DNA & RNA Chapter 10

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

RNA

Ribonucleic Acid

Where does DNA “live”?

The NUCLEUS!

Why is DNA so Important? * DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic

information used in the development and functioning of all living things and some viruses.

* DNA is like blueprints, instructions, or a code for

making proteins

* DNA’s codes are converted/changed into messages (mRNA) for ribosomes to read and then make proteins. * Proteins do most of the hard work of

keeping us alive

DNA Sequence for Hemoglobin TACCACGACAGAGGACGGCTGTTCTGGTTGCAGTTCCGGCGGACCCCGTTCCAACCGCGCGTGCGAC CGCTCATACCACGCCTCCGGGACCTCTCCTACAAGGACAGGAAGGGGTGGTGGTTCTGGATGAAGGG CGTGAAGCTGGACTCGGTGCCGAGACGGGTCCAATTCCCGGTGCCGTTCTTCCACCGGCTGCGCGAC TGGTTGCGGCACCGCGTGCACCTGCTGTACGGGTTGCGCGACAGGCGGGACTCGCTGGACGTGCGC GTGTTCGAAGCCCACCTGGGCCAGTTGAAGTTCGAGGATTCGGTGACGGACGACCACTGGGACCGGC GGGTGGAGGGGCGGCTCAAGTGGGGACGCCACGTGCGGAGGGACCTGTTCAAGGACCGAAGACACT CGTGGCACGACTGGAGGTTTATGGCAATTCGACCTCGGAGCCATCGTCAAGGAGGACGGTCTACCCGG AGGGTTGCCCGGGAGGAGGGGAGGAACGTGGCCGGGAAGGACCAGAAACTTATTTCAGACTCACCCG CCTACCCACGTGGACTGAGGACTCCTCTTCAGACGCCAATGACGGGACACCCCGTTCCACTTGCACCT ACTTCAACCACCACTCCGGGACCCGTCCGACGACCACCAGATGGGAACCTGGGTCTCCAAGAAACTCA GGAAACCCCTAGACAGGTGAGGACTACGTCAATACCCGTTGGGATTCCACTTCCGAGTACCGTTCTTTC ACGAGCCACGGAAATCACTACCGGACCGAGTGGACCTGTTGGAGTTCCCGTGGAAACGGTGTGACTC ATCGACGTGACACTGTTCGACGTGCACCTAGGACTCTTGAAGTCCGAGGACCCGTTGCACGACCAGAC ACACGACCGGGTAGTGAAACCGTTTCTTAAGTGGGGTGGTCACGTCCGACGGATAGTCTTTCACCACC GACCACACCGATTACGGGACCGGGTGTTCATAGTGATT

What are the parts of DNA? *

The “Backbone” Has 2 Parts

D = Deoxyribose (SUGAR)

P = Phosphate

2 Strands called:

Double Helix

What are the parts of DNA? *

The “Rungs” The Nitrogen Bases A = Adenine T = Thymine C = Cytosine G = Guanine

What are the parts of DNA? *

Nucleotides: 1 Sugar

1 Phosphate 1 Nitrogen Base

How to remember Complementary Bonding Rules:

A bonds with T Think: A T & T phone company

How to remember Complementary Bonding Rules:

C bonds with G Think: Half circles

Lets Practice:

What are the complementary nitrogen bases in this sequence of DNA?

ATT CGT TAT CGT CTG AAA ACG

TAA GCA ATA GCA GAC TTT Yes! We made DNA!

What did we just do?

TGC

How does DNA tell the cell to make a specific kind of protein? *

There are 2 major steps in this process

* First: Transcription * Second: Translation

Why is mRNA Important? *

DNA is too big and CAN’T leave the nucleus…it must send messages

* mRNA is created by DNA in the nucleus * mRNA contains the messages from

the DNA and are sent to ribosomes for them to read the instructions for making proteins

What are the parts of RNA? *

Just Like DNA, RNA has: Sugar Phosphate

Nitrogen Base Nitrogen Bases (A,U, C, G)

U stands for Uracil…. a different nitrogen base

RNA Nitrogen Bases:

A bonds with U THYMINE in RNA!!

C bonds with G

How does DNA tell the cell to make a specific kind of protein?

Transcription :

Process in which mRNA is synthesized from the DNA template.

HINT: *** Transcription is when mRNA is made from DNA.***

*

mRNA: (messenger RNA) holds the recipe for making proteins

How does Transcription work? * QUESTION…have you been to court? * There is a person typing what is said and is creating a “court transcript”…which is really a code…shortened version…and later the transcript is translated into all the words that were said for a record.

SHORTENED CODE = mRNA

Lets Practice:

Create a RNA strand using this sequence of DNA? ATT CGT TAT CGT CTG AAA ACG

UAA GCA AUA GCA GAC UUU UGC This is mRNA!

We just transcribed DNA into mRNA!

Lets Practice This Again: Create a RNA strand using this sequence of DNA?

ACA CGA TTA CGG ATA CGC ATC

UGU GCU AAU GCC UAU GCG UAG

Now did What wewhat? just do?

YES! We transcribed/made mRNA from DNA

Now What?...Translation! Translation: Process in which mRNA attaches to the ribosome and a protein is assembled/made.

Words to know: * Codon: 3 base code in DNA or RNA * Amino Acid: Compounds joined by peptide bonds to build proteins. Different combinations of Amino Acids make different kinds of proteins. There are 20 different Amino Acids.

* Ribosome: “Reads” mRNA recipes so it can synthesize/make proteins

Now What?...Translation! More Words to know: *

tRNA: (transfer RNA) Type of RNA that transports amino acids to the ribosome

* Anticodon: Nitrogen bases that can pair that corresponds with the codons on the mRNA

What happens during translation?

Translating mRNA codes into amino acids to create polypeptid chains (protein chains) #1. AUG GCA UCC UGA Methionine, Alanine, Serine, Stop

#2. AUG CCC GGU UAG Methionine, Proline, Glycine, Stop

#3. AUG AAG GUG UGA Methionine, Lysine, Valine, Stop

How can knowing amino acid sequences in organisms help biologists? We can use the sequences to see how organisms are related!

Which of the following two organisms are MOST closely related? Fish Sequence: Methionine, Isoleucine, Arginine, Isoleucine, Glycine, Serine Lizard Sequence: Methionine, Isoleucine, Serine, Glycine, Alanine, Tyrosine Frog Sequence: Methionine, Isoleucine, Serine, Leuicine, Lysine, Lysine Bird Sequence: Methionine, Isoleucine, Serine, Glycine, Alanine, Valine

The end… For now…

DNA Mutations & Technology

What are genetic mutations? Mutation: Permanent change in a cell’s DNA, ranging from changes in a single base pair to deletions of large sections of chromosomes.

Causes of mutations include: * Viruses * Radiation

* Chemicals * Errors during mitosis and meiosis

Are mutations harmful? Some mutations are harmful, some are beneficial, and some do nothing. Harmful example: - Some mutations cause cancer & genetic disorders

Are mutations harmful? Helpful example: - Sickle cell anemia prevents malaria

Are mutations harmful? Not harmful or helpful: - Peppered moths come in dark or light colors

What are some types of mutations? There are many different types:

Chromosomal mutations

1.

Insertion

What are some types of mutations?

2. Deletion

What are some types of mutations? 3. Translocation

What are some types of mutations? 4. Duplication

What are some types of mutations? Gene mutations Point mutations involve changes in one or a few nucleotides 1. Substitutions: one base is changed to a different base. Only affects one amino acid or has no effect at all.

What are some types of mutations? Gene mutations Point mutations involve changes in one or a few nucleotides 2. Insertions and deletions: one base is inserted or removed from the DNA sequence. These are called frameshift mutations because they shift the “reading frame” of the genetic message.

How has technology changed DNA? Genetic Engineering: Technology used to manipulate an organism’s DNA by inserting the DNA of another organism. Transgenic Organism: Organism that is genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism.

How has technology changed DNA? Gel Electrophoresis: Process that involves using electric current to separate certain biological molecules by size. We use this to see DNA fragments to create a DNA fingerprint

- DNA fingerprints have 2 major uses: 1.Solve crimes 2.Figuring out “who’s the baby’s daddy”

DNA Fingerprinting Which of the following are his/her parents?

Who did it?

What is the human genome? Genome: Total DNA in each cell nucleus of an organism The Human Genome Project: * Began in 1990 and completed in 2003 * Found that we have 3 BILLION chemical base pairs * Used to understand genetic disorders

What is cloning? Cloning: Process in which large numbers of identical recombinant DNA molecules are produced.

“Dolly” the sheep was the first cloned animal

Clicker Question #1

These are 2 examples of nucleic acids: A. B. C. D.

Chloroplasts & Mitochondria Carbohydrates & Lipids DNA & RNA Nucleus & Ribosomes

Clicker Question #2

DNA holds the instructions for making:

A. B. C. D.

Energy Proteins Carbon dioxide Deoxyribose

Clicker Question #3

If 20% of a DNA’s strand contains Thymine, then: A. B. C. D.

it also has 80% Guanine it also has 50% Cytosine it also has 80% Adenine it also has 20% Adenine

Clicker Question #4

What type of sugar is found in DNA?

A. B. C. D.

Phosphorous Thymine Ribose Deoxyribose

Clicker Question #6

What 3 things make up a nucleotide? A. B. C. D.

Nucleus, DNA, & RNA Adenine, Thymine, & Cytosine Sugar, Phosphate, & a Nitrogen base Chromosomes, Genes, & DNA

Clicker Question #5 The DNA’s code is converted into _____ so it can be sent to ribosomes to make the proteins.

A. B. C. D.

DNA mRNA tRNA ATP

Clicker Question #7

Where is mRNA made?

A. B. C. D.

In the nucleus In the cytoplasm In the mitochondria In the ribosomes

Clicker Question #8

What type of sugar does RNA have?

A. B. C. D.

Deoxyribose Carbohydrate Ribonucleic acid Ribose

Clicker Question #9

Which of the following nitrogen bases does RNA not have?

A. B. C. D.

Uracil Thymine Adenine Cytosine

What does mRNA do? A. It carries the instructions from DNA to ribosomes to make proteins B. It carries instructions from the ribosomes to the nucleus to make DNA C. It carries the instructions from the nucleus to the mitochondria to make energy D. It carries instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm to make energy

Clicker Question #10

If a strand of DNA contains 40% of Cytosine, then A. B. C. D.

it also contains 40% Guanine it also contains 60% Thymine it also contains 40% Cytosine it also contains 60% Guanine

Clicker Question #12

What is transcription? A. B. C. D.

The process of making energy The process of making proteins The process of making DNA The process of making mRNA

Clicker Question #13

Where does translation occur?

A. B. C. D.

In the nucleus In the mitochondria In the DNA In the ribosome

Clicker Question #14

What is made during translation?

A. B. C. D.

DNA mRNA Protein Energy