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DOMESTIC VIOLENCE FATALITY REVIEW INFORMATION AND RESOURCES



A REVIEW OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE FATALITY REVIEW INFORMATION RESOURCES ACROSS THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL AND STATEWIDE REVIEW TEAMS RESEARCH ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE FATALITY REVIEW TEAMS FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF FAMILY VIOLENCE STUDIES 2012

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PROGRAMS BY STATE State

Active Statewide Team?

Alabama

Developed in Stated mission was to prevent domestic violence against 2006, no women by exposing its root causes; Ensure the current team. availability of services for domestic violence victims; Expand services systematically so that every victim may obtain needed services; Help victims and their families rebuild their lives through non‐violent means; Empower victims; Eliminate the re‐victimization of domestic violence victims by individuals, organizations, and society through education and collaboration. No Yes As domestic violence emerged from the confines of people’s homes into the public sphere, community understanding and efforts to respond have changed and improved dramatically. Domestic violence programs are the cornerstone of victim safety in Arizona and across the country. The National Network to End Domestic Violence conducts a nationwide census of services delivered by programs to evaluate trends in domestic violence. No No No The Connecticut Coalition Against Domestic Violence Yes works with representatives from organizations who support individuals and families affected by domestic violence to create the Fatality Review each year. Deaths over the past year are cataloged, and interviews are conducted with family members, friends, and individuals who knew the victim in order to attempt to understand underlying motives, concerns, and preventative measures that can be identified for use in the future. Domestic Violence Coordinating Council partners with Yes members of the advocacy community, law enforcement, courts, victim advocates, and the community to review previous deaths as a result of domestic violence. Through examination, they aim to prevent domestic violence in the

Alaska Arizona

Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut

Delaware

Summary of Program/Mission Statement

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Florida

Yes

Georgia

Yes

Hawaii Idaho

No Yes

Illinois

Yes

Indiana Iowa

No Yes

Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine

No No No Yes

future by identifying trends and behaviors. The report also includes information on services available to victims and secondary victims, as well as statistics to hotlines and social services made by victims. The review aims to identify factors within cases that create patterns, and the awareness of these patterns hopefully causes for policy and practice changes, leading to fewer deaths as a result of domestic violence. The FCADV and the review team has a “no blame, no shame” philosophy, in which agencies and individuals aren’t held responsible for the actions, and all deaths are the liability of the perpetrator. The Georgia Coalition Against Domestic Violence reviews fatalities and near fatalities over the past 6 years, in an attempt to hold abusers accountable and prevent fatalities in the future. They attempt to raise awareness of domestic violence, collaborate with agencies and individuals from various communities across the state, and give victims and families a voice in the process. The Idaho Fatality Review Team is a group of professionals who analyze the gravity of femicides in the state, as well as identify goals and outcomes of domestic violence fatality teams, and identify tensions in these efforts to increase the productivity of current and future reviews. Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship works with the Supreme Court and governmental and non-governmental organizations to plan a response to domestic violence through their fatality review. This review is aimed at improving agency collaboration, holding perpetrators accountable, and increasing safety for victims, and preventing future victims. The team also uses a risk assessment tool with law enforcement input to enhance local reactions to domestic violence. Established in 2000, the Iowa Domestic Violence Abuse Death Review Team aims at finding causes and manners of death resulting from intimate partner violence in Iowa. Through biannual reports, case data is used to identify patterns and factors in death and help to formulate recommendations and needs assessments to prevent future domestic abuse related violence. The Maine Coalition to End Domestic Violence focuses on

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Maryland

Yes

Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota

No No Yes

Mississippi Missouri Montana

No No Yes

Nebraska Nevada

No No

New Hampshire

Yes

looking beyond statistics to understand domestic violence, and get a case level look at individual experiences of women facing domestic violence, as well as the effect it has on children and families. The goal is to find common threads between cases and discern causes for alert in future situations that may lead to domestic violence fatalities, in the hope of prevention. The Maryland Network Against Domestic Violence reviews deaths and near-fatalities in which intimate partner domestic violence has played a role, with the ultimate intent of preventing such deaths and near-fatalities. The Maryland Network Against Domestic Violence has promoted a coordinated community response among agencies that provide services related to domestic violence, identify gaps in service, recommend changes, plans, and actions to improve coordination related to domestic violence among member agencies. The Review Team in Minnesota was formed by Watch, a nonprofit court monitoring organization. While keeping records, Watch had the desire to hold abusers accountable, and a need to use the data they had to find patterns and identify opportunities for intervention based on accurate information that could otherwise lead to a less than ideal outcome. The Montana Coalition Against Domestic Violence is funded by a grant that requires the state to document and review homicides across the state that result from intimate partner violence. The commission reports its findings and recommendations every two years, with the new legislative sessions. Reports describe the Commission’s work, trends identified in intimate partner violence, and recommendation for further action to be taken against intimate partner violence. A bill was introduced in 2011 to start a domestic violence fatality review team in response to high fatality rates in the state. This domestic violence fatality review committee had a broad based membership, aimed at providing a systematic approach to reviewing deaths related to homicide, to prevent future fatalities and create strategies to combat domestic

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violence.

New Jersey

Yes

New Mexico

Yes

New York

Yes

North Carolina No North Dakota No Ohio Oklahoma

No Yes

Oregon Pennsylvania

No Yes

Rhode Island

No

South Carolina No South Dakota No

The New Jersey review board aims at decreasing domestic violence related fatalities. Learning about deaths as a result of domestic violence helps improve community and systematic responses to domestic violence in the future. Both qualitative and quantitative review of previous cases of domestic violence makes this possible. New Mexico’s report contains findings and recommendations from a review of partner and sexual violence related deaths from the past few years. The goal is to prevent future victimizations and deaths at the hand of domestic violence, and give victims and family members a voice in the process. The Office of the Prevention of Domestic Violence has partnered with the National Fatality Review Initiative to conduct examinations of domestic violence related homicides. The goal of these reviews is to identify and correct system problems to help to prevent future incidents and deaths. Local level only Senate Bill allowing for domestic violence fatality review teams enacted in 2011 Local level only The annual report is used to make recommendations, including recommendations for the review committee itself. Primary needs include education and training, and awareness and prevention efforts. Local level only The Pennsylvania Coalition Against Domestic Violence is aimed at taking local level analysis to the state level. Education and technical assistance is provided to teams, with the goal to establish data collection guidelines, summarize data review, analyze trends, and recommend changes to prevent DV. Annual reports, recommendations, and steps to implement recommendations are the main parts of the review. Rhode Island conducted a “violent death” review, including domestic violence deaths. There is not a current death review, or a domestic violence fatality review team, specifically.

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Tennessee Texas

No Yes

Utah

Yes

Vermont

Yes

Virginia

Yes

Washington

Yes

West Virginia Wisconsin

No Yes

Wyoming

No



Local level only The Texas Council on Family Violence has collaborated with the Houston Police Department to host a review of domestic violence related fatalities, in the form of a summit. The goal was to help aid coordination between Texas family violence programs and law enforcement throughout the state. The review aims to identify trends in domestic violence, and prevent future fatalities. The Utah Review has also moved to help to uncover DV related suicides in particular, realizing the tragic impact of domestic violence, and the deaths that can happen as a result of trauma and suicide. The review helps to enact legislation to help prevent future fatalities in domestic violence, and train domestic violence prosecutors statewide. The quarterly meetings also help to examine the issues and patterns in service, identification, and prevention of domestic violence and domestic violence related fatalities and near fatalities. In 1999, VA enacted legislation authorizing family and intimate partner fatality review, now called domestic violence fatality review. The Virginia Department of Health directs the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner to provide technical assistance and training to fifteen local and regional domestic violence fatality review teams. Multidisciplinary stakeholders are responsible for reviewing cases of fatal violence. The confidentiality allows the group to have in depth and constructive discussion. The review process enhances collaboration with various stakeholders. The most recent report was conducted between 1997 and 2006, looking at trends and key findings about domestic violence related homicides and suicides. Recommendations have been made to law enforcement, mental health, physical health, chemical dependence, and domestic violence advocates on care. The Wisconsin domestic violence fatality review team includes stories from up to 10 years in the past, and provides goals for change from an advocacy, law enforcement, judicial, and prevention point of view. It also includes analyses and goals for the use of the fatality review as a tool for change for various agencies, advocates, and groups.



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FEDERAL RESOURCES:

National Domestic Violence Fatality Review Initiative ARIZONA BOARD OF REGENTS: NATIONAL DOMESTIC VIOLENCE FATALITY REVIEW INITIATIVE. The National Domestic Violence Fatality Review Initiative (NDVFRI) is a program designed to assist local and state level domestic violence fatality review teams with the task of identifying overarching goals to prevent domestic violence related homicide. The program is directed by Dr. Neil Websdale, at Northern Arizona University in Flagstaff, AZ. The NDVFRI is a grant funded initiative, with a clearinghouse of information and resources aimed at forming, implementing, and evaluating domestic violence fatality review teams. Newsletters, databases, conferences, training, and internet resources are all available for the use by fatality review teams or domestic violence advocacy groups. The NDVFRI provides the following services:       

customized information packets a quarterly newsletter conferences and teleconferences onsite training a database with information on existing fatality review teams an emerging practices manual website resources

The National Domestic Violence Fatality Review Initiative also has information on various agencies’ protocols, tools, and ways of assessing fatalities. These can be viewed, borrowed from, and implemented by other agencies that are unsure exactly where to begin in the fatality review process. From NDVFRI.org: The mission of the National Domestic Violence Fatality Review Initiative (NDVFRI) is to provide technical assistance for the reviewing of domestic violence related deaths with the underlying objectives of preventing them in the future, preserving the safety of battered women, and holding accountable both the perpetrators of domestic violence and the multiple agencies and organizations that come into contact with the parties.



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RESEARCH ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE FATALITY REVIEW TEAMS Websdale, N. (2005). R & B: A Conversation Between a Researcher and a Battered Woman about Domestic Violence Fatality Review. Violence Against Women, 11(9), 1186-1200. Websdale uses a fictionalized account of a discussion between a researcher and a survivor of DV to explain the process of fatality review. Websdale describes fatality review as a “deliberative process” involving communities and agencies, to identify homicides and suicides connected with domestic violence, in an effort to suggest interventions to prevent further deaths. The number of fatality review teams has grown greatly, specifically between 1990 and 2004. Websdale characterizes the fatality reviews as something that should be a type of “grassroots democracy”, and see the events leading up to a fatality through the perspective of the victims themselves. There is also a great cultural competency aspect to fatality reviews, and Websdale cites differences between various groups, including Black women, Native American women, and Western Europeans. Another important point Websdale makes is that looking at bigger, more global or national issues can “muddy the waters” of the process, and is best looked at an analysis at the level of the individual, locally, and work outward as far as is feasible. Hauser, J. (2005). Commentary on Websdale. Violence Against Women, 11(9) 1201-1205. This article is a fictionalized account of a fatality review team founder and a probation officer, prosecutor, victim advocate, and judge on a review team discussing Websdale’s previous article. In critique of Websdale’s article, Hauser attempts to explain is the cultural context and competency aspect. She explains that they have had members from other communities come present to the group, to get a better understanding of dynamics in their cultures. Another concern from Websdale’s article was the role of survivors in the fatality review process. The group points out that introducing women as “battered women” is a “little weird” and that many professionals on the team are also survivors and a part of families experiencing violence. Websdale, N. (2005). A Rejoinder to Jacquelyn Hauser’s and Jacquelyn Campbell’s Commentaries on R&B. Violence Against Women, 11(9) 1214-1221. In this article, Websdale discusses the importance of speaking with domestic violence survivors in the domestic violence fatality review process. A team in West Palm Beach, FL included team members who were battered women, and the team found that their insights were much appreciated. Websdale states that “they were closer to the street and more in touch with contemporary compromises facing victims”. Websdale goes on to also say that although they

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may not be more authentic, credible, or give an accurate picture of domestic violence, they provide a point of view that other members of the team cannot. In his response to a critique on his previous article (above), Websdale states that having women on the team who are both survivors of domestic violence and professionals is helpful; however, it does not give the same point of view as non-professional survivors. Everyone who has been trained as a victim advocate, a law enforcement officer, a mental health professional, or something of that sort has had their views shaped by what they learned, what is expected of them, and how their agency views various problems (and solutions alike). What is to gain from non-professional victims of domestic violence is the raw, uncensored experiences of those women, which are not shaped by some sort of academic or professional outlook in the mental health field. Ferrell, J., & Websdale, N. (1999). Making trouble: cultural constructions of crime, deviance, and control. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. Websdale and Ferrell describe what is known as “cultural criminology” – essentially, a way of looking at criminology as both a cultural and criminological process. This allows for criminology, sociology, and criminal justice to come together to better explain how, where, when, and why crime occurs in different cultures. From this point of view, “the study of crime necessitates not simply the examination of individual criminals and criminal events […], but rather a journey into the spectacle and carnival of crime”. This includes culture’s influence on crime, experiences gained from crime, and how the media portrays crime. Within this scope, Websdale and Ferrell examine how domestic violence is displayed in the public light, and they come to the conclusion that many times, it is described from the point of view of a strict “masculinist criminological positivism” philosophy. They describe a “profound ignorance” of the feminist perspective on gendered issues, and its impact on how crime is perceived. In light of these shortcomings, the philosophy of cultural criminology can be used to help aid in domestic violence fatality teams by applying various perspectives, theories, sociological views, and resources on different levels in different communities to combat issues. It is important to thoroughly examine crime and deviance in the context of the person’s environment, instead of from one perspective, typically that of a more masculine positivist. Websdale, N. (1999). Understanding domestic homicide. Boston: Northeastern University Press. Websdale’s book presents paramount information about domestic violence, homicide, and trends in this kind of deviant behavior. Websdale travels to Florida, where he enlists the help of the Florida Coalition Against Domestic Violence, various police officers, medical examiners, judges, and prosecutors. Throughout this process, Websdale is able to paint a picture of what domestic violence may look like, although avoiding the overgeneralization of experiences for various

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groups. Websdale also discovers the dynamic similarities between couples not residing together, and thus includes them in his domestic homicide studies. Websdale is able to portray longitudinal trends among domestic violence incidents resulting in death, and provides insights into the social aspects of intimate killing, including sex, race, and socioeconomic backgrounds of those involved, as well as other factors. However, this is not without shortcomings, as it is estimated that more than half of intimate partner violence is left unreported. But using the in depth process of examining past domestic violence cases, Websdale is able to better understand how domestic violence permeates various cultures, regions, and families.

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REFERENCES A Matter of Life and Death. (2010). Fourth Judicial District Domestic Violence Fatality Review. Retrieved from http://www.amatteroflifeanddeath.org/history Alabama Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2010). About Alabama Coalition Against Domestic Violence. Retrieved from http://www.acadv.org/about.html Alaska Network on Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault. (2008). Our Mission and Purpose. Retrieved from http://www.andvsa.org/who-we-are/   

Arizona Board of Regents. (2011). National Domestic Violence Fatality Review Initiative. Retrieved from http://www.ndvfri.org/ Arizona Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2010). Arizona Domestic Violence Fatality Report. Retrieved from http://www.ndvfri.org/wp-content/uploads/arizona/AzCADV2010-DV-Fatality-Report.pdf Arkansas Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (n.d.). Arkansas Coalition Against Domestic Violence. Retrieved from http://www.domesticpeace.com/about.html California Partnership to end Domestic Violence. (2011). California Partnership to end Domestic Violence. Retrieved from http://www.cpedv.org/ Colorado Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2011). Colorado Coalition Against Sexual Violence. Retrieved from http://www.ccasa.org/ Connecticut Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2011). CCADV Releases Fatality Review Report. Retrieved from http://www.ctcadv.org/NewsEvents/PressReleases/2011DomesticViolenceFatalityReview Report/tabid/260/Default.aspx Crouse, Adriane. (2011). SB 362 Allows for the Establishment of Domestic Violence Fatality Review Teams. Retrieved from http://www.senate.mo.gov/11info/BTS_Web/Bill.aspx?SessionType=R&BillID=420089 4 Domestic Violence Coalition of Greater Chattanooga. (n.d.). Domestic Violence Fatality Review Team. Retrieved from http://dvcchatt.org/?page_id=77 Domestic Violence Coordinating Council of Greater Cleveland. (1999). Report on 1997

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Domestic Violence and Related Homicides. Retrieved from http://www.ndvfri.org/wpcontent/uploads/ndvfri/29249.pdf Ferrell, J., & Websdale, N. (1999). Making trouble: cultural constructions of crime, deviance, and control. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. Florida Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2011). Faces of Fatality. Retreived from http://www.dcf.state.fl.us/programs/domesticviolence/docs/FacesofFatality.pdf Georgia Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2011). Fatality Review .Retrieved from http://gcadv.org/what-we-do/fatality-review/

Hauser, J. (2005). Commentary on Websdale. Violence Against Women, 11(9) 1201-1205. Hawaii State Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2011). Hawaii State Coalition Against Domestic Violence. Retrieved from http://www.hscadv.org/ Idaho Coalition Against Sexual and Domestic Violence. (n.d.) ICASDV Projects: Idaho Coordinated Response to Domestic and Sexual. Retrieved from http://www.idvsa.org/projects/index.cfm?project_id=7 IDEALS. (2010). Domestic violence fatality review teams: collaborative efforts to prevent intimate partner femicide. Retrieved from https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/16128 Indiana Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2004). Fatality Review Team Ordinance. Retrieved from http://www.violenceresource.org/fatrevord.htm Iowa Department of Public Health. (n.d.). Iowa Domestic Abuse Death Review. Retrieved from http://www.idph.state.ia.us/bh/domestic_abuse_review.asp

Jane Doe, Inc. (2003). 2003 Massachusetts Domestic Violence Homicide Report. Retrieved from http://www.ndvfri.org/wp-content/uploads/ndvfri/52352.pdf Kansas Coalition Against Sexual and Domestic Violence (2011). Publications. Retrieved from http://www.kcsdv.org/public.html Kentucky Office of the Attorney General. (2011). Attorney General's Office Partners with Warren County Officials to Start Domestic Violence Fatality Review Team. Retrieved from http://migration.kentucky.gov/newsroom/ag/domesticviolencereviewteam.htm

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Knox County Domestic Violence Fatality Review Panel. (2004). Knox County Domestic Violence Fatality Review Panel. Retreived from http://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/61720.pdf Louisiana Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2010). The Killing Must Stop. Retrieved from http://www.lcadv.org/TheKillingMustStop.pdf Macomb County Domestic Violence Fatality Review Team. (2006). Domestic Violence. Retrieved from http://www.ndvfri.org/wp-content/uploads/ndvfri/63272.pdf Maine Coalition to End Domestic Violence. (2010). “He wants to see me dead”. Retrieved from http://www.maine.gov/ag/dynld/documents/8th%20Report%20of%20the%20Maine%20 Domestic%20Abuse%20Homicide%20Review%20Panel.pdf Maryland Network Against Domestic Violence. (2011). Maryland Network Against Domestic Violence Fatality Review Team. Retrieved from http://www.mnadv.org/fatality.html

Mecklenburg County, NC Women’s Commission. (2011). Domestic Violence Fatality Review Team. Retrieved from http://charmeck.org/MECKLENBURG/COUNTY/COMMUNITYSUPPORTSERVICES /WOMENSCOMMISSION/ABOUTUS/OUTREACH/Pages/DVFRT.aspx Michigan Coalition Against Sexual Violence. (2003). A Vision for Prevention. Retrieved from http://www.ndvfri.org/wp-content/uploads/ndvfri/29362.pdf Mississippi Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2011). Mississippi Coalition Against Domestic Violence. Retrieved from http://www.mcadv.org/ Montana Coalition Against Domestic and Sexual Violence. (2010). Montana Coalition Against Domestic and Sexual Violence. Retrieved from http://mcadsv.com/what-we-do/mcadsvprojects/ Nebraska Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Coalition. (2010). Get Informed. Retreived from http://ndvsac.org/get-informed/ Nevada Network Against Domestic Violence. (2011). Publications. Retrieved from http://www.nnadv.org/archives.html New Hampshire Department of Justice. (2011). Domestic Violence Fatality Review Committee. Retrieved from http://doj.nh.gov/criminal/victim-assistance/domestic-violence-fatalityreview-committee.htm

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New Mexico Crime Victims Reparations Commission (2011). New Mexico Intimate Partner Violence Fatality Review. http://www.cvrc.state.nm.us/pdf/2010%20Annual%20Report.pdf New York State Office for the Prevention of Domestic Violence. (2010). Community Coordination. Retrieved from http://opdv.state.ny.us/professionals/coordination/fatalrev_conf06.html North Carolina Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2011). Domestic Violence Information. Retrieved from http://nccadv.org/dv_information.htm North Dakota Legislative Assembly. (2011). Senate Bill No. 2247. Retrieved from http://legis.nd.gov/assembly/62-2011/documents/11-0692-03000.pdf Senate Bill allowing for DVFRTs enacted in 2011. Office of the Attorney General Oklahoma. (2009). Oklahoma Domestic Violence Fatality Review. Retrieved from http://www.oag.state.ok.us/oagweb.nsf/vservices.html Ohio Domestic Violence Network. (2011). Resource Center. Retrieved from http://www.odvn.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53&Itemid=4

Oregon Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2011). About Us. Retrieved from http://www.ocadsv.com/ Pennsylvania Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2011). Domestic Violence Fatality Review in Pennsylvania. Retrieved from http://www.pcadv.org/Domestic-Violence-InformationCenter/Fatalities/Domestic-Violence-Fatality-Review-In-Pennsylvania.asp Rhode Island Department of Health. (2003). Health by Numbers. Retrieved from http://www.health.ri.gov/publications/periodicals/healthbynumbers/0308.pdf South Carolina Coalition Against Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault. (2011). Latest News and Events. Retrieved from http://sccadvasa.org/ South Dakota Network Against Family Violence and Sexual Assault. (2011). About. Retrieved from http://www.sdnafvsa.com/about.php

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State of Delaware. (2011). Fatal Incident Review Team. Retrieved from http://dvcc.delaware.gov/fatalincident.shtml State of New Jersey Department of Public Affairs. (2011). New Jersey Domestic Violence Fatality and Near Fatality Review Board. Retreived from http://www.nj.gov/dca/divisions/dow/programs/dvfnfrb.html Tennessee Coalition to End Domestic and Sexual Violence. (2011). Resources. Retrieved from http://tncoalition.org/#/resources.html Texas Council on Family Violence. (2011). Law Enforcement and Domestic Violence. Retrieved from http://www.tcfv.org/our-work/law-enforcement-and-domestic-violence The State of Vermont Office of the Attorney General. (n.d.). Domestic Violence Issues. Retrieved from http://www.atg.state.vt.us/issues/criminal-law/domestic-violence.php Utah Department of Health. (n.d.). Domestic Violence. Retrieved from http://www.health.utah.gov/vipp/domesticViolence/overview.html Virginia Department of Health. (2011). Domestic Violence Fatality Review. Retrieved from Virginia.gov: http://www.vdh.state.va.us/medExam/violence.htm West Virginia Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (n.d.). Publications. Retrieved from http://www.wvcadv.org/publications/publications/?searchterm=fatality%20review Washington State Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2010). Fatality Review. Retrieved from http://www.wscadv.org/projects.cfm?aId=390C83A4-C298-58F600EC20DCACFA40D5 Websdale, N. (2005). A Rejoinder to Jacquelyn Hauser’s and Jacquelyn Campbell’s Commentaries on R&B. Violence Against Women, 11(9) 1214-1221. Websdale, N. (2005). R & B: A Conversation Between a Researcher and a Battered Woman about Domestic Violence Fatality Review. Violence Against Women, 11(9), 1186-1200. Websdale, N. (1999). Understanding domestic homicide. Boston: Northeastern University Press. Wisconsin Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (n.d.). 2010 Wisconsin Domestic Violence Homicide Report. Retrieved from http://www.wscadv.org/projects.cfm?aId=390C83A4C298-58F6-00EC20DCACFA40D5

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Wyoming Coalition Against Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault. (n.d.) Domestic Violence Information. Retrieved from http://www.wyomingdvsa.org/