion, (factory farming) is quite important. /Bm lO LUBmqLm cæYWpi cElBn Bh YrOW Bl'UGWmW/ Na miña opinión / A meu entender, (a cría intensiva) é bastante importante. I think it’s terrible. /O eBnY BWg 'WCpLVo/ Coido que é terríbel. Why do you say that? /rO XI qI 'gM fDW/ Por que dis / dicides eso? There are other options. /fCL L 'JfL FUimh/ Hai outras opcións. So what’s your solution? /gN rFWg qG gL'oIim / E / Pois cal é a túa solución?
Describing a Process First, (glass bottles are filled with fizzy drink). /'cKgW ZoEg VFWoh E cBoX rBf cBhi XpBnY/ Primeiro, (as botellas de vidro énchense de refresco). After that, (the used bottles are collected). /EcWL 'fDW fL qIhX VFWoh E YLoCYWBX/ Despois (diso), (recóllense as botellas usadas). Then, (the bottles are cleaned and refilled with fizzy drinks). /'fCm fL VFWoh E YoAmX LmX pAcBoX rBf cBhi XpBns/ Logo, (límpanse as botellas e énchense de refrescos). Finally, (they are sent to the shops again). /'cOmLoi fM E gCmW WL fL iFUg LZCm/ Para rematar, (envíanse ás tendas outra vez).
unit 5 Talking About Hopes and Wishes I hope I’ll (get married one day). /O 'kNU Oo ZCW lDpiX rJm XM/ Agardo (casar un día). I wish I could (study art). /O 'rBi O YLX gWJXi EW/ Oxalá puidese (estudar arte). I’d love to (study art). /OX 'oJd WL gWJXi EW/ Encantaríame (estudar arte). I’d like to (go to university). /OX 'oOY WL ZLH WL qImBdKgLWi/ Gustaríame (ir á universidade). Hopefully, I’ll (have two children). /'kNUcLoi Oo kDd WI WiBoXpLm/ Agardo (ter dous fillos). What are your hopes for the future? /rFW E qG kNUg cL fL 'cqIaL/ Cales son as túas esperanzas para o futuro? Do you want to (have children)? /XL qI rFmW WL kDd 'WiBoXpLm/ Queres (ter fillos)? What would you like to do there? /rFW rHX qI oOY WL 'XI fCL/ Que che gostaría facer alí? What about you? /rFW LVPW 'qI/ E a ti? I don’t think that will happen. /O 'XNmW eBnY fDW rBo kæULm/ Coido que iso non pasará. Action! ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
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Speaking Glossary Talking About Problems I’m afraid (I won’t make friends at my new school). /Ol L'cpCBX O rNmW lCBY cpCmXh DW lO mqI gYIo/ Sospeito que (non farei amigos no meu novo colexio). I don’t know what to do about (my friend). /O 'XNmW mN rFW WL XI LVPW lO cpCmX/ Non sei que facer con (o meu amigo). The problem is, (I often fight with my brothers). /fL 'UpFVoLl Bh O Fcm cOW rBf lO VpJfLh/ O problema é que (pelexo a miúdo cos meus irmáns). I don’t feel like (my parents trust me). /O 'XNmW cAo oOY lO UCLpLmWg WpJgW lA/ Sinto / Coido que (meus pais non se fían de / confían en min). I think (my friends are gossiping about me). /O 'eBnY lO cpCmXh E ZFgBUBn LVPW lA/ Coido que (os meus amigos están a lerchear sobre min). I’m sorry to hear that. /Ol 'gFpi WL kBL fDW/ Sinto oír iso. You should (talk to them). /qI iLX 'WGY WL fCl/ Debería(s) (falar con eles/as). I’m sure you will. /Ol 'iHL qI rBo/ Estou certo de que si. That’s too bad. /fDWg 'WI VDX/ É unha mágoa / pena. My advice is (to talk to her). /lO 'LXdOg Bh WL WGY WL kL/ O meu consello é (falar con ela). I understand. /O JmXL'gWDmX/ Enténdo(o). What a shame. /rFW L 'iMl/ Que mágoa / pena.
unit 6 Interviewing What exactly happened? /rFW BZ'hDYWoi kDULmX/ Que pasou / ocorreu / sucedeu exactamente? Where were you at the time? /rCL 'rL qI DW fL WOl/ Onde estaba(s) nese momento? Can you describe the suspect? /'YDm qI XBgYpOV fL gJgUCYW/ Pode(s) describir ao / á sospeitoso/a? What did you do when you saw him? /'rFW XBX qI XI rCm qI gG kBl/ Que fixeches / fixo cando o viches / viu? Did anyone else witness the crime? /XBX 'CmBrJm Cog rBWmLg fL YpOl/ Alguén máis presenciou / foi testemuña do delito? What happened next? /rFW kDULmX 'mCYgW/ Que pasou / ocorreu / sucedeu a continuación? Did you see anything else? /XBX qI gA 'CmieBn Cog/ Viches / Viu algo máis?
Reporting the News What is the news article about? /rFW Bh fL 'mqIh EWBYo LVPW/ De que trata o artigo / a nova? What do we know about the suspect? /rFW XI rA mN LVPW fL 'gJgUCYW/ Que sabemos do / da sospeitoso/a? What did the witness say? /rFW XBX fL 'rBWmLg gM/ Que di a testemuña? How did the suspect react? /kP XBX fL 'gJgUCYW piDYW/ Como reaccionou o/a sospeitoso/a? What did the victim say? /rFW XBX fL 'dBYWBl gM/ Que dixo a vítima? (A shop owner) said that (someone was stealing rolls). /L iFU NmL gCX fDW 'gJlrJm rLh gWAoBn pNoh/ (O / A dono/a dunha tenda) dixo que (alguén estaba a roubar boliños de pan). It looks like (the suspect wasn’t a very clever thief). /BW oHYg oOY fL gJgUCYW rFhmW L dCpi 'YoCdL eAc/ Seica (o sospeitoso non era un ladrón moi listo). According to (the witness, a boy was at the crime scene). /LYGXBn WL fL 'rBWmLg L VQ rLh DW fL YpOl gAm/ Segundo (a testemuña, había un rapaz na escena do crime). Apparently, there was (a robbery on Elm Street). /L'UDpLmWoi fCL rLh L pFVLpi Fm Col gWpAW/ Polo visto / Segundo parece, houbo (un roubo na rúa Elm). It seems that (three prisoners have escaped from prison). /BW gAlh fDW 'epA UpBhmLh kDd BgYMUW cpLl UpBhm/ Seica (tres presos fuxiron / fugáronse do cárcere).
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Speaking Glossary
unit 7 Expressing Possibility and Certainty I’m sure. /Ol 'iHL/ Estou certo/a. That’s possible. /fDWg 'UFgLVo/ (Iso) É posíbel. Definitely. /'XCcBmLWoi/ Xaora / Por suposto / Sen dúbida. I doubt it. /O 'XPW BW/ Dubídoo. There’s a good chance. /fCLh L 'ZHX aEmg/ Hai unha boa oportunidade / ocasión. Probably not. /'UpFVLVoi mFW/ Probabelmente non. Probably. /'UpFVLVoi/ Probabelmente. Definitely not. /'XCcBmLWoi mFW/ Por suposto / Abofé que non. I’m not sure. /Ol mFW 'iHL/ Non estou certo/a. That’s not possible. /fDWg mFW 'UFgLVo/ (Iso) Non é posíbel. Do you think (spiders can swim)? /XL qI eBnY gUOXLh YLm 'grBl/ Cres que (as arañas saben nadar)? Are you sure (this experiment will work)? /E qI 'iHL fBg BYgUCpBlCmW rBo rKY/ Está(s) / Estades certos de que (este experimento vai funcionar)? We should probably (measure the liquids again). /rA iLX UpFVLVoi lCjL fL 'oBYrBXh LZCm/ Probabelmente deberiamos (medir os líquidos outra vez).
Identifying People, Places and Things It’s a place where (people like going in the holidays). /BWg L UoMg rCL UAUo oOY ZLHBn Bm fL 'kFoLXMh/ É un lugar onde (a xente gusta de ir en vacacións). Sorry, that isn’t it. /'gFpi fDW BhmW BW/ Síntoo, non é iso / esa / ese. Guess again. /'ZCg LZCm/ Tenta adiviñalo outra vez. It’s something that (scientists study all the time). /BWg 'gJleBn fDW gOLmWBgWg gWJXi Go fL WOl/ É algo que (os científicos estudan todo o tempo). I give up. /O ZBd 'JU/ Réndome. I never would have guessed. /O 'mCdL rHX kDd ZCgW/ Nunca / Xamais o adiviñaría. It’s someone who (helps animals). /BWg gJlrJm kI kCoUg 'DmBloh/ É alguén que (axuda os animais). Can you give me a clue? /YDm qI ZBd lA L 'YoI/ Pode(s) / Podedes darme unha pista? I've got no idea. /Od ZFW mN O'XBL/ Non teño nin idea. I know! /'O mN/ Seino!
unit 8 Talking About Traditions Where is it held? /rCL Bh BW 'kCoX/ Onde se celebra? Who attends? /kI L'WCmXh/ Quen asiste? What do you do? /rFW XL qI 'XI/ Que se fai? What’s it like? /rFWg BW 'oOY/ Como é? Do you have to (prepare anything)? /XI qI kDd WL UpB'UCL CmieBn/ Tense que / Cómpre (preparar algo)? Only if I want to. /Nmoi Bc O 'rFmW WL/ Só se quero. What’s your favourite family tradition? /rFWg qG 'cCBdLpBW cDlLoi WpLXBim/ Cal é a túa tradición familiar favorita?
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Speaking Glossary Making and Responding to Suggestions How about (going to London this summer)? /kP LVPW ZLHBn WL 'oJmXLm fBg gJlL/ E se (imos a Londres este verán)?, Que me dis de (ir a Londres este verán)? What is there to do there? /rFW Bh fCL WL 'XI fCL/ Que hai para facer alí? A lot of things. /L 'oFW Ld eBnh/ Moitas cousas. We can (go to museums), for example. /rA YLm ZLH WL lqI'hALlh cL BZhElUo/ Podemos (ir a museos), por exemplo. Now, that’s a great idea! /mP fDWg L 'ZpCBW OXR/ Ben, é unha idea estupenda! Have you got any ideas for the holiday? /kDd qI ZFW Cmi OXRh cL fL 'kFoLXM/ Tes algunha idea para as vacacións? We could (go on a jeep tour). /rA YLX ZLH Fm L 'bAU WT/ Podemos facer (unha viaxe en todoterreo). I’m not sure about that. /Ol mFW 'iHL LVPW fDW/ Non estou certo/a (diso). Where do you think we should go (this weekend)? /'rCL XI qI eBnY rA iLX ZLH fBg rAYCmX/ A onde cres que deberiamos ir (esta fin de semana)? Why don’t we (go to the new shopping centre)? /rO XNmW rA ZLH WL fL mqI 'iFUBn gCmWL/ Por que non (imos ao novo centro comercial)? I think everyone would love it there. /O eBnY CdpirJm rHX 'oJd BW fCL/ Penso que lles vai encantar a todos. That’s not a bad idea. /fDWg mFW L 'VDX OXR/ Non é mala idea.
unit 9 Expressing Preferences I’m not keen on it. /Ol mFW 'YAm Fm BW/ Non me entusiasma / presta (moito). I prefer (big bags) to (small bags). /O UpBcK 'VBZ VDZh WL glGo VDZh/ Prefiro (os bolsos grandes) a (os bolsos pequenos). I’d rather (have a practical big bag) than (an overpriced small bag). /OX 'pEfL kDd L UpDYWBYo VBZ VDZ fDm Lm NdLUpOgW glGo VDZ/ Prefiro (ter un bolso grande práctico) a (un bolso pequeno caro de máis). I’d rather not (wear them). /OX 'pEfL mFW rCL fCl/ Prefiro non (levalos/as postos/as). I can’t stand (big bags). /O YEmW 'gWDmX VBZ VDZh/ Non aguanto / soporto / aturo (os bolsos grandes). I adore it! /O L'XG BW/ Encántame! What do you think of (this bag)? /rFW XL qI 'eBnY Ld fBg VDZ/ Que che parece (este bolso)? Not me. /mFW 'lA / A min non. How about (these sunglasses)? /kP LVPW fAh 'gJmZoEgBh/ Que hai de / E (estas lentes de sol)? It’s not that I dislike them. /BWg mFW fDW O XBg'oOY fCl/ Non é que non goste deles/as.
Making Comparisons In my opinion, (computers are) too expensive. /Bm lO LUBmqLm YLlUqIWLh E WI BY'gUCmgBd/ Na miña opinión / Ao meu entender, (os ordenadores son) caros de máis. I would buy (this deodorant) because it’s better than (that deodorant). /O rHX VO 'fBg XBLHXLpLmW VBYFh BWg VCWL fDm fDW XBLHXLpLmW/ (Eu) Mercaría (este desodorizante) porque é mellor ca (ese desodorizante). I don’t think (a candle) is as useful as (matches). /O XNmW eBnY L 'YæmXo Bh Dh qIgco Dh læWiBh/ Creo que (unha candea) non é tan útil coma (uns mistos). (Money) isn’t important enough for me. /lJmi BhmW Bl'UGWmW BmJc cL lA/ (O diñeiro) non é o bastante importante para min. (A torch) is one of the most convenient items. /L 'WGa Bh rJm Ld fL lNgW YLmdAmBLmW OWLlh/ (Unha lanterna) é un dos artigos máis prácticos.
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Grammar Appendix introduction O Present Simple O Present Simple emprégase para expresar hábitos e verdades xerais, e para falar de gustos, opinións e horarios. Adoita ir acompañado das seguintes expresións temporais: every day (todos os días), at night (pola noite), on + día da semana en plural, etc. Todas poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, mais adoitan poñerse ao final. Tamén se empregan estes adverbios de frecuencia: always (sempre), usually (polo xeral), often (a miúdo), sometimes (ás veces, algunhas veces), rarely (estraña / rara vez) e never (nunca, xamais). We always go to bed early. (Sempre nos deitamos cedo.) Cauliflower is a healthy food. (A coliflor é un alimento san.) I like biscuits. (Gústanme as galletas.) They skate every day. (Eles patinan todos os días.) En afirmativa é o mesmo que o infinitivo sen to, agás na 3ª persoa do singular, na que se engade -s. Nalgúns casos, dependendo da terminación do verbo, engádese -es: • Se remata en ss, sh, ch e x: pass ➝ passes wash ➝ washes • Se remata en o: do ➝ does
teach ➝ teaches
mix ➝ mixes
go ➝ goes
• Se remata en consoante + y, cámbiase o y por un i antes de engadirlle a terminación -es: study ➝ studies carry ➝ carries A negativa fórmase poñendo don’t / doesn’t diante do verbo. I don’t eat meat. (Non como carne.) En interrogativa ponse Do / Does + o suxeito + o verbo. Nas respostas curtas ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + do / does ou don’t / doesn’t, segundo corresponda. Do you like milkshakes? Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. (Gustas dos batidos? Gusto. Si. / Non.) Se a pregunta ten unha partícula interrogativa, ponse esta primeiro, antes de do / does. When do they play tennis? (Cando xogan ao tenis?)
O Present Continuous O Present Continuous expresa o que está a ocorrer mentres falamos ou no período de tempo presente. Adoita ir acompañado das expresións temporais at the moment (neste momento), now (agora), right now (agora mesmo, arestora), today (hoxe), etc. Todas poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, mais adoitan poñerse ao final. Tim is reading your text message. (Tim está a ler a túa mensaxe de texto.) A afirmativa fórmase co presente do verbo to be + un verbo rematado en -ing. Nos seguintes casos, cómpre reparar nestas regras ortográficas para engadir -ing ao verbo: • Se remata en e muda, perde o e: arrive ➝ arriving • Se é de 1 sílaba e remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante, dóbrase esta consoante: put ➝ putting • Se é de 2 sílabas e se pronuncia como palabra aguda, dóbrase a consoante final: refer ➝ referring begin ➝ beginning • Se ten 2 sílabas e remata nun l, dóbrase esa letra: travel ➝ travelling • Se remata en ie, cámbianse estas dúas letras por un y: die ➝ dying En negativa engádese a partícula not ás formas am, is e are, ou a contracción n’t a is e are. My mum isn’t surfing the Internet. (Miña nai non está a navegar por Internet.) En interrogativa ponse o verbo to be + o suxeito + un verbo rematado en -ing. Nas respostas curtas afirmativas ponse o pronome persoal suxeito seguido de am, is ou are, mais nas negativas is e are contraen coa partícula not. Are you watching your favourite TV programme? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. (Estás a ver o teu programa de televisión favorito? Estou. Si. / Non.) Se a pregunta ten unha partícula interrogativa, ponse esta primeiro, antes de am / is / are. Where are you living now? (Onde estades a vivir agora?) Action! ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
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Grammar Appendix Contraste entre o Present Simple e o Present Continuous O Present Simple expresa hábitos, mentres que o Present Continuous sinala o que está a ocorrer no intre de falar. We usually go on holiday to the beach, but we’re flying to London now. (Polo xeral imos de vacacións á praia, mais agora estamos a voar cara a Londres.) As expresións temporais axudan a diferenciar un tempo do outro. Os verbos “estáticos” Os verbos estáticos empréganse para expresar gustos, sentimentos e desexos, actividades da mente, posesión e percepción. Refírense a estados, non a accións, polo que non se adoitan empregar co Present Continuous. I love music. (Encántame a música.)
Check Yourself! 1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple. (not eat) meat. 1. Rob and Ben (get up) early in the morning. 2. The farmer the teacher (give) tests on Fridays? 3. (not keep) her books on this shelf. 4. Gemma (play) with the baby. 5. Grandma often (hear) birds in the morning. 6. I always you (feed) the dog? 7. When (catch) the ball. 8. Paul never
2 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Continuous. 1. The mechanic 2. The boys 3. What 4. I 5. Dan 6. 7. We 8. Right now, Edna
(work) on an old car. (not listen) to music. the athletes (do) right now? (wait) for my friend. (not surf) the Internet at the moment. Pete (have) breakfast now? (grow) vegetables in the garden. (run) in the park.
3 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple or the Present Continuous. Mum (serve) dinner now? 1. usually (not ride) her bike to school. 2. Mary the students (have) drama lessons? 3. How often (not play) video games right now. 4. The boys the library (open) on Mondays? 5. When you (understand) French? 6. (not rain) at the moment. 7. It (go) to bed early. 8. Owen and Sam never Answers, see page 32
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Grammar Appendix
unit 1 O Past Simple O Past Simple emprégase para expresar accións ocorridas nun momento concreto do pasado e para contar historias en pasado. Por iso adoita haber na frase algunha expresión temporal que sinale cando ocorreu a acción: as que levan ago (hai) ao final da expresión, yesterday (onte), last month (o mes pasado), etc. Todas poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, pero adoitan poñerse ao final. The trip lasted two hours. (A viaxe durou dúas horas.) O Past Simple dos verbos regulares fórmase engadindo -ed ao verbo. Para iso cómpre reparar nestes regras ortográficas: • Se remata en e mudo, só se engade -d: invite ➝ invited dance ➝ danced • Se remata en consoante + y, cámbiase o y por un i: try ➝ tried cry ➝ cried • Se é de 1 sílaba e remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante que non sexa w ou x, dóbrase a consoante: plan ➝ planned stop ➝ stopped mais fix ➝ fixed • Se é de 2 sílabas e ten o acento na derradeira, dóbrase a última consoante: prefer ➝ preferred mais listen ➝ listened • Se remata en l, dóbrase esa letra: travel ➝ travelled Os verbos irregulares son diferentes e cómpre saber de memoria as súas formas de pasado (ver páxs. 33-34). A negativa fórmase poñendo didn’t diante do verbo e é igual en todas as persoas do singular e plural. We didn’t use public transport. (Non utilizabamos o transporte público.) En interrogativa ponse Did + suxeito + verbo. Nas respostas curtas ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + did / didn’t, segundo corresponda. Did you walk to the hotel? Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t. (Camiñaches até o hotel? Camiñei. Si. / Non.) Se a pregunta ten unha partícula interrogativa, ponse esta primeiro, antes de did. What did Mary learn about Paris? (Que aprendeu Mary sobre París?)
1
Complete the sentences with the Past Simple form of the verbs below. build • start • not survive • write • not live
1. Charles Dickens
2. Barack Obama
3. Many people
4. The Romans
5. Queen Victoria
2
Write questions with the words below. Use the Past Simple.
1. where / you / go / last night
stories about the poor people of London. his presidency of the US in 2008. the earthquake in Nepal. a wall across England. in Palacio Real.
2. she / shop / in Camden Market / on Saturday
3. what / you / have / for dinner / yesterday
4. they / have / fun / at the amusement park
5. why / he / stay / at a youth hostel
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Grammar Appendix
Check Yourself! Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple. 1. My sister
(teach) English to children in Cambodia.
2. Where
your family
3. Ann and Sam
(go) on holiday? (not have) lunch at school today.
4. We
(drink) fizzy drinks at the party.
5. Lisa
(not wear) her new jeans yesterday.
6. Christopher Columbus
(not sail) around Africa.
7.
(invade) Britain many years ago?
the Romans
8. In 1848, people
(find) gold in California. Answers, see page 32
Used to Used to, que só ten a forma de pasado e vai seguido doutro verbo na forma base, expresa feitos ou estados que eran habituais noutro tempo e logo deixaron de selo. Tradúcese polo pretérito imperfecto do verbo “adoitar” ou do verbo que o segue. I used to travel twice a year. (Eu adoitaba viaxar / viaxaba dúas veces ao ano.) En afirmativa, como só ten forma de pasado, é o mesmo en todas as persoas do singular e do plural. They used to make a lot of money. (Adoitaban gañar / Gañaban moito diñeiro.) A negativa fórmase como sempre, con didn’t, e daquela used perde o d final. She didn’t use to visit her grandparents. (Non adoitaba visitar / visitaba os seus avós.) E en interrogativa poñemos did diante do suxeito e de use to. Did they use to take the underground? Yes, they did. / No, they didn’t. (Adoitaban coller / Collían o metro? Collían. Si. / Non.)
3
Complete the sentences with the correct form of used to and the verbs in brackets.
1. The Tower of London
2.
3. Most people
4. Young teenagers
5. My grandpa
(be) a prison.
the Smith family
6.
(live) in this house? (not drive) cars in my town. (not have) mobile phones. (ride) a horse to school.
you
(play) the piano?
Check Yourself! Choose the correct answers. 1. Did your parents used to / use to enjoy music by the Beatles? 2. We didn’t used to / use to have a petrol station on the corner. 3. Mum used to / use to buy fruit and vegetables at that market. 4. Tennis players didn’t used to / use to wear colourful clothes. 5. People used to / use to climb 350 steps to the top of the tower. 6. Did they used to / use to travel to other countries? 7. Large ships didn’t used to / use to sail from this port. 8. We used to / use to go by boat, but now we usually drive. Answers, see page 32
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Grammar Appendix
unit 2 O Past Continuous O Past Continuous emprégase para dicir o que estaba a ocorrer nun momento concreto do pasado e para falar de dúas ou máis accións prolongadas e simultáneas no pasado, unidas por while ou as. Adoita empregarse con estas expresións temporais: as que levan ago (hai) ao final da expresión, at + unha hora, last night (esta noite), yesterday morning / afternoon (onte pola mañá / tarde), etc. Todas poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, pero adoitan poñerse ao final. En afirmativa fórmase con was / were + un verbo rematado en -ing. We were riding our bikes at six o’clock. (Estabamos a montar en bici ás seis en punto.) I was sitting at the kitchen table while my brother was cooking dinner. (Eu estaba sentado á mesa da cociña mentres o meu irmán estaba a preparar a cea.) En negativa engádese a partícula not ou a contracción n’t a was / were (wasn’t e weren’t). They weren’t laughing a moment ago. (Non estaban a rir hai un momento.) En interrogativa ponse Was / Were + o suxeito + un verbo rematado en -ing. Nas respostas curtas ponse o pronome persoal suxeito e was / were ou wasn’t / weren’t. Were you telling jokes last night? Yes, we were. / No, we weren’t. (Estivestes a contar chistes esta noite? Estivemos. Si. / Non.) Se a pregunta ten unha partícula interrogativa, ponse esta primeiro, antes de was / were. Why were you crying yesterday? (Por que estabas a chorar onte?)
1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in
2 Write questions with the words below.
brackets. Use the Past Continuous.
1. Sam and Fred during the lesson.
2. The phone minutes ago.
(ring) two
(not wait) at the
4. We two hours ago.
(laugh)
1. you / wait / for the show to begin / at 8.30
3. Sandy bus stop.
Use the Past Continuous.
(get) ready to leave
5. The girls basketball at 7.00.
(not play)
3. the comedian / tell / jokes / an hour ago
4. why / you / laugh / five minutes ago
6. I (not use) the cash machine ten minutes ago.
2. what / Rob / do / at the port / yesterday
5. the children / sleep / at 10.00 last night
Check Yourself! Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Continuous. 1. Ms Smith
(not teach) English at 8.00.
2. Where
Dad
3. We 4. Our parents
(not fly) to Rome at 11.00.
5. I 6. 7. Vera 8. The policeman
(go) early this morning?
(shop) at the market an hour ago. (help) my mum yesterday afternoon. you
(eat) biscuits five minutes ago? (not do) her homework at 9.00 last night. (watch) the alley at midnight. Answers, see page 32
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Grammar Appendix Contraste entre o Past Continuous e o Past Simple O Past Simple sinala que a acción ocorreu e rematou no tempo especificado na frase, mentres que o Past Continuous se emprega para se referir a accións prolongadas que estaban a ocorrer no pasado. She had fun with her friends last night. (Pasouno ben cos seus amigos esta noite.) I was watching a film yesterday morning. (Estiven a ver unha película onte á mañá.) Empréganse os dous tempos xuntos para sinalar que no medio dunha acción longa ocorreu algunha cousa. A acción máis curta leva when e o verbo en Past Simple, e a acción longa leva as conxuncións while ou as e o verbo en Past Continuous. When my parents got home, we were playing the guitar. (Cando os meus pais chegaron á casa, nós estabamos a tocar a guitarra.) My parents got home while we were playing the guitar. (Meus pais chegaron á casa mentres nós estabamos a tocar a guitarra.)
3
Choose the correct answer.
1. I was studying when Tom sent / was sending me an e-mail.
2. Mia didn’t see / wasn’t seeing the cat while she was feeding the birds.
3. While I rode / was riding my bicycle, I had an accident.
4. Where were you sitting when the film ended / was ending?
5. Ed didn’t sit / wasn’t sitting in a traffic jam when he called me.
6. Did you have / Were you having lunch when the plumber arrived?
4
Complete the sentences with the verbs below. Use the Past Simple or the Past Continuous. become • clean • not hurt • tour • arrive • not wear
1. Jane was standing at the entrance when Ken
2. We left the room while they
3. Don
goggles while he was swimming.
4. Kate
Japan when she lost her passport.
5.
he
. it.
famous while he was living in Hollywood?
6. Andy
his foot while he was playing football.
Check Yourself! Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple or the Past Continuous. 1. While we
(drive), it
2. They
(not read) when the door
3. Who
you
4. The lift 5. 6. While Debbie 7. When the plane 8. The baby
(start) to rain. (meet) while you
(not come) while I you
(open) . (shop)? (wait).
(cook) when the telephone (chat) online, she (land), it (cry) while the doctor
(ring)? (hear) the news. (not snow). (examine) him. Answers, see page 32
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Grammar Appendix
unit 3 O Present Perfect Simple O Present Perfect Simple emprégase para falar de: • accións pasadas cuxos efectos son visíbeis no presente. I have complained about his behaviour. (Queixeime do seu comportamento.) • accións ocorridas ao longo do tempo sen dicir cando. That writer has inspired my father’s novel. (Ese escritor inspirou a novela do meu pai.) • a ccións que comezaron no pasado e aínda continúan. Neste caso, adoita poñerse for ou since e ás veces tradúcese o verbo en presente. She hasn’t run a marathon since last year. (Non ten corrido / corre un maratón desde o ano pasado.) • accións que acaban de ocorrer. Daquela ponse just entre o auxiliar e o participio. They have just invented a new mobile phone. (Acaban de inventar un novo teléfono móbil.) Este tempo fórmase con have / has + un verbo en participio (rematado en -ed se é regular, se é irregular, podes consultar a listaxe das páxs. 33-34). Cómpre lembrar que a forma contraída de have é ’ve e a de has é ’s. En negativa engádese a partícula not ou a contracción n’t a have / has (haven’t / hasn’t). We haven’t learned anything today. (Non aprendemos nada hoxe.) En interrogativa ponse Have / Has + o suxeito + un verbo en participio. E nas respostas curtas só se pon o pronome persoal suxeito + have / has ou haven’t / hasn’t. Have you studied hard for your exams? Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t. (Estudaches moito para os exames? Estudei. Si. / Non.) Co Present Perfect Simple adoitan empregarse estas expresións temporais e adverbios: already (xa), always (sempre), never (nunca), ever (algunha vez [interrogativa]; nunca, xamais [negativa]), just (acabar de), recently (recentemente, hai pouco), yet (aínda [negativa]; xa [interrogativa]), for (durante [ou non se traduce]) y since (desde). Todas menos yet, for e since van entre have / has e o participio. Yet colócase ao final da frase, recently adoita poñerse ao final tamén, for vai seguida dun período de tempo e since vai diante do momento en que comezou a acción. We have never been to Africa. (Nunca estivemos en África.) Have they won the football tournament yet? (Xa gañaron o torneo de fútbol?)
1
Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Perfect Simple.
1. Sandra
2.
3. I
4. Mark
5. Who
6. They
2
Choose the correct answer.
1. I have waited for a letter from you for / since / yet March.
2. Where have you been for / already / since the last two weeks?
3. My brother hasn’t driven a car just / never / yet.
4. My parents have just / since / ever called me.
5. Sally has for / already / yet finished her project.
just
(participate) in a competition.
you
(achieve) your goal yet?
never
(fail) an English test. (not live) here since 2009.
already
(finish) the homework?
(not win) a football match since last year.
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Grammar Appendix
Check Yourself! Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Perfect Simple. 1. My parents
just
2. Cathy
(return) from a European trip.
(be) a vegetarian for ten years.
3. That musician 4.
(not perform) here before. you
5. Mike
(visit) the exhibition yet? never
(enter) a judo competition.
6. Sue and I
(know) Kate since we were five.
7. I
(not finish) eating lunch yet.
8. How many goals
Rob
(score) this season? Answers, see page 32
Contraste entre o Present Perfect Simple e o Past Simple O Present Perfect Simple sinala que o ocorrido no pasado garda relación co presente, mentres que as accións en Past Simple non afectan ao presente. As expresións temporais empregadas co Present Perfect Simple non sinalan cando ocorreu a acción. En cambio, as empregadas co Past Simple si especifican en que momento concreto ocorreu. My friends have arranged a birthday party for me. (Os meus amigos preparáronme unha festa de aniversario.) My friends arranged a birthday party for me last year. (Os meus amigos preparáronme unha festa de aniversario o ano pasado.)
3 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Perfect Simple or Past Simple.
1. Alexander Fleming
2. Mum and Dad
3. Julia
4. When
5. The dog
6. Joel
(discover) penicillin in 1928. (not go) out yet. already
(see) that film.
David
(start) his new job? (not eat) since last night.
(not come) to school yesterday.
Check Yourself! Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Perfect Simple or Past Simple. 1. My grandparents 2. I
(live) here since 1995. (complete) my project last week.
3. Our team 4. When 5. 6. Bill
(not win) a football match yet. they you ever
(clean) the tables in the park? (meet) a celebrity?
(not fail) his driving test yesterday.
7. Debbie
just
8. I
(not buy) Mum a birthday present yet.
(perform) in her 25th concert.
Answers, see page 32
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Grammar Appendix
unit 4 A voz pasiva en presente e en pasado Coa voz pasiva saliéntase a acción do verbo e non o suxeito que a realiza, xa sexa porque non é importante ou se sobreentende, ou porque non se sabe quen é. En inglés emprégase moito a pasiva, mais en galego adoita traducirse o verbo na voz activa ou na forma impersoal con “se”. A afirmativa fórmase con to be en presente ou en pasado + o participio do verbo principal (rematado en -ed se é regular; se é irregular, podes consultar a listaxe das páxs. 33-34). More energy efficient homes are needed to have less pollution. (Precísanse máis casas enerxeticamente eficientes para ter menos contaminación.) We were informed about the greenhouse effect. (Informáronos arredor do efecto invernadoiro.) En negativa engádese a partícula not ou a contracción n’t ao verbo to be, seguido do participio. Solar energy isn’t used in many houses in this town. (A enerxía solar non se emprega en moitas casas desta cidade.) En interrogativa ponse o verbo to be en presente ou pasado + o suxeito + o participio do verbo principal. E nas respostas curtas vai primeiro o pronome persoal suxeito e despois do verbo to be no tempo correspondente, sen contraer en afirmativa ou contraído coa partícula not en negativa. Were plastic containers invented in the 19th century? Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t. (Os envases de plástico inventáronse no século XIX? Inventáronse. Si. / Non.) Se se quere amentar quen / que realiza ou realizou a acción, ponse ao final da frase precedido de by. Global warming is caused by several factors. (O quecemento global está provocado por varios factores.)
1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple Passive.
1. Energy efficient homes
2. Dangerous materials
3. Industrial waste
(plan) for the future. (not use) in this building. (deposit) in that river.
4. Endangered animals
(not protect) in all countries.
5. Deforestation
6. Biodegradable items
2
Write questions with the words below. Use the Present Simple Passive.
1. the information / save / on your hard drive
(take) seriously today. (sell) in that shop.
2. how often / the telescopes / check
3. the workers / pay / once a week
4. why / the polar bear / affect / by global warming
5. the parks / clean / on Sundays
6. the battery / change / once a month
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Grammar Appendix 3 Complete the sentences with the verbs below. Use the Past Simple Passive.
build • not take • discover • use • destroy • not grow
1. Oil
2. These vegetables
3. Two recycling plants
in our town last year.
4. The animals’ habitat
by deforestation.
5. This photo
6. Energy efficient methods
4
Complete the questions. Use the Past Simple Passive. The words in bold will help you.
1.
in the desert last month. organically.
by a professional photographer. to make these products.
?
Yes, my bicycle was found by the police.
2. Which countries
?
France, Germany, Italy and Spain were visited by the ecologists.
3. Where
?
Many records were broken at the Olympic Games.
4. What
?
Michael was given a tablet for his birthday.
5.
?
No, the animals weren't taken to the vet.
6. When
?
Factory farming was discussed last night.
Check Yourself! Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple Passive or Past Simple Passive. 1. The sheep
(attack) by wolves last night.
2. The water
(not pollute). You can drink it.
3. Which languages 4. The rubbish 5. Pizza 6. Plastic bottles 7. We 8.
(speak) in South Africa? (not collect) yesterday. (eat) all over the world. (not recycle) in our town. (not invite) to Sara’s party last week. yesterday’s newspaper
(take) from my room? Answers, see page 32
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Grammar Appendix
unit 5 O futuro • Will emprégase para anunciar accións ou feitos futuros, para predicir o que se cre que ocorrerá e para expresar decisións súbitas que se toman no momento de falar e que non estaban proxectadas. En afirmativa adoita contraerse co suxeito (’ll) e en negativa coa partícula not (won’t). En interrogativa vai diante do suxeito e nas respostas curtas ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + will ou won’t. Your wishes will come true soon. (Os teus desexos faranse realidade axiña.) Will everybody work online in the future? Yes, they will. / No, they won’t. (Todo o mundo traballará a través de Internet no futuro? Traballará. Si. / Non.) • B e going to significa “ir / non ir” + infinitivo. Emprégase para falar de plans e intencións e para expresar o que vai ocorrer porque se ven sinais diso. He is going to meet his friends at the gym. (El vai quedar cos seus amigos no ximnasio.) Are they going to play video games today? Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t. (Van xogar a videoxogos hoxe? Van. Si. / Non.) • O Present Continuous co valor de futuro anuncia o que con toda seguridade ocorrerá no futuro próximo, pois xa se fixou de antemán. Debe ir sempre canda unha expresión temporal para que non se confunda co Present Continuous normal. My parents are visiting my sister this weekend. (Meus pais visitan / visitarán a miña irmá esta fin de semana.) • C os tempos de futuro adoitan empregarse estas expresións temporais: soon (pronto, axiña, nun pouco), later (máis tarde, logo), tomorrow (mañá), tonight (esta noite), next week / year (a semana / o ano que vén), in an hour (dentro de unha hora), etc. Todas poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, pero adóitanse pór ao final.
1 Complete the sentences with will or won’t.
1. Ann is busy. She tonight.
2. Sam and Jane got engaged. They get married in July.
3. I him.
go out with us
Choose the correct answer.
rely on Paul, because I don’t trust
4. When
5. Dan is moving to another city but we stay in touch.
the film start?
2. Kim and Joe
3. We
4. you your birthday on Saturday?
5. Jack
2. Amy will play / Will Amy play basketball tomorrow.
4. My tooth hurts. I am going / am not going to the dentist.
brackets. Use be going to. 1. My cousin
1. Terry isn’t going to fly / is going to fly to Rome. He has got a ticket.
3. You are performing / Are you performing on the stage tonight?
2 Complete the sentences with the verbs in
Check Yourself!
(visit) us this summer. (leave) soon. (not go) to the concert tonight. (celebrate)
(not study) French next year.
3 Complete the sentences with the verbs below.
Use the Present Continuous with future meaning. do • not come • watch • not practise • give
1. Our teacher
2. I
3. What tonight?
4. The boys
5. Matt
5. Dad will like / won’t like the film. It’s too noisy. 6. Dana is going to learn / Is Dana going to learn a new language? 7. We are getting / Are we getting a new puppy this week. 8. Owen and Meg are getting married / aren’t getting married soon. They haven’t got enough money. Answers, see page 32
us a test tomorrow. my homework after school. you
on TV
karate this afternoon. on the trip next week. Action! ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
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Grammar Appendix O primeiro e o segundo condicional Nas oracións condicionais, se a condición vai primeiro, ponse unha vírgula entre esta e o resultado. If you give me your e-mail address, I’ll send you the files. (Se me dás o teu enderezo de correo electrónico, enviareiche os arquivos.) O primeiro condicional emprégase para dicir o que ocorrerá se se cumpre a condición sinalada. A afirmativa fórmase con if + Present Simple na condición, e un verbo con will no resultado. They’ll stay at home if it rains. (Ficarán na casa se chove.) Para formar a negativa pódese negar o verbo que vai en presente, o que vai en futuro ou ambos os dous. If you don’t go to bed early, you’ll be tired tomorrow. (Se non te deitas axiña, mañá estarás canso.) If you go to bed early, you won’t be tired tomorrow. (Se te deitas axiña, mañá non estarás canso.) If you don’t go to bed early, you won’t wake up on time tomorrow. (Se non te deitas axiña, mañá non espertarás a tempo.) O segundo condicional refírese a situacións hipotéticas no presente. A afirmativa fórmase con if + Past Simple na condición e would (ou a contracción ’d) + un verbo na forma base no resultado. Se o verbo da oración condicional é to be, empregamos were en todas as persoas. If he were more optimistic, he’d be more confident. (Se fose máis optimista, estaría máis seguro de si mesmo.) A negativa fórmase como a do primeiro condicional. If my friends didn’t go to the concert, my cousin would come with me. (Se os meus amigos non fosen ao concerto, o meu curmán viría comigo.) Para dar consellos, emprégase sempre If I were you (“Eu de ti”). If I were you, I wouldn’t be so mean. (Eu de ti non sería tan coreña.)
4 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the First Conditional.
1. Sue
2. If you
(go) out with you if you (not leave) soon, you
3. Tom
(play) tennis later if it
4. If he
(not explain) to her, she
5. If they
(ask) her. (not catch) the bus. (stop) raining. (not speak) to him.
(get) married in June, we
(go) to the wedding.
5 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Second Conditional.
1. I
(make) friends with the new girl if she
2. If Sam
3. You
4. If more people
5. Jill
(be) in my class.
(study) more, his marks (feel) better if you
(improve). (not eat) unhealthy food.
(use) public transport, there (not feel) tired if she
(be) less pollution.
(not go) to bed so late.
Check Yourself! Choose the correct answer to complete the sentences in the First and Second Conditional. 1. If I were / would be you, I wouldn’t trust him. 2. You hurt / will hurt her feelings if you gossip about her. 3. If Ian studied more, he was / would be a good student. 4. Meg married / would marry Jake if he asked her. 5. If Ann does / will do the dishes, I will sweep the floor. 6. We don’t go / won’t go to the beach if it rains tomorrow. 7. If Mum and Dad visit / will visit Grandma, we’ll go with them. 8. You would be rich if you didn’t spend / wouldn’t spend all your money. Answers, see page 32
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Grammar Appendix
unit 6 O estilo indirecto en oracións enunciativas O estilo indirecto emprégase para contar o que alguén dixo mais sen repetir exactamente as súas palabras. Polo xeral, emprégase o verbo say en pasado seguido dunha oración de obxecto directo introducida por that, quítanse as comiñas propias do estilo directo e cámbiase o verbo e mais o pronome suxeito. Tamén podemos comezar co pasado do verbo tell seguido co obxecto indirecto. “Ralph’s telling a story,” Sharon said. [estilo directo] Sharon said that Ralph was telling a story. (Sharon dixo que Ralph estaba a contar unha historia.) “The footprint is in the kitchen,” the detective said to me. [estilo directo] The detective told me that the footprint was in the kitchen. (O detective díxome que a pegada estaba na cociña.) Como o verbo que introduce o estilo indirecto vai en pasado, o da oración subordinada dá un salto atrás no tempo, isto é, o Present Simple pasa a Past Simple, o Present Continuous a Past Continuous, will convértese en would, etc. Tamén cambian os demostrativos, os posesivos, os modais e as expresións de tempo e lugar. Repara nestes exemplos: “I’m working on a new case,” the policeman said. ➝ The policeman said that he was working on a new case. (O policía dixo que estaba a traballar nun caso novo.) “I must focus on our witness today,” Jim said. ➝ Jim said that he had to focus on their witness that day. (Jim dixo que tiña que se centrar na súa testemuña ese día.) “They’ll arrest the thieves this afternoon,” the shop assistant said. ➝ The shop assistant said that they would arrest the thieves that afternoon. (A dependenta dixo que deterían os ladróns esa tarde.)
1
Choose the correct answer.
1. “We are studying today,” Mike said. Mike said that they that day. a. were studying b. are studying
c. studied
2. “I usually walk to school,” Dana said. Dana said that she usually to school. a. is walking b. was walking
c. walked
3. “You must take this medicine, Tom,” the doctor said. The doctor said that Tom that medicine. a. has to take b. had to take c. would take 4. “I can’t talk to you now,” my friend said. My friend said that she to me then. a. can’t talk b. couldn’t talk
c. wouldn’t talk
5. “I will show you the evidence,” the detective said. The detective said that he us the evidence. a. would show b. will show c. shows
2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs.
1. “You must stand up,” the judge said.
The judge said that the prisoner
up.
2. “I will find the thief,” the detective said.
The detective said that he
the thief.
3. “The victim lives in Oxford,” the policeman said.
The policeman said that the victim
4. “The suspect is crying,” the lawyer said.
The lawyer said that the suspect
in Oxford. .
5. “I can give evidence,” the witness said.
The witness said that he
evidence.
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Grammar Appendix 3 Complete the sentence in reported speech. Use the correct form of the words in bold.
1. “I can begin investigating today,” the detective said.
The detective said that he could begin investigating
.
2. “We will meet in court this afternoon,” the judge said.
The judge said that they would meet in court
.
3. “I will fix the alarm tomorrow Dad said.
Dad said that he would fix the alarm
.
4. “The witness is giving evidence now,” she said.
She said that the witness was giving evidence
.
5. “I don't want this food,” the prisoner said.
The prisoner said that he didn't want
food.
4
Complete the sentences in reported speech.
1. “I look for fingerprints,” he said.
He said that
.
2. “ I can’t come tonight,” Susan said.
Susan said that
.
3. “We are talking to the criminals,” the policemen said.
The policemen said that
.
4. “The criminal must go to prison,” the judge said.
The judge said that
.
5. “Dan will be here very soon,” his friend said.
Dan’s friend said that
.
Check Yourself! Choose the correct answer. 1. The teacher said that she us a test the next day. a. is giving b. would give c. will give 2. Sue’s parents said that she home before midnight. a. had to be b. will be c. can be 3. The judge said that the criminal for his crime. a. is paying b. was paying c. pays 4. Owen said that he his project the following week. a. finishes b. can finish c. could finish 5. The guard said that the prisoners their cells at night. a. didn’t leave b. aren’t leaving c. have to leave 6. Detective Smith said that he the evidence that day. a. can examine b. is examining c. was examining 7. The police said that they the thieves. a. caught b. would catch 8. Alex said that he a. was doing
c. can catch
his homework then. b. is doing c. did Answers, see page 32
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Grammar Appendix
unit 7 Os pronomes relativos Os pronomes relativos introducen unha oración subordinada que dá información arredor dun substantivo chamado antecedente. Van detrás del e poden facer de suxeito ou de obxecto (neste último caso é frecuente omitilos na conversa). Who e that empréganse indistintamente cando o antecedente é unha persoa. That‘s the scientist who / that created a new laser. (Ese é o científico que creou un novo láser.) She’s the girl (who / that) I saw at the meeting. (Ela é a rapaza que vin na xuntanza.) Which e that empréganse para se referir a cousas ou animais.
This is the microscope (that / which) we use to work. (Este é o microscopio que empregamos para traballar.) The rat is the animal (which / that) they have in their laboratories. (A rata é o animal que teñen nos seus laboratorios.) Where emprégase cando o antecedente é un lugar.
This is the ideal environment where insects can live. (Esta é a contorna ideal onde poden vivir os insectos.)
1 Choose the correct relative pronoun.
1. Tim does research in a town when / where the people speak Russian.
2. A spider is a creature that / who has got eight legs.
3. Albert Einstein did experiments when / which made him famous.
Check Yourself! Add the correct relative pronoun. Then match A to B to make sentences. A
4. The 20th July, 1969 is the date who / when man first landed on the moon.
1. Pierre is a designer …
5. J.K. Rowling is the woman who / which wrote the Harry Potter books.
3. The police examined the fingerprints …
2 Complete the sentences with the relative
1. We bought a car electricity.
2. Vegetarians are people meat.
3. Bees are insects
4. Let’s go on a day traffic.
5. We live on an island Internet access.
4. What’s the name of the shop … 5. February is a month …
pronouns below. There may be more than one possible answer. who • which • that • when • where
2. Kate went to a university …
works on don’t eat make honey. there isn’t much
6. I once had a cat … 7. He’ll never forget the day … 8. My uncle was a scientist …
B a. there is a lot of snow. b. he won the marathon. c. had seven toes on each foot. d. they found on the weapon. e. did research on cloning.
there's no
f. creates new fashions. g. you bought those shoes?
3 Complete the sentences with the correct relative
h. she met William.
pronoun. There may be more than one possible answer.
1. My sister has got a friend from Turkey.
2. We stayed in a village were friendly.
3. The camel is an animal desert.
4. Morning is the time are at school.
5. London is the city lives.
Answers, see page 32
comes the people lives in the most students Queen Elizabeth Action! ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
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Grammar Appendix Os compostos de some e any Someone (alguén), somewhere (algures, algún sitio) y something (algo, algunha cousa) empréganse en oracións afirmativas; anyone, anywhere e anything empréganse en oracións afirmativas, negativas e interrogativas. Repara como cambian o seu significado nestes exemplos: I haven’t told anyone about your secret. (Non lle falei a ninguén do teu segredo.) There can be microbes anywhere. (Pode haber microbios en calquera sitio.) They haven’t got anything to research. (Non teñen nada que investigar.) Does anyone know about cloning? (Alguén sabe algunha cousa arredor da clonación?) Are they going anywhere today? (Van a algures hoxe?) Is there anything to use in our experiment? (Hai algunha cousa que usar no noso experimento?) Lembra que, se fan de suxeito na frase, levan o verbo en singular.
4
Choose the correct answer.
1. Someone / Anyone has taken my phone.
2. I didn't hear anywhere / anything fall.
3. I saw something / anything moving outside.
4. Has someone / anyone seen the evidence?
5. Have you seen my pen somewhere / anywhere?
6. We are going somewhere / someone exciting.
5 Write sentences with the words below and the correct some or any compound.
1. I / met / who / is a celebrity / .
2. we / didn't go / last night / .
3. you / see / famous / at the party / ?
4. I / ate / that / hurt my tooth / .
5. the bank is / near / here / .
6. you / do / interesting / yesterday / ?
Check Yourself! Complete the sentences with the correct some or any compound. 1. That mural was painted by 2. Have you talked to 3. I can’t find my shoes 4.
in our class. about your plans? .
has taken my phone!
5. I haven’t prepared
for dinner yet.
6. They’re looking for
quiet to live.
7. I’ve got 8. We haven’t bought
important to tell you. for Mum’s birthday yet. Answers, see page 32
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Grammar Appendix
unit 8 Os modais Son verbos auxiliares, polo que sempre van seguidos dun verbo na forma base (infinitivo sen to). Non se conxugan, así que non hai que engadir -s na 3ª persoa do singular. En negativa engádese a partícula not ou a contracción n’t ao verbo modal, e en interrogativa ponse o verbo modal + o suxeito + o verbo na forma base. • C an significa “saber” cando expresa habilidade ou capacidade para facer algo, e “poder” cando expresa posibilidade ou permiso. Monkeys can climb very well. (Os monos saben gabear moi ben.) You can come with me to the party. (Podes vir comigo á festa.) • C ould é o pasado de can. Expresa habilidade e posibilidade no pasado. Lara could sing when she was two years old. (Lara sabía cantar cando tiña dous anos.) I couldn’t attend their wedding last weekend. (Non puiden asistir á súa voda a semana pasada.) En interrogativa tamén serve para pedir permiso ou favores, pero de maneira máis educada que con can. Could you tell me something about British folklore? (Poderías contarme algo sobre o folclore británico?) • Should emprégase para dar ou pedir consellos e para dicir o que se debería ou non facer. You should bring your umbrella. (Deberías traer o paraugas.) • Must significa “deber” e expresa a obriga e a necesidade ou conveniencia de facer algo. You must learn their customs. (Debes aprender os seus costumes.) • M ustn’t expresa prohibición, que algo non está permitido, e tamén que algo non se debe facer porque non convén ou non é correcto facelo. People mustn’t believe in stereotypes. (A xente non debe crer en estereotipos.) • H ave to significa “ter que” e expresa, como must, a obriga ou necesidade de facer algo. A diferenza é que have to si se conxuga e, por iso, a forma para a 3ª persoa do singular é diferente (has to). Ademais, emprégase nos tempos que must non ten. She has to feed the dog in two hours. (Ten que dar de comer ao can en dúas horas.) They had to pay to use toilets. (Tiveron que pagar para empregar os servizos.) En negativa ponse don’t / doesn’t have to + o verbo, e significa “non ter que” ou “non ter por que”. We don’t have to bring our own food. (Non temos que / por que levar a nosa propia comida.) Lembra que have to significa o mesmo que must, pero don’t have to e mustn’t non son equivalentes. They don’t have to leave now. (Non teñen que / por que marchar xa.) [non é preciso] They mustn’t leave now. (Non deben marchar agora.) [está prohibido] En interrogativa ponse Do / Does + o suxeito + have to + o verbo. E nas respostas curtas ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + do / does ou don’t / doesn’t. Do we have to travel to the coast? Yes, you do. / No, you don’t. (Temos que viaxar á costa? Temos. Si. / Non.) • May (“poida que”, “talvez”, “se cadra”) e might (“puidese / podería ser que”) expresan posibilidade, aínda que no segundo caso é máis remota. En interrogativa may emprégase para pedir permiso ou favores de maneira moi educada. You may arrive in Scotland this afternoon. (Poida que cheguedes a Escocia esta tarde.) Sue might go to the museum tomorrow. (Puidese ser que Sue vaia ao museo mañá.) May I have some water? (Podo tomar un pouco de auga?)
1
Choose the correct answer.
1. We couldn’t / can’t come to the festival next week.
2. You should / can respect the customs of other people.
3. Should / Could Mum swim when she was five years old?
4. Jen lost her phone. She has to / couldn't buy a new phone.
5. You shouldn’t / must laugh at other people’s beliefs.
6. Can / Could I see your new car now?
7. You should / mustn’t drink the water. It isn’t safe.
8. We mustn't / don't have to go to school on public holidays.
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Grammar Appendix 2 Choose the correct answer.
1. Take your umbrella. It might / might not rain.
2. I don't feel well today. I may / may not go to school.
3. May / Might I use your phone, please?
4. Let's go early or we may / might not get tickets.
3
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the modals in brackets.
1. Sam missed the train. He
2. I can't find my pen.
3. It’s snowing. You
4. It rained yesterday, so we
I use yours? (may) go out without gloves. (should)
5. Derek doesn’t feel well. He
6. Ann’s bike is broken. She
4
Match A to B.
wait for the next one. (have to)
go to the beach. (could) have an allergy to the cat. (might) ride it to school. (can)
A
B
1. You must
a. miss his train.
2. Jane should
b. get tickets for the play yesterday.
3. Paul might
c. wear shorts in church.
4. Do we have to
d. stop at the red light.
5. Mandy mustn’t
e. use sun cream at the beach.
6. We couldn’t
f. finish our project this week?
Check Yourself! Choose the correct answer. 1. Amy and Ted got engaged. They a. couldn’t b. may
get married in June. c. mustn’t
2. Where I get some fresh rolls? a. mustn’t b. could
c. can
3. I'm sorry, but we be late. a. might b. should
c. don’t have to
4. We go now. The train leaves in 15 minutes. a. can’t b. might c. must 5. Kate eat before she goes swimming. a. must b. shouldn’t c. has to 6. Pete walk the dog in the morning. His sister does it. a. shouldn’t b. doesn’t have to c. might 7. Megan play the guitar when she was young? a. Could b. Should c. Can 8.
use your laptop?
a. Do I have to
b. I should
c. May I Answers, see page 32
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Grammar Appendix
unit 9 O comparativo e o superlativo O comparativo de superioridade emprégase para comparar dúas cousas, animais ou persoas cando unha supera á outra nalgún aspecto. Para formalo cómpre reparar na lonxitude do adxectivo: • A os adxectivos curtos (de 1 sílaba, ou de 2 rematados en y) engádeselles a terminación -er e detrás ponse a partícula than. This milk is cheaper than the juice. (Este leite é máis barato que o zume.) • Os adxectivos longos quedan igual, mais levan diante more e detrás than. My mobile phone is more expensive than Tim’s. (O meu móbil é máis caro que o de Tim.) O comparativo de igualdade fórmase con (not) as + adxectivo + as. Tradúcese por “(non) tan... como/a”. Oranges are as healthy as strawberries. (As laranxas son tan sas coma os amorodos.) This plate is not as big as that plate. (Este prato non é tan grande coma ese prato.) O superlativo emprégase para comparar máis de dúas cousas, animais ou persoas e dicir que unha destaca sobre as demais. Para formalo tamén cómpre ter en conta a lonxitude do adxectivo: • A os adxectivos curtos (de 1 sílaba, ou de 2 rematados en y) engádeselles a terminación -est e diante ponse o artigo the. She's the smartest girl in the class. (É a rapaza máis intelixente da clase.) • Os adxectivos longos quedan igual, mais levan diante the most. A knife is the most useful tool to cut meat. (Un coitelo é a ferramenta máis útil para cortar a carne.) Regras ortográficas para engadir -er / -est: - Se remata en e mudo, só engade -r ou -st: wide ➝ wider, nice ➝ nicest - Se remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante, dóbrase esta consoante: big ➝ bigger, fat ➝ fattest - Se remata en consoante + y, cambia o y por un i: heavy ➝ heavier, pretty ➝ prettiest, mais shy ➝ shyer, shyest As formas comparativa e superlativa dos adxectivos irregulares cómpre aprendelas de memoria. good ➝ better ➝ the best (bo/boa, mellor, o/a mellor) bad ➝ worse ➝ the worst (malo/a, peor, o/a peor)
1 Complete the sentences with the comparative form
of the adjectives in brackets. 1. My sister’s room (neat) my room. 2. My phone (advanced) my tablet. 3. The first Harry Potter book (good) the second book. 4. The large containers (economical) the small containers. 5. Hawaii (hot) Alaska.
3 Write sentences with or as … as or not as … as and the words below. Use the correct form of the verb to be.
1. Sara and Amanda are the same height. (Sara / tall / Amanda)
2. Mum's car is more economical than Dad's car. (Dad's car / economical / Mum's car)
3. My father and I wear the same size shoes. (my feet / big / my father's feet)
4. Wolves are more frightening than dogs. (dogs / dangerous / wolves)
2 Complete the sentences with the superlative form
of the adjectives below. valuable • easy • good • expensive • big 1. Don’t shop at that supermarket. It supermarket in town. 2. I love this café! Their coffee coffee in our neighbourhood. 3. This guitar guitar in the world. It's worth €2 million. 4. Bicycles form of transport for getting around Amsterdam. 5. Elephants land animals in the world.
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Grammar Appendix too … / (not) … enough Too vai diante do adxectivo e sinala que a cualidade expresada por este é excesiva. Significa “de máis, demasiado”. This computer is too old for games. (Esta computadora é demasiado antiga para xogar a xogos.) This bag is too overpriced to buy. (Este bolso é caro de máis para mercalo.) Enough ponse detrás do adxectivo e significa “(o) bastante / abondo” ou “(o) suficientemente”. Your article is interesting enough to post on my blog. (O teu artigo é (o) bastante interesante para colgalo no meu blog.) En cambio, not + adxectivo + enough indica que algo é insuficiente e significa “non (o) bastante / abondo” ou “non (o) suficientemente”. This chocolate is not sweet enough. Add more sugar. (Este chocolate non está (o) bastante / abondo / suficientemente doce. Engádelle máis azucre.) I don’t consider these sunglasses pretty enough for Sandra. (Non considero estas lentes de sol (o) bastante / abondo / suficientemente bonitas para Sandra.)
4
Complete the sentences with too … or (not) … enough and the adjectives in brackets.
1. We can go swimming today. The weather is
2. Put your camera in a safe place. It’s
3. I had a late breakfast. I’m
4. It’s only 8.30 and the train leaves at 10.00. It’s
5. I can’t reach that shelf. I’m
(warm). (valuable) to leave on the table. (hungry) to eat lunch now. (early) to go to the station.
(tall).
Check Yourself! Choose the sentence with the same meaning as the sentence in bold. 1. The river is more polluted than the sea. a. The sea isn’t as polluted as the river. b. The sea is as polluted as the river. c. The river isn’t polluted enough. 2. This iPhone costs £199. I’ve only got £150. a. This iPhone is expensive enough for me. b. This iPhone is not expensive enough for me. c. This iPhone is too expensive for me. 3. Tom is the most ethical person in the class. a. Tom is not as ethical as the other students. b. Tom is more ethical than the other students. c. The other students are as ethical as Tom. 4. The temperature in Rome and Athens is 20ºC right now. a. Rome is as warm as Athens. b. Rome is warmer than Athens. c. Rome is not as warm as Athens.
5. It takes 10 minutes to get to school by bus, 25 minutes to walk and 15 minutes to ride a bike. a. Taking the bus isn’t as fast as riding a bike. b. Walking is as fast as riding a bike. c. The bus is the fastest way to get to school. 6. I’m not tired yet. I think I’ll watch TV before I go to bed. a. I’m too tired to go to bed. b. I’m not tired enough to go to bed. c. I’m tired enough to go to bed. 7. My new phone is more advanced than my old phone. a. My old phone is as advanced as my new phone. b. My old phone isn’t as advanced as my new phone. c. My new phone isn’t as advanced as my old phone. 8. In my opinion, basketball is the most exciting sport. a. Basketball is more exciting than every other sport. b. Basketball isn’t as exciting as other sports. c. Basketball is as exciting as other sports. Answers, see page 32
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Grammar Appendix
check yourself! answer key
Introduction, page 13, O Present Simple, O Present Continuous, Contraste entre o Present Simple e o Present Continuous
1 1. don't eat
2. gets up 3. Does … give 4. doesn't keep
2 1. is working
2. aren't listening 3. are … doing 4. am waiting
3 1. Is … serving
2. doesn't … ride 3. do … have 4. aren't playing
5. plays 6. hear 7. do … feed 8. catches 5. isn't surfing 6. Is … having 7. are growing 8. is running 5. does … open 6. Do … understand 7. isn’t raining 8. go
Unit 1, page 15, O Past Simple 1. taught 5. didn’t wear 2. did … go 6. didn’t sail 3. didn’t have 7. Did … invade 4. drank 8. found Unit 1, page 15, Used to 1. use to 2. use to 3. used to 4. use to
5. used to 6. use to 7. use to 8. used to
Unit 2, page 16, O Past Continuous 1. wasn’t teaching 2. was … going 3. were shopping 4. weren’t flying
5. was helping 6. Were … eating 7. wasn’t doing 8. was watching
Unit 2, page 17, Contraste entre o Past Continuous e o Past Simple 1. were driving, started 2. weren’t reading, opened 3. did … meet, were shopping 4. didn’t come, was waiting 5. Were … cooking, rang 6. was chatting, heard 7. landed, wasn’t snowing 8. was crying, was examining
Unit 4, page 21, A voz pasiva en presente e en pasado 1. were attacked 5. is eaten 2. isn’t polluted 6. aren’t recycled 3. are spoken 7. weren’t invited 4. wasn’t collected 8. Was … taken Unit 5, page 22, O futuro 1. is going to fly 2. Amy will play 3. Are you performing 4. am going
5. won’t like 6. Is Dana going to learn 7. We are getting 8. aren’t getting married
Unit 5, page 23, O primeiro e o segundo condicional 1. were 5. does 2. will hurt 6. won’t go 3. would be 7. visit 4. would marry 8. didn’t spend Unit 6, page 25, O estilo indirecto en oracións enunciativas 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. c 5. a 6. c 7. b 8. a Unit 7, page 26, Os pronomes relativos 1. who / that – f 5. when – a 2. where – h 6. which / that – c 3. which / that – d 7. when / that – b 4. where – g 8. who / that– e Unit 7, page 27, Os compostos de some e any 1. someone 2. anyone 3. anywhere 4. Someone
5. anything 6. somewhere 7. something 8. anything
Unit 8, page 29, Os modais 1. b 2. c. 3. a 4. c 5. b 6. b 7. a 8. c Unit 9, page 31, O comparativo e o superlativo, too … / (not) … enough 1. a 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. c 6. b 7. b 8. a
Unit 3, page 19, O Present Perfect Simple 1. have … returned 5. has … entered 2. has been 6. have known 3. hasn’t performed 7. haven’t finished 4. Have … visited 8. has … scored Unit 3, page 19, Contraste entre o Present Perfect Simple e o Past Simple 1. have lived 5. Have … met 2. completed 6. didn’t fail 3. hasn’t won 7. has … performed 4. did … clean 8. haven’t bought Action! ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
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Irregular Verb List BASE FORM (V1)
PAST SIMPLE (V2)
PAST PARTICIPLE (V3)
GALEGO
be /VA/ was/were /rFh/rK/ been /VAm/ ser, estar beat /VAW/ beat /VAW/ beaten /'VAWm/ golpear, bater become /VB'YJl/ became /VB'YMl/ become /VB'YJl/ chegar a ser, converterse begin /VB'ZBm/ began /VB'Zæm/ begun /VB'ZJm/ comezar, empezar bend /VCmX/ bent /VCmW/ bent /VCmW/ dobrar(se) bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ apostar bite /VOW/ bit /VBW/ bitten /'VBWm/ trabar bleed /VoAX/ bled /VoCX/ bled /VoCX/ sangrar blow /VoLH/ blew /VoI/ blown /VoLHm/ soprar break /VpMY/ broke /VpLHY/ broken /'VpLHYLm/ crebar, romper, rachar bring /VpBn/ brought /VpGW/ brought /VpGW/ traer build /VBoX/ built /VBoW/ built /VBoW/ construír burn /VKm/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ queimar buy /VO/ bought /VGW/ bought /VGW/ mercar, comprar catch /Yæa/ caught /YGW/ caught /YGW/ coller, agarrar choose /aIh/ chose /aLHh/ chosen /'aLHhm/ elixir come /YJl/ came /YMl/ come /YJl/ vir cost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ custar cut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cortar dig /XBZ/ dug /XJZ/ dug /XJZ/ cavar, sachar do /XI/ did /XBX/ done /XJm/ facer draw /XpG/ drew /XpI/ drawn /XpGm/ debuxar dream /XpAl/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ soñar drink /XpBnY/ drank /XpænY/ drunk /XpJnY/ beber drive /XpOd/ drove /XpLHd/ driven /'XpBdm/ conducir eat /AW/ ate /CBW/ eaten /'AWm/ comer fall /cGo/ fell /cCo/ fallen /'cGoLm/ caer feed /cAX/ fed /cCX/ fed /cCX/ alimentar feel /cAo/ felt /cCoW/ felt /cCoW/ sentir(se) fight /cOW/ fought /cGW/ fought /cGW/ loitar, pelexar find /cOmX/ found /cPmX/ found /cPmX/ atopar fly /coO/ flew /coI/ flown /coLHm/ voar forget /cL'ZCW/ forgot /cL'ZFW/ forgotten /cL'ZFWm/ esquecer forgive /cL'ZBd/ forgave /cL'ZMd/ forgiven /cL'ZBdm/ perdoar freeze /cpAh/ froze /cpLHh/ frozen /'cpLHhm/ conxelar(se) get /ZCW/ got /ZFW/ got /ZFW/ conseguir, acadar; chegar give /ZBd/ gave /ZMd/ given /'ZBdm/ dar go /ZN/ went /rCmW/ gone /ZFm/ ir grow /ZpN/ grew /ZpI/ grown /ZpNm/ crecer; cultivar hang /kæn/ hanged/hung /kænX/kJn/ hanged/hung /kænX/kJn/ pendurar have /kæd/ had /kæX/ had /kæX/ ter; haber hear /kBL/ heard /kKX/ heard /kKX/ oír, ouvir hide /kOX/ hid /kBX/ hidden /'kBXm/ agochar(se) hit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ golpear, bater, pegar hold /kNoX/ held /kCoX/ held /kCoX/ suxeitar, soster, termar de ferir, mancar, magoar; doer hurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ keep /YAU/ kept /YCUW/ kept /YCUW/ gardar, manter know /mN/ knew /mqI/ known /mNm/ saber, coñecer lay /oCB/ laid /oCBX/ laid /oCBX/ poñer, pór, estender lead /oAX/ led /oCX/ led /oCX/ guiar, conducir
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Irregular Verb List BASE FORM (V1)
PAST SIMPLE (V2)
PAST PARTICIPLE (V3)
GALEGO
learn /oKm/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ aprender left /oCcW/ left /oCcW/ deixar; marchar, saír leave /oAd/ lend /oCmX/ lent /oCmW/ lent /oCmW/ emprestar, deixar let /oCW/ let /oCW/ let /oCW/ permitir, deixar lie /oO/ lay /oCB/ lain /oCBm/ tombarse, deitarse lie /oO/ (regular verb) lied /oOX/ lied /oOX/ mentir light /oOW/ lit /oBW/ lit /oBW/ acender, prender lose /oIh/ lost /oFgW/ lost /oFgW/ perder make /lCBY/ made /lCBX/ made /lCBX/ facer, fabricar mean /lAm/ meant /lCmW/ meant /lCmW/ significar, querer dicir coñecer a; xuntarse con meet /lAW/ met /lCW/ met /lCW/ pay /UM/ paid /UMX/ paid /UMX/ pagar put /UHW/ put /UHW/ put /UHW/ poñer, pór read /pAX/ read /pCX/ read /pCX/ ler ride /pOX/ rode /pLHX/ ridden /'pBXm/ montar ring /pBn/ rang /pæn/ rung /pJn/ chamar (por teléfono) rise /pOh/ rose /pLHh/ risen /'pBhm/ elevarse, erguerse run /pJm/ ran /pæm/ run /pJm/ correr say /gM/ said /gCX/ said /gCX/ dicir see /gA/ saw /gG/ seen /gAm/ ver sell /gCo/ sold /gLHoX/ sold /gLHoX/ vender send /gCmX/ sent /gCmW/ sent /gCmW/ enviar set /gCW/ set /gCW/ set /gCW/ colocar shake /iMY/ shook /iHY/ shaken /'iMYLm/ axitar shine /iOm/ shone /iFm/ shone /iFm/ brillar, escintilar shoot /iIW/ shot /iFW/ shot /iFW/ disparar show /iLH/ showed /iLHX/ shown /iLHm/ amosar, ensinar shut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ pechar sing /gBn/ sang /gæn/ sung /gJn/ cantar sink /gBnY/ sank /gænY/ sunk /gJnY/ afundir sit /gBW/ sat /gæW/ sat /gæW/ sentar sleep /goAU/ slept /goCUW/ slept /goCUW/ durmir(se) smell /glCo/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ ulir, cheirar speak /gUAY/ spoke /gULHY/ spoken /'gULHYLm/ falar spell /gUCo/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ soletrear spend /gUCmX/ spent /gUCmW/ spent /gUCmW/ gastar; pasar (tempo) stand /gWæmX/ stood /gWHX/ stood /gWHX/ estar a pé steal /gWAo/ stole /gWLHo/ stolen /'gWLHoLm/ roubar stick /gWBY/ stuck /gWJY/ stuck /gWJY/ apegar sweep /grAU/ swept /grCUW/ swept /grCUW/ varrer swim /grBl/ swam /græl/ swum /grJl/ nadar take /WMY/ took /WHY/ taken /'WMYLm/ coller; levar teach /WAa/ taught /WGW/ taught /WGW/ aprender, ensinar tear /WCL/ tore /WG/ torn /WGm/ rachar, esgazar tell /WCo/ told /WLHoX/ told /WLHoX/ dicir, contar think /eBnY/ thought /eGW/ thought /eGW/ coidar, pensar throw /epN/ threw /epI/ thrown /epNm/ guindar, tirar understand /JmXC'gWæmX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ comprender, entender wake up /rMY 'JU/ woke up /rLHY 'JU/ woken up /rLHYLm 'JU/ espertar wear /rCL/ wore /rG/ worn /rGm/ levar posto, poñerse win /rBm/ won /rJm/ won /rJm/ gañar write /pOW/ wrote /pLHW/ written /'pBWm/ escribir Action! ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
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Writing Guide ORGANIZA AS IDEAS (Organising your ideas)
A FINALIDADE DO TEXTO
DIVISIÓN DO TEXTO EN PARÁGRAFOS
Purpose of writing
Paragraphing
Antes de comezar, debes ter claro o que queres escribir para elixir a linguaxe axeitada: informal se é un correo electrónico a un amigo/a, e máis formal se vai ser un texto informativo.
Cando escribimos parágrafos, organizámolos da seguinte maneira: Paragraph 1: subministra información xeral sobre o tema. Paragraph 2: dá detalles ou desenvolve o tema.
ANTES DE ESCRIBIR
Paragraph 3: inclúe unha conclusión e ás veces tamén unha opinión.
Brainstorming 1. Fai unha listaxe de ideas ou un mapa de preguntas relacionadas co tema (what?, who?, when?, where?, why?). 2. Leas e risca as que xulgues irrelevantes. 3. Pon as restantes na orde en que queiras presentalas.
ORGANIZACIÓN DO TEXTO (Text organisation)
A ESTRUTURA DO PARÁGRAFO
Paragraph 1: My favourite book is the science fiction / fantasy novel The Hobbit. It was written by J.R.R. Tolkien and first published in 1936. The book tells the story of a hobbit called Bilbo Baggins. Paragraph 2: Hobbits are small peaceful creatures from a place called Middle-earth and Bilbo Baggins lives a quiet life in his hobbit home. But that changes when Gandalf the Wizard chooses Bilbo to go on a great but dangerous adventure. Paragraph 3: J.R.R. Tolkien created an amazing world in The Hobbit and the story is very exciting. I really recommend this book for teenagers everywhere.
Paragraph structure Un parágrafo ten tres partes: • A primeira oración (opening sentence), que presenta a idea principal. • O corpo do parágrafo (body of paragraph), que amplía a idea principal con información importante. • A derradeira oración (closing sentence), que resume a idea principal e a repite con outras palabras. Opening sentence:
Body of paragraph:
Closing sentence:
Tenerife, in the Canary Islands, is a fabulous place for a holiday. This amazing island has got beautiful beaches with impressive resorts. People come from all over the world to see the wildlife at the Teide National Park. Also, you can visit the Institute of Technology and learn how to use renewable energy. If you go to Tenerife, you will definitely have an unforgettable holiday.
REPASA O ESCRITO (Checking your writing)
AS MAIÚSCULAS Capital letters Escríbense con maiúscula: • a primeira palabra dunha oración. We had a great holiday. • os nomes e os títulos das persoas.
This is Mrs Lucy Smith. • os nomes de vilas, cidades, países, nacionalidades e linguas. Dover, Moscow, China, French • os días, os meses e os días festivos. Wednesday, April, Christmas • as palabras importantes dos títulos de libros, películas e cancións.
A Safari Mystery • o pronome persoal I. My friends and I love computer games.
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Writing Guide A PUNTUACIÓN
A ORDE DAS PALABRAS: AS EXPRESIÓNS TEMPORAIS
Punctuation • O punto (.) vai ao final das oracións afirmativas e negativas. My favourite sport is basketball. I don’t eat tomatoes.
Word order: Time expressions
• O sinal de interrogacion (?) ponse ao final das preguntas. Have you got a pencil? Did you do your homework?
We saw a film last night. time expr.
• O sinal de exclamación (!) ponse ao final da frase e serve para expresar unha emoción ou un sentimento e para facer fincapé nalgunha cousa. Wow! You look fabulous! • A coma ou vírgula (,) emprégase para separar palabras ou ideas. Polo xeral non se pon diante de and. I can play football, basketball and volleyball.
Prepositions of time
at two o’clock at Christmas from 6.00 to 8.00
in the morning in 2015 in May
from September to June
on Monday on 12th January
Pero: at night
at three o’clock.
Mais nas preguntas vai detrás do verbo. Tom s
tall?
Os adxectivos polo xeral van diante dos substantivos. terrible film adj n
The sandwich is healthy. v adj
The film was terrible. v adj
E detrás dos verbos estáticos. The dress looks expensive. v adj
A ORDE DAS PALABRAS: OS ADVERBIOS
He speaks clearly. v adv
O suxeito da oración ponse diante do verbo.
Is v
Word order: Adjectives
Os adverbios de modo adoitan ir detrás do verbo.
Word order: Subject – Verb school
A ORDE DAS PALABRAS: OS ADXECTIVOS
Word order: Adverbs
A ORDE DAS PALABRAS: SUXEITO – VERBO
left v
Last night, we saw a film. time expr.
Tamén detrás do verbo to be.
Empréganse distintas preposicións segundo o que queiramos expresar:
We s
De iren ao comezo, afástanse da oración principal poñendo unha vírgula.
healthy sandwich adj n
AS PREPOSICIÓNS DE TEMPO
at the weekend
As expresións temporais poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, malia que é máis habitual poñelas ao final.
AS CONXUNCIÓNS Linking words • and une dúas oracións ou ideas. He brought a suitcase and a backpack. • or conecta diferentes alternativas. Was it a goat or a sheep? • but contrasta dúas ideas. The film was good but depressing.
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Writing Guide AS CONXUNCIÓNS FINAIS
A ORDE DOS ADXECTIVOS
Connectors of purpose
Adjective Order
As conxuncións finais, como to, in order to e so that, empréganse para expresar a finalidade ou o propósito manifestado na oración principal.
• Se hai varios, polo xeral van nesta orde: opinión, tamaño, idade, forma, cor
I walk to school to stay fit. You can use a mobile phone in order to take pictures. We should leave now so that we won’t be late.
ridiculous, cone-shaped green hat • Cando hai dous adxectivos acompañando un mesmo substantivo, non hai vírgula entre os adxectivos; mais si hai máis de dous adxectivos, non hai vírgula entre os dous últimos.
OS CONECTORES DE SECUENCIA
The comedian was wearing big red shoes.
Connectors of sequence
They live in a large, old brown house.
Cando se contan unha serie de feitos, empregamos estas palabras para amosar a orde en que ocorreron:
FEITOS E OPINIÓNS
• first (primeiro, en primeiro lugar)
Facts and opinions
• after that (despois, logo)
Os feitos son información real e obxectiva, mentres que as opinións son puntos de vista persoais. Cando se escribe, adóitanse empregar feitos para apoiar as opinións que se dan e adoitan empregarse expresións como I think, I feel, in my opinion ou it seems.
• at first (ao comezo) • then (logo, entón) • later (despois, máis tarde) • at last (por fin)
He won the competition. (Feito)
• next (a continuación) • finally (ao final, finalmente, para rematar) First indica o primeiro que pasou e finally o derradeiro. Yesterday, we went to the amusement park. First, we got a map from the visitors’ centre. Then, we went on some rides. Next, we had lunch. After that, we saw a musical show. Finally, at 10 o’clock we drove home.
AS CONXUNCIÓNS COPULATIVAS Connectors of addition As conxunción copulativas empréganse para relacionar ideas semellantes entre si e engadir información adicional. A máis común é and. A mesma función pode ser exercida por algúns adverbios: also, in addition e as well as.
I think he had to train for months. (Opinión) In my opinion, it isn’t easy to win a competition like that. (Opinión)
AS CONXUNCIÓNS CAUSAIS E CONSECUTIVAS Connectors of cause and effect As conxuncións causais máis comúns son: because, because of, as a result of, since. I couldn’t have a cup of coffee yesterday because the coffee machine was broken. Sam doesn’t like swimming in the ocean because of the fish in it. As a result of deforestation, rainforests could disappear in 100 years.
I am going to call Sarah and tell her how I feel.
I haven’t seen Jim since 2014.
I booked a plane ticket. I also reserved a hotel room.
As conxuncións consecutivas máis comúns son: so, therefore, as a result.
I repaired your computer. In addition, I changed the memory card. We bought food for the party as well as drinks.
There are many endangered animals in this area. Therefore, we must protect them. There was a great fire in this forest many years ago. As a result, many trees were destroyed.
LINGUAXE INFORMAL Informal language A linguaxe informal escrita adoita caracterizarse polo emprego de: - formas contraídas (I’m, doesn’t, you’ve) - expresións cotiás (cool, hi, bye, guess what?) - puntuación informal como parénteses (–), guións –, puntos suspensivos para omitir contido … , signos de exclamación ! e emoticonas :-), :-(, ;-).
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Writing Guide AS CONXUNCIÓNS E LOCUCIÓNS ADVERSATIVAS Connectors of contrast As conxuncións e locucións conxuntivas adversativas empréganse para relacionar ideas opostas. As máis empregadas son: on the one hand, on the other hand, but, however e although. On the one hand, I enjoy going to parties. On the other hand, I don’t like organising them. People are often generous, but there are some people with the mean gene. I don’t usually criticise. However, my neighbour always criticises me. Although he is short, he plays basketball really well.
AS COMIÑAS Quotation marks As comiñas (“ … ”) adoitan empregarse para citar literalmente e por escrito o que alguén dixo. A cita comeza coa primeira letra en maiúscula e, ao rematar a cita, engádese unha vírgula para separala do falante. “She has to have the information on her computer,” the police officer said. The suspect shouted, “I didn’t steal the painting!”
OS SINÓNIMOS Synonyms Ao escribir, adoitan empregarse sinónimos co obxectivo de evitar a repetición de palabras ou para facer máis interesante o texto. Yesterday, I received great news from my sister. She’s pregnant!! Getting such good news from a relative makes me feel very happy.
PRESENTACIÓN DE EXEMPLOS Presenting examples Cando se redacta un texto, é frecuente a necesidade de dar exemplos. Para iso empréganse expresións como like, for example ou such as. There are many types of trips. For example, adventure trips, road trips or camping trips. I like international food such as Asian, Italian, Brazilian and Greek.
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Cadros Writing Guide resumo
TEMPOS VERBAIS PRESENTE eu xogo ti xogas el, ela xoga nós xogamos vós xogades eles, elas xogan PERÍFRASE eu estou a xogar / xogando ti estás a xogar / xogando el, ela está a xogar / xogando nós estamos a xogar / xogando vós estades a xogar / xogando eles, elas están a xogar / xogando
TENSES PRESENT SIMPLE I play you play he, she, it plays we play you play they play PRESENT CONTINUOUS I am playing you are playing he, she, it is playing we are playing you are playing they are playing FUTURE: BE GOING TO I am going to play you are going to play he, she, it is going to play we are going to play you are going to play they are going to play
FUTURO eu xogarei ti xogarás el, ela xogará nós xogaremos vós xogaredes eles, elas xogarán
OUTRAS EQUIVALENCIAS
FUTURO: PERÍFRASE
eu vou xogar ti vas xogar el, ela vai xogar nós imos xogar vós ides xogar eles, elas van xogar
FUTURO: WILL I will play you will play he, she, it will play we will play you will play they will play
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Cadros Resumo
PRETÉRITO IMPERFECTO eu xogaba ti xogabas el, ela xogaba nós xogabamos vós xogabades eles, elas xogaban
PRETÉRITO PERFECTO
eu xoguei ti xogaches el, ela xogou nós xogamos vós xogastes eles, elas xogaron
PAST CONTINUOUS
PERÍFRASE
I was playing you were playing he, she, it was playing we were playing you were playing they were playing
eu estaba a xogar ti estabas a xogar el, ela estaba a xogar nós estabamos a xogar vós estabades a xogar eles, elas estaban a xogar
PAST SIMPLE I played you played he, she, it played we played you played they played
PRESENT PERFECT
PERÍFRASE
I have played you have played he, she, it has played we have played you have played they have played
eu teño xogado ti tes xogado el, ela ten xogado nós temos xogado vós tedes xogado eles, elas teñen xogado
PRETÉRITO PLUSCUAMPERFECTO
PAST PERFECT
eu xogara ti xogaras el, ela xogara nós xogaramos vós xogarades eles, elas xogaran
I had played you had played he, she, it had played we had played you had played they had played
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