International Scientific Conference on Sustainable Development & Ecological Footprint

March 26-27 2012 Sopron, Hungary

Distribution of Rare Tree- and Shrub Species in Hungary BARTHAa Dénes – TIBORCZa*Viktor – SCHMIDTa Dávid – KOVÁCSaMiklós a

Department of Botany and Nature Conservation, University of West Hungary, Sopron, Hungary * Corresponding author: [email protected]; H-9400 Sopron, Ady E. út 5.

Abstract – The Mapping of Hungarian Flora were started in 2003 and it is still continuing today. The aim of it, to survey the vascular plants of Hungary with a uniform method.The mapping of the Hungarian flora were continued in 2010. One of the result of this work is the Atlas of rare tree- and shrub species in Hungary. The rare species were selected by the Rabinowitz’s criteria and those species which stand’s size went above the critical level. The distribution maps were drawn with the method of Central European Flora Grid Mapping System. We used different symbols on the distribution maps, which are the followings: native occurrence, introduction (established alien), status unknown or uncertain, extinct, probably extinct or at least not recorded since 1950, record uncertain as to identification or locality. We described the most important morphologic traits, distribution pattern, and nature conservation importance of Hungarian rare tree- and shrub species. Keywords: distribution map / rare tree- and shrub species / Hungarian Flora Mapping Programme

1. INTRODUCTION The Hungarian Flora Mapping Programme were started in 2003 and it is still continuing today. The aim of it, to survey the vascular plants of Hungary with a uniform method. The method of this mapping programme is based on the Central European Grid Mapping System(CEU) (NIKLFELD H. 1971). This project is organized by the University of West Hungary. Eight region leader were selected for help in the coordination(KIRÁLY – HORVÁTH 2000, KIRÁLY et al. 2000). There is a taxon based data sheet which contains the most frequented plants species (1300), and there is an invasive data sheet which contains the most important invasive plants (KIRÁLY et al. 2003). In this project there is a lot of field work therefore like 100-150 botanists take a part of it. Build up the flora database is also the part of this project. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS We draw distribution maps with the aid of the geoinformatic programme Digiterra V.3.3. The source of the data is origined from herbarium, literature and Flora Database. We used the Central European Mapping system which is based on the geographical longitude and altitude degree minutes (NIKLFELD H. 1971). The size of these rectangle is 10 geographical longitude and 6 geographical altitude degree minutes which is a 12,5 km × 11,1 km rectangle. We divided into four part and these are the quadrates. The size of it is 5 geographical longitude degree minutes and 3 geographical altitude degree minutes, which area is a 6,25 km × 5,55 *

Corresponding author: [email protected], H-9400, Sopron, Ady E. u. 5.

International Scientific Conference on Sustainable Development & Ecological Footprint

March 26-27 2012 Sopron, Hungary

km. These are the basic grid units of the map. There are 2832 quadrates in the area of Hungary, from these 2474 quadrates are full which means the whole area of it is situated in the country (KIRÁLY – HORVÁTH 2000). These grid map represents the present or absence of a species, we can not conclude the abundance from it.

3. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The original end date of this project was 2005. Until this date 2242 quadrates were surveyed from the 2832 quadrates which means the 79% were ready of the taxon based data sheets. Only 1400 invasive data sheets were ready which means the 49% of it. From 2009 to 2011 the main coordinator institute could support this project with 10 millions Hungarian forint. The lack of the economical support is a problem in this case. We hope that in 2013 we can survey the last 163 quadrates which is still missing and this research can be finished. In this year we would like to start the data checking method also. There are two options for this: first one is that the botanists who is specialized for a taxon can check and correct the taxon’s data in the database, second is area based method which means the botanists can check the plants species list of their research areas. With this methods we would like to correct the main mistakes. Build up the flora database is also the part of this project. Since 2003 has started the data processing and it is still in progress today. The database contains nearly 2400 plant species name and the data of 2590 quadrates, which means 820754 data records. In the end of the year 2005, 2242 quadrates were done from the 2832. Between 2005-2010 there were breaking period in the field work. In the end of the year 2011 we survey another 350 quadrates and we would like to finish this project in the end of the year 2013, which is not an impossible mission. The main aim for this work to create the distribution maps of vascular plants of Hungary. There are many results of this project which are the following publications: Atlas of rare tree- and shrub species in Hungary, Invasive plant species of Hungary, Atlas of Orchids in Hungary. One of the result of Hungarian Flora Mapping project as I mentioned above the Atlas of rare tree- and shrub species in Hungary. Taxonomic description, synonym names, circumstances of name giving, author’s description, meaning of scientific and hungarian name is mentioned about the nearly 50 described dendrotaxa in this book. We describe the taxonomic situation of dendrotaxa where we took the newest results of molecular genetic researches into consideration. We give a particular morphological description about the species because the other dendrological studies did not give so much information about these rare plants. In the case of variability within species the important infraspecific taxa and the opportunities of hybridization with another species is mentioned. We give information about reproduction and phenological features, the distribution of dendrotaxa are also introduced. The distribution maps based on literature, herbarium data and also on Flora Mapping Database. In this book we represent 49 small monographs where we describe the main features of these plants. It consists more taxon because in the case of some taxonomic groups we wrote about more species in a small monograph, such as the rose group or whitebeam group The ecological demands and habitat preferences of species is also described. The descriptions of species end with nature conservation problems. We also list the most important references. In the appendix can find the whole list of dendrotaxa, taxonomic situation of the species, description of authors and list of dendrotaxa which are close to become rare. In the beginning of the book the history of the dendrological researches and the standpoints of species description are mentioned. We did not take into this category the semi shrubs because of the page limitation. 2

International Scientific Conference on Sustainable Development & Ecological Footprint

March 26-27 2012 Sopron, Hungary

The rare species were selected by the Rabinowitz’s criteria and the species which stand’s size went above the critical level (Table1). Table 1. – Forms of the rarity with examples according to RABINOWITZ Geographical distribution (area) Ecological demand

Size of the populat ion

Somewher e big

Everywher e small

Big

Small

Generalist

Specialist

Generalist

Specialist

(Quercus robur)

(Betula pubescens)

(Sambucus racemosa)

(Salix elaeagnos)

(Daphne mezereum)

(Andromeda polifolia)

(Daphne cneorum)

(Crataegus nigra)

The present species number of the Hungarian dendroflora is 94 species which consists the 41 Sorbus microspecies, 86 shrub species, 11 dwarf shrubs and 37 semi shrubs(it is without Rubus microspecies), 4 woody liana and 2 woody epiphytes. Over of it 7 woody species native status is uncertain and escaped respectively 27 tree and shrub species is cultivated. We compare the Hungarian dedroflora and European denroflora species number(Table 2.). Table 2. – Comparing of the Hungarian and European dendroflora species number. Life form / habitus European dendroflora Hungarian dendroflora Trees1 162 53 Shrubs 371 86 Dwarf shrubs 192 11 Semi-shrubs2 446 37 Woody lianas 23 4 Woody epiphytes 4 2 Total 1198 193 On the distribution maps we used different symbols. The symbols are the followings: † = regionally extinct × = probably extinct, or, at least not recorded since 1950
= native occurence  = introduction (established alien) = status unknown or uncertain (native or alien) ? = record uncertain as to identification or locality We used the same symbols than in the Atlas of Florae Europaeae I highlight to a species as an example in this study. One of the rare taxon is the Vitis sylvestris which is quiet interesting. Vitis sylvestris C. C. GMELIN is currently a highly threatened species in Europe due to habitat loss and strong human influences. Although the current European occurrence of Vitis sylvestris was documented in 1998 (ARNOLD et al. 1998), we were motivated to map and analyze the distribution of the wild grape, a protected species in Hungary (NÉMETH 1989, BARTHA 2000, KIRÁLY et al. 2007), in an effort to protect its present habitats. Wild grape appeared during the Atlantic period in the Carpathian basin (JÁRAI-KOMLÓDI 1966, 1968, 1969), and studies of wild grape seed fossils have suggested that the wine grape (Vitis vinifera L.) evolved from the wild grape. The wild grape was 3

International Scientific Conference on Sustainable Development & Ecological Footprint

March 26-27 2012 Sopron, Hungary

collected during the Bronze Age as an edible fruit; wine grape seeds have only been documented later than the Iron Age (TERPÓ 1988b, 1988c, GYULAI 2001, 2009). During the postglacial period, V. sylvestris spread north from southern refuges, becoming a common species in European forests, riverbanks, and hillsides (ARNOLD et al. 1998, TERPÓ & BÁLINT 1987). Large quantities of the wild grape in Hungary were identified on the trees of the Danube floodplain (KERNER 1863, 1868) between Visegrád and Pilisszentlászló. V. sylvestris was likely more common in the 19th and early 20th centuries than it is today; Dienes mentioned a grape stem as thick as an arm in the Ibrány forest. We plotted all present, and uncertain distribution data for V. sylvestris on the geographical grid map of Hungary (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Distribution of Vitis sylvestris in Hungary The majority of these data cover the Great and Small Hungarian Plains; the data are only scattered in the Transdanubian Medium Mountain and in Southern Transdanubia, and are rare for the Northern Medium Mountain and Western Transdanubia. The existence of less data from the mountain areas may be due to the phylloxera disease, which caused the largest losses in Hungary in the 1870s. V. sylvestris was able to survive in the floodplain forests in larger quantities because these regions were continuously flooded and phylloxera could not spread rapidly in these areas (TERPÓ, 1962a). Conspicuously, there are very few published data along the Tisza after 1990. Most likely the diversion of the river (1/3 of river long were cut) caused changes in the surrounding area, which led to the fragmentation and isolation of the floodplain forest habitats from each other. The intensive and rapid spread of V. riparia, may also have contributed to this effect. We assume that the native wild grape V. sylvestris has been continuously supplanted by the adventive V. riparia. That is why it is important to protect these rare species in Hungary. Aknowledgements: This study has been supported by TÁMOP-4.2.1.B-09/1/KONV project. References BARTHA, D. (2000): Vörös lista. Magyarország veszélyeztetett fa- és cserjefajai. Kék lista. Magyarország aktív védelemben részesülő fa- és cserjefajai. Fekete lista. Magyarország adventív fa- és cserjefajai [Red List. Threatened trees and shrubs in Hungary. Blue List. Threatened trees and shrubs with stabilized or increasing abundance in Hungary. Black List. Adventive trees and shrubs in Hungary.]. LővérPrint,Sopron. 32 p. CLAIRE, A. – GILLET, F. – GOBAT, J. M. (1998): Situation de la vigne sauvage Vitis vinifera ssp. silvestris en Europe. Vitis 37(4): 159-170. GYULAI, F. (2001): Archeobotanika. [Archeobotany] Jószöveg Műhely Kiadó Budapest. 221p.

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International Scientific Conference on Sustainable Development & Ecological Footprint

March 26-27 2012 Sopron, Hungary

GYULAI, F., GYULAI G. (2009): Középkori szőlőkultúra és előzményei (magok és tanulságok). [Middle aged grape cultivation] In DÉNESI, T., CSOMA, ZS. (eds.): Ad vinum diserti: Monostori szőlő- és borgazdálkodás. Budapest: A Pannonhalmi Bencés Főapátság Levéltára és a Magyar Bortörténeti Társaság, p. 27-40. JÁRAI-KOMLÓDI, M. (1966): Adatok az Alföld negyedkori klíma- és vegetációtörténetéhez I. [Data for the Hungarian Plain vegetation history I.]. Botanikai Közlemények, 53(3): 191-201. JÁRAI-KOMLÓDI, M. (1968): The late glacial and holocene flora of the Hungarian Great Plain. Annales Universitatis Scientiarum Budapestinensis, Sectio Biologica, 9-10: 199-225. JÁRAI-KOMLÓDI, M. (1969): Adatok az Alföld negyedkori klíma- és vegetációtörténetéhez II. [Data for the Hungarian Plain vegetation history II.]. Botanikai Közlemények, 56(1): 43-55. KERNER, A. (1863): Das Pflanzenleben der Donauländer. Innsbruck, p. 56. KERNER, A. (1868): Die Vegetationsverhältnisse des mittleren und östlichen Ungarns und angrenzenden Siebenbürgens XV. Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 18: 278-285. KIRÁLY G. – HORVÁTH F. (2000): Magyarország flórájának térképezése: lehetőségek a térképezés raszterhálózatának megválasztására [Grid Map method of the Hungarian Flora Mapping].Kitaibelia 5(2): 357–368. KIRÁLY, G. – CSIKY, J. – DANCZA, I. – FARKAS, S. – HORVÁTH, F. – MOLNÁR, V. A. – SZMORAD, F. – VIDÉKI, R. – VOJTKÓ, A. (2000): Beszámoló Magyarország Flóratérképezési Programjának előkészületeiről [Report about the preparation of Hungarian Flora Mapping Programme]. Kitaibelia 5(2): 379–384. KIRÁLY, G. (2003): A magyarországi flóratérképezés módszertani alapjai[Method of the Hungarian Flora Mapping Programme].Flora Pannonica 1(1): 3–20. KIRÁLY, G. (2003): A magyarországi flóratérképezés szerkezeti–működési elvei [Structure and Organisation of the Hungarian Flora Mapping Programme]. Flora Pannonica 1(1): 21–28. NÉMETH, F. (1989): Száras növények. In RAKONCZAY, Z. (ed.): Vörös Könyv [Red book]. Akadémia Kiadó,Budapest 265-321p. NIKLFELD, H. (1971): Bericht über die Kartierung der Flora Mitteleuropas. Taxon 20: 545-571. TERPÓ, A. (1962a): Adatok a hazai vadontermő Vitis-ek ismeretéhez [Data for wild grown grapes of Hungary]. Kertészeti és Szőlészeti Főiskola Évkönyve, 26(1): 147-161. TERPÓ, A. (1988b): A pannóniai területek természetes előfordulású szőlő (Vitis) populációinak eredete, taxonómiája és gyakorlati jelentősége [Taxonomy and origin of Vitis species in the Pannon area]. Akadémiai doktori értekezés, Budapest. TERPÓ, A. (1988c): A pannóniai területek természetes előfordulású szőlő (Vitis) populációinak eredete, taxonómiája és gyakorlati jelentősége [Taxonomy and origin of Vitis species in the Pannon area] . MTA doktori értekezés tézisei, Budapest, 17.

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