Electric Vehicles and the Grid Ontario Smart Grid Forum October 14th, 2008
Dr. Arindam Maitra Senior Project Manager Electric Transportation Power Delivery & Utilization (PDU)
EPRI Vision for Infrastructure • Safe, intercompatible, and intelligent interface • Common connector and communication standards
Efficient Building Systems
Utility Communications Internet
– SAE J1772, J2836 Consumer Portal & Building EMS
• Smart Grid enabled – Bi-directional data exchange between vehicle and grid – AMI and non-AMI strategies to enable smart charging
• Understand System Impacts
Distribution Operations
– Vehicle-to-grid
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Advanced Metering
PV
Control Interface
Plug-In Hybrids
Data Management
• Smart Grid Initiatives and Demonstrations • Synergistic with stationary energy storage, distributed generation • Long-term R&D
© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Dynamic Systems Control
Renewables
Distributed Generation & Storage
Smart End-Use Devices
Auto Industry Interest in PHEVs (and EVs) Announced Programs by Most Major OEMs EV
PHEV or EREV
Production
Demo
Saturn VUE 2-Mode Blended Intro: 2011 CY
Nissan 2010 CY
Chevrolet Volt Extended Range EV 40-mile EV range 16kWh Li-Ion Intro: 2010 CY
Mitsubishi iMIEV 2010 CY, 100 mile range, PG&E, SCE demo
Ford Escape PHEV 2008 CY, 21 car fleet with SCE/EPRI/Utilities Ford/Eaton Trouble Truck 10 truck fleet w/ utilities
Toyota Prius PHEV 500-car fleet 2009 CY © 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Daimler Smart ForTwo 2010 CY
VW Golf TwinDrive 30 mile EV range 20-car fleet, 2009 3
Dodge ZEO 150-200 mile range
Subaru R1e 50 Mile AER 10-car fleet 2008 CY
Electricity – The Only Energy Source with Significant Capacity to Support Transportation Industrial 25.7%
Commercial 36.2%
Residential 37.5% 10M EREVs and PHEVs 0.5%
Efficient use of electricity – 1% increase in electricity to charge PHEVs saves 174 million barrels of petroleum annually DOE EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2008, Tables A2. and A18. © 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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PHEVs are Synergistic with Low-Carbon Generation, Smart Grids
Creating the Electricity Network of the Future © 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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PHEV Charging is a Crucial Smart Grid Application
• •
Minimal grid impacts, maximum utility value Harmonize customer and utility requirements
© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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EPRI vision of standards unification among IntelliGrid, SDOs and auto industry INTERDEPENDENT CONCURRENT SYNCHRONOUS
EAEC SAE J2847, J2836 RP 2.0 (Final c:2009)
JARI
UL
SAE J2847, J2836 SAE
Auto OEMs
IEEE
ZigBee Smart Energy Profile 2.x
EPRI IntelliGrid
IntelliGrid CIM 1.0
IntelliGrid CIM 2.0
ZigBee Smart Energy Profile 1.x
ZigBee Smart Energy Profile 1.0
Need for SAE development to work closely with the Smart Energy Alliance to bring all the Demand Response Program features under a single canopy © 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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EPRI IWC & PHEVWG
IEC
NEC ZigBee Alliance
HomePlug Alliance OpenHAN
OpenAMI
UtilityAMI
Distribution System Impacts • Evaluate localized impacts of PHEVs to utility distribution systems • Participants – ConEd, AEP, Hydro-Quebec, Dominion, TVA, Southern, NU, BC Hydro
• • • • • •
Plug-In Characteristics
Thermal Loading • Plug-in vehicle type and range Losses • PEV market share Voltage and distribution Imbalance • Charge profile and Harmonics power level Protection System • Charger behavior Impacts • Advanced Metering • ©EE devices 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 8
July 27th 2007 24 hr: Total Loading for the Feeder Under Study Base Load Scenario PHEV Case 1:- (120V, 15A) Charging @1am
12000
11000 Total Loading at Substation (KW)
Distribution Impacts
10000
9000
8000
off-peak load 7000
off-peak load
6000
Opportunity for Smart Charging 5000
4000 0
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Load Growth in the Entertainment Sector PLASMA TV
SET TOP BOX Average Power
300W!
Average Power
5.5hrs/day
30W!
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Plasma TV prices are dropping which encourages people to buy one!
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Typical Plasma TV 42” consumes as much as three times more power than 27” CRT TV
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By 2009, 16% of all TV’s shipped to North America will be Plasma (nearly 6 million TVs!)
© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Set-top boxes decode the signals sent by cable TV operators
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They consume power even when they are Switched OFF!!
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They are typically ON 24x7
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Annual energy consumption of 2 set-top boxes is equal to the energy consumed by one refrigerator!
Example Assessment – Tankless Water Heaters • Effect on required distribution transformer ratings • Effect on secondary conductor requirements • Effect on customer service rating requirements • Effect on power quality (voltage fluctuations or flicker) • Effect of current waveshape on possible transformer saturation, metering, and other effects 11kW
28kW
© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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EPRI PHEV Distribution Impact Supplemental
• Scope is distribution system, substation transformer, primary distribution, distribution transformer, and secondary system up to service entrance © 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 11
System Modeling Tools • Existing Modeling Tools – CYME CYMDIST – Milsoft – SynerGEE
• New Approaches and Tools • • • • •
Complete 3 phase distribution system representation Ability to represent load profiles Simulation over the entire year Applicability to real time simulations Stochastic assessments (e.g. Monte Carlo simulations) Distribution Engineering Workstation (DEW) Distribution System Simulator (DSS)
© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Distribution Transformer Load Management • The areas of distribution transformer failures and loadings will continue to receive increased attention. • Customer-scale load estimation and modeling systems are becoming more prevalent, particular with the advent of Automated Meter Reading (AMR) technology, AMI, and increased penetration of SCADA systems within distribution networks. • These systems have made comprehensive Transformer Load Management systems a practical and attractive possibility.
© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Source: Distribution Transformer Failure and Load Analyses: Review of Historical Performance and Best Practices, EPRI Report Feb 2008 13
Z
Example System Study System (Assumptions) • Model every single customer, transformer, service
DISTRIBUTION XFMR
Substation
Z
AC
Z
Z
• Charging – 120V, 12A & 240V, 20A, Others • Time of charge – Night charge & Day Time Charging
Circuit (URBAN) • Substation Utilized Capacity – 73% • Load Class – 95% Residential and 5% Commercial • Total Circuit Length – 24 miles • No AMI Coverage • Summer Peak • 3260 customers (3103 Residential)
8760 Load Profile @ Substation
Peak - July and August Peak Period @ Aug - 11am - 7pm Peak - 69.8MW @ Aug 8th, 2007 @ 2pm Substation Transformer- 87MVA (Base Rating) Feeder Under Study Load (peak) - 15 MVA
Total Loading at the Substation (2007) kW
72000 66000 60000 54000 48000 42000 kW 36000 30000 24000 18000 12000 6000 0
11000 10000 9000 8000
10000-11000 9000-10000 8000-9000 7000-8000 6000-7000 5000-6000 4000-5000 3000-4000 2000-3000 1000-2000 0-1000
7000 kW
6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000
23 Jan
© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Nov
Sep
Jul
May
Mar
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Hour
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Hour Peak - Jan and July and August Peak Period @ July/Aug - 1pm - 8pm Peak Period @ Jan - 8am - 11am & 5pm-9pm Peak - 10.4MW @ July 27th, 2007 @ 5pm
Total Loading on Feeder Under Study (2007) kW
15
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1
66000-72000 60000-66000 54000-60000 48000-54000 42000-48000 36000-42000 30000-36000 24000-30000 18000-24000 12000-18000 6000-12000 0-6000
Month
Battery Charge Profiles Different Battery Charge Profile 8.00 7.00
120V15ACharge Profile 120V 20ACharge Profile 240V 15A Charge Profile 240V 20A Charge Profile 240V 30A Charge Profile
6.00
KW
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© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Aug 7th 2007 24 hr: TOTAL Loading@Substation Base Load Scenario PHEV Case 1:- (120V, 15A) Charging @1am Penetration=10% PHEV Case 1:- (240V, 20A) Charging @1am Penetration=10% PHEV Case 1:- (120V, 15A) Charging @7pm Penetration=10% PHEV Case 1:- (240V, 20A) Charging @7pm Penetration=10%
70000
Total Loading at Substation (KW)
65000
Opportunity for Smart Charging
60000 55000 50000
off-peak load off-peak load
45000 40000 35000 0
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July 27th 2007 24 hr: Total Loading for the Feder Under Study 12000
Total Loading at Substation (KW)
11000
Base Load Scenario PHEV Case 1:- (120V, 15A) Charging @1am PHEV Case 1:- (240V, 20A) Charging @1am PHEV Case 1:- (120V, 15A) Charging @7pm PHEV Case 1:- (240V, 20A) Charging @7pm
Penetration=10% Penetration=10% Penetration=10% Penetration=10%
Opportunity for Smart Charging
10000 9000 8000
off-peak load 7000
off-peak load
6000 5000 4000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 © 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.Hours
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Developing the Smart Grid – EPRI Demonstration Initiative
© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Smart Grid Sensors….Two Way Communications….Intelligence Markets
Transmission
Substation
Distribution
Consumer
Information & Communication Enabled Power Infrastructure
Acting on this Information Will: Enable active participation by consumers Anticipate & respond to system disturbances (self-heal)
Accommodate all generation and storage options
Operate resiliently against attack and natural disaster
Enable new products, services and markets
Optimize asset utilization and operate efficiently
Provide power quality for the digital economy
© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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EPRI Smart Grid Demonstrations • Smart Grid Demonstrations for Integrating Distributed Resources
Deploying the Virtual Power Plant • Several regional demonstrations – Multiple Levels of Integration – Multiple Types of Distributed Energy Resources To • Reduce Peak Demand • More efficient use of Generation resources • Reduce Carbon emissions, Enhance Markets…… • Further Technologies / Systems enabling the Smart Grid
© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Smart Grid Demonstration Critical Elements Integration Level vs. DER Types Interoperable Integrated
Open Interfaces
Use of Standards
System Operations
I N T E G R A T I O N
Preferred Smart Grid Demonstration Project
System Planning
Funding Common Resources Object Models
L E V E L
Distributed Energy Resource Types Demand Response Renewables
System Resource
© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
PHEV Storage
Customer Resource
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Distributed Generation
Dynamic Rates
Smart Grid Demonstration Critical Elements • Integration of Multiple Distributed Resource Types – Demand Response, Distributed Generation, Storage, Renewable Generation
• Connect retail customers to wholesale conditions – Dyanamic Rates, Ancillary Services
• Integration with System Planning & Operations – Level of integration, Tools & Techniques, Visibility © 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Smart Grid Demonstration Critical Elements • Critical Integration Technologies and Standards – Use of standards, common object models, Comm interfaces • Compatibility with EPRI’s Initiative and Approach – Use cases, business case development, enables wide spread integration • Funding requirements and leverage of other funding resources – Government, Research Orgs, Vendors, Universities – Capitol costs born by utility 23
© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Diverse Characteristics Lead to Multiple Demonstration Sites • Regional characteristics – Weather – Regulatory / Market – Availability of Renewable Generation & Storage • Customer / Load characteristics – Residential, Commercial, Industrial • Distribution system characteristics – Rural, suburban, urban overhead and underground systems • Communication Infrastructure available – Public (internet, cellular) – Private (AMI, licensed)
© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Smart Grid Demonstrations Distributed Resources as Virtual Power Plant Leverage information and communication technologies
Transmission
Connect Wholesale Conditions to Retail Market
G
Storage Renewables
Distribution Communication
System Ops DMS Market
PHEV Process Control Sys
Large Loads
Distributed Gen
=Standard Interfaces
© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Building Control Sys
UPS
Lighting Control Sys
Distributed Energy Resources 25
AMI Interface
Thermostat
Water Heater
Objectives of the Demonstration Initiative Define information models and communications interfaces – All Levels of distributed resource integration (home, enterprise, market) Develop application guidelines, integration requirements and standards for distributed resource integration.
Energy Markets
Security Network Management Data Management
Field Assessments to: – Understand required systems and technologies for distributed resource integration Verify Smart Grid business case assumptions – Describe costs and benefits associated DER Integration
© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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DER Integration
Smart Grid Project Tasks • Task 1: Analytics Framework Development
• Task 2: Critical Integration Technologies and Systems Architecture
• Task 3: Technology Demonstrations
Efficient Building Systems
Utility Communications Internet
Consumer Portal & Building EMS
Dynamic Systems Control
Distribution Operations
PV
Control Interface
Plug-In Hybrids
• Task 4: Technology Transfer Data Management
© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Advanced Metering
Renewables
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Distributed Generation & Storage
Smart End-Use Devices