CONTENTS. List of Illustrations Notes on Contributors General Editors Preface
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-59448-6 - The Cambridge History of Science: Volume 2: Medieval Science Edited by David C. Lindberg and Michael H....
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-59448-6 - The Cambridge History of Science: Volume 2: Medieval Science Edited by David C. Lindberg and Michael H. Shank Table of Contents More information
CONTENTS
List of Illustrations
page xv
Notes on Contributors
xvii
General Editors’ Preface
xxiii 1
Introduction michael h. shank and david c. lindberg 1
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Islamic Culture and the Natural Sciences f. jamil ragep The Historical and Cultural Background The Translation of Greek Natural Philosophy into Arabic: Background and Motivations Translators and Their Patrons The Natural Philosophy Tradition in Islam Defenders and Practitioners of Natural Philosophy The Theological (kal¯am) Approach to the Phenomenal World Transformations and Innovations in Islamic Natural Philosophy Islamic Mathematics j. l. berggren Sources of Islamic Mathematics Mathematics and Islamic Society The Social Setting of Mathematics in Medieval Islam Arithmetic Algebra Indeterminate Equations Number Theory Combinatorics The Tradition of Geometry Foundations of Geometry
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-59448-6 - The Cambridge History of Science: Volume 2: Medieval Science Edited by David C. Lindberg and Michael H. Shank Table of Contents More information
Contents
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Trigonometry The Astrolabe Conclusion
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The Mixed Mathematical Sciences: Optics and Mechanics in the Islamic Middle Ages elaheh kheirandish Highlights Heritage Transmission Developments: Context Developments: Optics Developments: Mechanics Conclusion
81 82 83 84 86 90 91 94 97 103 107
Islamic Astronomy robert g. morrison The Applications of Astronomy: Time, Prayer, and Astrology The Astrolabe Transmission and Translations Observational Astronomy Ptolemy’s Models and Ensuing Criticisms of the Ptolemaic Equant Hypothesis Astronomy and Natural Philosophy Planetary Theory in the Islamic West The Mar¯agha Observatory: Planetary Theory and Observational Astronomy Astronomy in Religious Scholarship Developments in the Fifteenth Century and Thereafter
109
Medicine in Medieval Islam emilie savage-smith Pre-Islamic Medicine Early Islamic Medicine The Learned Medical Tradition Ophthalmology Pharmacology Anatomy The Practice of Medicine Theory versus Practice
139
Science in the Jewish Communities y. tzvi langermann The Emergence of a Hebrew Scientific Literature Survey by Community Survey by Discipline The Impact of Science on Jewish Thought
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-59448-6 - The Cambridge History of Science: Volume 2: Medieval Science Edited by David C. Lindberg and Michael H. Shank Table of Contents More information
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Science in the Byzantine Empire anne tihon Mathematics Astronomy Astrology Music Theory Geography Optics and Mechanics Alchemy and Chemistry Botany Zoology Conclusion
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Schools and Universities in Medieval Latin Science michael h. shank From Benedictine Expansion to the Urban Schools The Rise of Guilds of Masters and Students The University as Guild The Study of Nature and the Faculty Structure Teaching and Learning: Lectures, Commentaries, and Disputations Clerical Status and Social Parameters The Expansion of the University Curricular Tradition, Innovation, and Specialization The Circulation of Knowledge about Nature Beyond the Halls of the University Conclusion
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The Organization of Knowledge: Disciplines and Practices joan cadden The Era of the Liberal Arts: Fifth to Twelfth Centuries Cultural Confluences and Transformations of the Arts: Twelfth Century The Era of the Faculties of Arts: Thirteenth to Fourteenth Centuries Conclusion
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Science and the Medieval Church david c. lindberg Methodological Precepts Augustine and the Handmaiden Formula Early-Medieval Science and the Recovery of the Classical Tradition Accommodation in the Thirteenth Century The Course of Events Late-Medieval Developments Concluding Generalizations
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-59448-6 - The Cambridge History of Science: Volume 2: Medieval Science Edited by David C. Lindberg and Michael H. Shank Table of Contents More information
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Contents Natural Knowledge in the Early Middle Ages stephen c. mccluskey Antique Learning in Ostrogothic Italy Natural Knowledge in the Visigothic Court Miracles and the Natural Order Christian Feasts and the Solar Calendar Computus and the Date of Easter Monastic Timekeeping Early-Medieval Cosmology, Astronomy, and Mathematics bruce s. eastwood Cosmology Astronomy Arithmetic and Geometry Early-Medieval Medicine and Natural Science vivian nutton Christianity and Pagan Medicine The Decline of Medicine? The Triumph of Galenism in the East Late Latin Texts on Medicine and Natural Science Medicine and Natural Science in and out of the Monastery Translation and Transmission of Greek and Islamic Science to Latin Christendom charles burnett The Course of the Translations Goals Greek or Arabic? Sources Patrons Translators Techniques From Translatio studii to Respublica philosophorum The Twelfth-Century Renaissance charles burnett The Idea of a Renaissance The Systematization of Adminstration and Learning The Recovery of Roman and Greek Culture The Widening Boundaries of Philosophia The Rise of Specialization The Refinement of Language The Development of Methods of Scientific Argument The Potential of Man
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-59448-6 - The Cambridge History of Science: Volume 2: Medieval Science Edited by David C. Lindberg and Michael H. Shank Table of Contents More information
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Medieval Alchemy william r. newman The Origins of Medieval European Alchemy The Thirteenth Century Albertus Magnus Roger Bacon The Summa Perfectionis of “Geber” Alchemy in the Late Middle Ages Conclusion Change and Motion walter roy laird Change and Motion Place and Time Motion in a Void Bradwardine’s Rule Falling Bodies and Projectiles Projectile Motion and the Theory of Impetus Acceleration of Falling Bodies The Oxford Calculators and the Mean-Speed Theorem Celestial Movers Cosmology edward grant Is the World Created or Eternal? The Two Parts of the World: Celestial and Terrestrial Aristotle and Ptolemy The Number of Orbs and the Order of the Planets The Theological Spheres Celestial Motions and Their Causes Dimensions of the World Existence Beyond the Cosmos Astronomy and Astrology john north Planetary Astronomy Observation and Calculation The Alfonsine Tables Critics of the Old Astronomy Astrology Court Astrology and Patronage Popular Astrology Appendix: The Ptolemaic Theory of Planetary Longitude as Applied in the Middle Ages The Science of Light and Color, Seeing and Knowing david c. lindberg and katherine h. tachau Greek Beginnings
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-59448-6 - The Cambridge History of Science: Volume 2: Medieval Science Edited by David C. Lindberg and Michael H. Shank Table of Contents More information
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Contents The Islamic Contribution The Beginnings of Perspectiva in Thirteenth-Century Europe The Baconian Synthesis The Rainbow and Its Colors Colors, Appearances, and the Knowability of the World The Diffusion of Perspectiva After Roger Bacon
491 497 501 505 507 509
Mathematics a. george molland Boethius and the Early Middle Ages Semiotic Considerations From Boethius to the Twelfth-Century Renaissance The Twelfth Century Doing Mathematics: Leonardo of Pisa Considering Mathematics: Jordanus de Nemore and the Universities Ratios and Proportions Conclusion
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Logic e. jennifer ashworth Background: Texts and Institutions The Nature of Logic Demonstration and Scientific Method New Techniques: Sophismata and Obligations Signification Supposition Compounded and Divided Senses Syncategoremata; Proofs of Terms Conclusion Geography david woodward Scholarly Mathematical Geography and the Worldview Descriptive Geographies of the World and Mappaemundi Local Descriptions and Measurements of Land and Property Wayfinding and Navigation with Itineraries and Charts Conclusions Medieval Natural History karen meier reeds and tomomi kinukawa Natural History’s Place in the Medieval Intellectual World Experience and the World of Particulars The Practice and Use of Natural History The Depiction of Nature Anatomy, Physiology, and Medical Theory danielle jacquart Anatomical Knowledge: A Slow Reconstruction
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-59448-6 - The Cambridge History of Science: Volume 2: Medieval Science Edited by David C. Lindberg and Michael H. Shank Table of Contents More information
Contents Humors, “Virtues,” and Qualities From Health to Disease From Theory to Practice
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Medical Practice katharine park “Between Doctors and Holy Shrines,” 1050–1200 Urbanization and the Transformation of Medical Practice, 1200–1350 The Elaboration of Medical Institutions, 1350–1500
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596 602 606 611 613 617 624 630
Technology and Science george ovitt The Intellectual Context of Medieval European Technology Classical and Asian Influences on Medieval Technology Agricultural Technology Power Technologies Textile Production Military Technology Medieval Ships and Shipbuilding Building Construction and the Gothic Cathedrals Conclusion
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