Computers History How to build your own?
Sohaib Ahmad Khan CS101 - Topical Lecture 3131-0808-2007
What is a computer?
Input
Processing
Output
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Earliest Computing Aids
http://www.cee.hw.ac.uk/~greg/calculators/napier/about.html http://www.cs.umass.edu/~weems/C mpSci535/Discussion2.html
Jacquard Loom - A mechanical device that influenced early computer design Intricate textile patterns were prized in France in early 1800s. Jacquard’s loom (1805-6) used punched cards to allow only some rods to bring the thread into the loom on each shuttle pass. http://65.107.211.206/technology/jacquard.html Slide Credit: Prof Slotterbeck, Hiram College
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Sheets of punched cards set the pattern of the weave
http://65.107.211.206/technology/jacquard.html Slide Credit: Prof Slotterbeck, Hiram College
How Can You Make Your Own Computer? Using ‘Buntas’
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The ‘Bunta’ Switch
Input Output
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Two ‘Bunta’ Switches Input 1 Input 1 Input 2 Output
Input 2
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Two ‘Bunta’ Switches Input 1 Input 1 Input 2 Output
Input 2
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Two ‘Bunta’ Switches AND Operation Input 1 Input 1 Input 2 Output
Input 2
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Other Operations with two switches OR Operation 1st 2nd number number 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
Result 0 1 1 1
XOR Operation 1st 2nd Result number number 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
How to make your own computer How
to make an adder?
– Because an adder can be used to make a multiplier To
keep things simple, lets talk BINARY
1st Number
2nd Number
Result
Carry
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1-Bit Binary Adder 1st number
2nd number
Result
Carry
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Input 1 AND Input 2
XOR
Result
Summary Using
adders, I can make a large computer I can make adders using switches The output of one switch should be able to toggle another switch – Because I may want to use lots of switches in a cascade
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The ‘Bunta’ Argument A
computer is just a whole lot of adders put together… I can make a an adder using ‘buntas’ Therefore, I can make a computer using ‘buntas’
Really Large ‘Bunta’ Computer: The BuntiumTM
Pentium 4 has about 40 million switches in it Suppose I can make a ‘bunta’ bunta’ switch in a 25 cm2 area Lets put 30% overhead for interinter-connections between switches Then I need 1.3 billion cm2, or 130,000 m2 area… area… Other Ideas: I can also make a computer from water pipes and valves… valves… or light switches… switches… or… or…
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Charles Babbage
Babbage is known as the father of modern computing because he was the first person to design a general purpose computing device. In 1822, Babbage began to design and build a small working model of an automatic mechanical calculating machine, which he called a "difference engine". Example: It could find the first 30 prime numbers in two and a half minutes.
In the Science Museum, London
Source: http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/online/babbage/page3.asp, Slide Credit: Prof Slotterbeck, Hiram College
The Analytical Engine The machine was to operate automatically, by steam power, and would require only one attendant. source: http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/babbage/page5.asp Slide Credit: Prof Slotterbeck, Hiram College
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Curta Pocket Calculators Mechanical
Calculator that can do complex operations Circa 1960’s Went out of production with the advent of the electronic calculator
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Advent of Modern Computing Vacuum
Tubes
Transistors
ENIAC – (Electrical Numerical Integrator And Calculator), built by Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at Moore School of Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 19411941-46 Often called the first computer (that was electronic, programmable, general purpose and digital).
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ENIAC
18,000 vacuum tubes and weighed 30 tons Duration of an average run without some failure was only a few hours, although it was predicted to not run at all! When it ran, the lights in Philadelphia dimmed! ENIAC Stored a maximum of twenty 1010-digit decimal numbers. Input: IBM card reader Output: Punched cards, lights
ENIAC
Programming required rewiring of the machine, Source: http://ftp.arl.army.mil/ftp/historic-computers/
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Early Microprocessor Intel
8080, 1975, 4500 transistors
http://www.cs.washington.edu/people/faculty/lazowska/faculty.lecture/chips/8080.html
The Pentium 4, which debuted in 2000, sported 42 million transistors. Dualcore Itaniums have more than a billion. Credit: Intel
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ftp://download.intel.com/museum/Moores_Law/Printed_Materials/Moores_Law_2pg.pdf
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