DISABILITY AND LIVELIHOOD Presented By:Amitabh Mehrotra

Founder Chairperson & Director SPARC-India 10 Satyalok Colony,Mohibullabpur Lucknow Phone:-0522-2730753

According PWD 1995 Act Sec2(1) Disability is defined as:       

Low Vision Leprosy-cured Hearing impairment Loco motor disability Mental retardation Mental illness Blindness not less than 40% of any disability as certified by a medical authority.”

Definition according to UN Convention on the rights of Person with Disability (UNCRPD) Defines disability as including those who have long term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments, which in interaction with various barriers may hinder there full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others.

Legal, Policy & Institutional Framework Legislative Provisions Mental Health Act (1987)  Rehabilitation Council of India Act,1992  Person with Disability Act, 1995  National Trust for the Welfare of Person with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple Disability Act, 1999 

Policies  

National Policy for Person with Disabilities 2006. State Government of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu have their own policies/ draft policies in place.

Institutional Framework Regulating Disability In India   

Chief Commissioner for Person with Disability and their corresponding State Commissioners. National Handicapped Finance and Development Corporation. 8 National Institutions

Government Schemes     

3% reservation in government, semi-government and local government. Pension Scheme / unemployment allowance Incentive to private sector Reservation in trade, graduate, technical, technical (vocational apprenticeship). Livelihood and employment schemes eg. MGNREGA, NRLM, PMEGP, PMRY.

Status of Disability 



According to census 2001, there were approx. 22 million PWDs in India who constituted to 2.13% of the total population. This includes Person with visual, hearing, speech, loco-motor, mental and other disability. However, according to the world bank report 2009, approx. 6% of Indian population has some form of disability

 

The employment rate of disabled people has actually fallen from 42.7% in 1991 down to 37.6 % in 2002. According to the employment projection given in the Eleventh Plan, in the Chapter „Employment Perspective and Labour Policy‟, “58 million job opportunities will be created in the Eleventh Plan period leading to a reduction in the unemployment rate to below 5%. Over the longer period up to 2016–17, spanning the Eleventh and Twelfth Plan periods, the additional employment opportunities created are estimated at 116 million. The unemployment rate at the end of the Twelfth Plan period is projected to fall to a little over 1%.”



There is a wide gap between the employment rate of people with and without disabilities in the country. Therefore, the above target for bringing down the unemployment rate cannot be achieved without addressing the employment issues of people with disabilities, who constitute about 5-6% of the population. It would require proactive initiative on the part of all concerned to ensure that disability is included in the employment programmes of the Government and the private sector.

Livelihood Options for Persons With Disabilities 

A study was conducted by UNDP focusing on Livelihood Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities in the year 2011 in ten States.



SPARC- India was the partner agency for this study in Uttar Pradesh.

% of Disabled Population and Human Development Index States/ Indicators Maharashtra

% Disabled population 1.62

HDI (2005) 0.689

Jharkhand

1.67

0.513

Andhra Pradesh

1.79

0.572

Chhattisgarh

2.02

0.516

Uttar Pradesh

2.08

0.490

Bihar

2.28

0.449

West Bengal

2.30

0.625

Madhya Pradesh

2.34

0.488

Rajasthan

2.50

0.537

Odisha

2.77

0.452

India

2.13

0.612

Analysis    



Maharashtra has the least proportion of disabled population (1.62%). Odisha has the highest proportion of the disabled population (2.77%). U.P is the state with the largest no. of PWDs (34.53 lakhs). Maharashtra is the state with the highest HDI amongst the states. Bihar is the state with the smallest HDI amongst the state.

Literacy States/ Literacy General Rate

Disabled

Literacy Gap

Bihar

44.20

37.29

6.91

Jharkhand

49.70

41.54

8.16

Uttar Pradesh

51.10

44.55

6.55

Andhra Pradesh

54.20

44.23

9.97

Rajasthan

54.50

45.28

9.22

Madhya Pradesh

58.80

49.73

9.07

Chhattisgarh

59.10

48.07

11.03

Odisha

59.70

48.81

10.89

West Bengal

65.80

52.72

13.08

Maharashtra

72.90

57.72

15.18

India

61.00

49.31

11.69

Analysis 

Though Maharashtra is the state with highest literacy rate, it has also shown the highest literacy gap between general and disabled population. Same is the case with the second highest state of West Bengal.



Though Uttar Pradesh and Bihar have the lowest literacy rate, they have shown the least literacy gap.

Work Participation Work Participation Rate

General

Disabled

WPR gap

Uttar Pradesh

32.50

32.01

0.49

Bihar

33.70

33.62

0.08

West Bengal

36.80

33.26

3.54

Jharkhand

37.50

32.88

4.62

Odisha

38.80

32.40

6.40

Rajasthan

42.10

38.16

3.94

Maharashtra

42.50

33.84

8.66

Madhya Pradesh

42.70

37.60

5.10

Andhra Pradesh

45.80

36.37

9.43

Chhattisgarh

46.50

35.10

11.40

India

39.10

34.49

4.61

Analysis   

Rajasthan has the highest work participation rate (WPR) for the disabled population. Uttar Pradesh has the lowest WPR for both general and disabled population. Though Bihar has a lower WPR, it has shown the least gap between general and disabled WPR.

Why PWDs are Unemployed      

Poverty Lack of Literacy Lack of opportunities Lack of reasonable accommodation Discrimination and Callous attitude Lack of Personality Development

CBR Matrix as per WHO

Areas to be covered under Livelihood (As per CBR matrix)     

Skill development Self Employment Wage Employment Financial Service Social Protection

Status of PWDs under the various Skill Development Programs States

Trade

Graduate

Technical

Technical (Vocational)

Andhra Pradesh

1.09

0.14

0.30

0.45

Bihar

1.88

0.00

0.00

0.00

Chhattisgarh

0.00

1.16

0.00

0.00

Jharkhand

0.50

0.00

0.00

0.00

Madhya Pradesh

0.15

0.00

1.32

0.00

Maharashtra

0.07

0.23

0.90

0.46

Odisha

3.01

0.00

0.00

0.00

Rajasthan

0.54

0.00

0.00

0.00

U.P & Uttaranchal

0.47

0.38

0.54

0.65

West Bengal

0.30

0.00

0.00

0.00

India

0.43

0.24

0.40

0.27

Analysis 

 



Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra are the only two states that have shown seat utilization in all the available skill development programs. Chhattisgarh is the only state that has not utilized the seats for PWDs under the skill development program. Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh are the only two states that have utilized the seats for PWDs in technical apprentices. Odisha is the only state that has fulfilled the 3% reservation criteria for trade apprenticeship programs.

% of PWDs beneficiaries under livelihood schemes (other than MGNREGA) States

SGSY

USEP

UWEP

STEP-UP

(Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojna)

(Urban Self Employment Program)

(Urban Wage Employment Program)

(Skill Training for Employment Promotion amongst Urban Poor)

Andhra Pradesh

3.24

NA

NA

NA

Bihar

1.61

NA

NA

NA

Chhattisgarh

0.46

NA

NA

NA

Jharkhand

0.10

NA

NA

NA

Madhya Pradesh

3.03

NA

NA

NA

Maharashtra

2.66

NA

NA

NA

Odisha

1.08

NA

NA

NA

Rajasthan

1.09

NA

NA

NA

Uttar Pradesh

1.21

NA

NA

NA

West Bengal

0.25

NA

NA

NA

India

1.98

NA

NA

NA

Analysis 

 

Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh achieved the 3% reservation in case of assistance provided to Disabled Swarozgar is under SGSY scheme. Jharkhand is the state with least value of disabled swarozgar is assisted under SGSY. Jharkhand, West Bengal and Chhattisgarh have shown poor performance with respect to assistance provided to PWDs under SGSY.

States/ PWDs Category- % Post Occupied Orthopedically Handicapped (OH)

Visually Handicapped (VH)

Hearing Handicapped (HH)

Andhra Pradesh

90.7

73.4

98.1

Bihar

NA

NA

NA

Chhattisgarh

38.56

1.31

0.65

Jharkhand

12.50

NA

NA

Madhya Pradesh

NA

NA

NA

Maharashtra

NA

NA

NA

Odisha

NA

NA

NA

Rajasthan

NA

NA

NA

Uttar Pradesh

NA

NA

NA

West Bengal

NA

NA

NA

India

NA

NA

NA

Distribution of PWDs beneficiaries under MGNREGA States

Person days generated per PWD

% PWDs worked against registration

Andhra Pradesh

Not Available

35.89

Bihar

25

30.77

Chhattisgarh

16

34.85

Jharkhand

20

53.32

Madhya Pradesh

14

29.17

Maharashtra

19

9.16

Odisha

21

28.38

Rajasthan

28

24.90

Uttar Pradesh

27

32.78

West Bengal

15

19.19

India

17

22.41

Analysis    

Jharkhand has shown the highest PWD registration under MGNREGA. West Bengal is the second lowest state that has recorded least percent of disabled beneficiaries. Rajasthan has generated the highest person days per PWD. Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra are the states that have shown lesser number of person days per PWDs.

Schemes Available for the PWDs. Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) The SGSY is one of the biggest scheme of the rural development ministry focusing on the livelihood of the rural poor households. The program has an inbuilt microfinance component. In the context of differently able person, the scheme provides special benefits. First of all, the SHGs (PWDs) size could be 5-10. The subsidy available for PWDs up to 50% or 10,000 for each PWD.

Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgaar Yojna (SJSRY) Government of India have launched a rationalized poverty alleviation scheme SJSRY replacing three existing scheme- Nehru Rozgar Yojana (NRY) -Urban Basic Services for the Poor (UBSP) -Prime Minister‟s Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication Program (PMIUPEP)

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) MGNREGA guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial year to any rural household whose adult members are willing to do unskilled manual work.

Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Program (PMEGP) The government of India has approved the introduction of a new credit link subsidy program PMEGP by merging two schemes- PMRY and Rural Employment Generation Program. PMEGP will be a central sector scheme to be administered by the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises. The KVIC will implement the schemes.

National Handicapped Finance and Development Corporation From the Central govt. arrangement for the financing the handicapped are made available through specialized financial agency NHFDC. The NHFDC was set up to promote economic and development activities undertaken by differently able person. The corporation provides loan to the PWDs for a variety of income generating activities through a credit dispersing chain.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Recommendations for Skill Development Program Active collaboration with the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) must be encouraged and as a start, efforts to integrate innovative project within the Government and private set up for the skill enhancement to PWDs could be implemented in States.  Identification of skill training and Job according to their ability.  Inclusion of Person with Disabilities in all the schemes under the Entrepreneurship and skill development program of the Human resource and Social welfare ministry 

Recommendations  



Introduce new mechanism and schemes for setting up Micro Enterprises To have exclusive consultation with selected industrial houses and corporate association with the participation of a decision maker to dialogue on the role they can play in enhancing livelihood for PWDs An adequate Management Information System (MIS) needs to be established, which will ensure all the schemes capture the category wise disaggregated data on PWDs

Few Identified sector for Training for PWDs according to my experience which can be helpful Sl. No

Name of the Training

Sl. No

Name of the Training

1

Banking and Accounts

11

Handmade Paper Product

2

Garment Making

12

Poultry

3

Hospitality

13

Animal Husbandry & Meat Processing

4

Information & Communication Technology

14

Fragrance, Flavor& Perfume

5

Printing & Designing

15

Jewellery Making

6

Retail – Sales & Opretion

16

Mobile Repairing

7

Media(Electronic & Print)

17

Medicinal and Aromatic Plant

8

Food Processing & Preservation

18

BPO sector

9

Leather & Sports Goods

19

Eco Friendly bags and other product

10

Insurance

20

Fashion and Designing

Recommendations for Self Employment 



 

Grants are required for promoting disability employment, for conducting awareness/ sensitization programs, campaign, studies etc. Strengthen and improve the delivery mechanism of National Handicapped Finance and Development Corporation ( NHFDC) Promote the Urban Livelihood program as NRLM among the PWDs Provide reasonable accommodation for become entrepreneur.

Recommendations on Wage Employment  



Disability specific sub programs could be initiated under flagship programs, especially under the MGNREGA. To ensure that the National Rural Livelihood Mission is inclusive with a provision of reasonable accommodation/adjustment, also focus on Woman with disability and severe disabled. Ensure the 3% reservation in all the schemes and Jobs

Recommendations on Financial Service 





It is recommended to include a grant component in addition to the loan support to the offered to the PWDs in NHFDC . To ensure the participation in under KVIC , SGSY, and other poverty alleviation schemes to promote livelihood opportunities. To ensure easy access to avail the loan from Bank and other financial institution.

Recommendations on Social Protection  Parents with disabled children below poverty line :



This is required to design some additional social assistance schemes. Unemployed disabled persons who can be gainfully employed: This is required to design special employment schemes and employment drives and to involve income generation strategies for the disabled persons and ultimately make them eligible for protective type of Social Security Schemes.

Recommendations 



Non-employable disabled persons who always require support of the Family/Community or the State: This is required to design State assisted/funded schemes as well as to rehabilitate them in the homes for disabled persons. Disabled persons above 60 years of Age: This is required to help mitigate the hardships of the disabled senior citizens through Old Age Pension Schemes in the form of Social Assistance and State assisted health care.

Recommendations 

Women with Disability : This is required to understand whether the Women with Disability are dependent on their parents or on their husbands and the poverty status of their family/parents and to design schemes of Assistance or Insurance accordingly. This will also help us to understand the requirements of the disabled women in the child bearing age and making provisions for their maternity care.

General Recommendations  



Incorporate the principal of Reasonable Accommodation as articulated in the UNCRPD. Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment ensure a centralized and detailed database for all State pertaining to programmatic target achievement for the PWDs. The website of Central and Sate Livelihood schemes should be updated to facilitate proper monitoring of the schemes and reporting.

General Recommendations 



A system of accountability and procedure for handling non-compliance need to be defined and capacities for effective implementation need to put place. All government ministries (Food, Dairy, Petroleum, Railways, Telecome, Textile etc) which have income generation programmes including the potential for outsourcing/offering franchise etc, could ensure that at least 3% of their beneficiaries are PWDs.

All the above Key Points are essential in livelihood options (Skill Development, self employment, wage employment, Financial service and social protection) but most important point on which I wish to lay emphasis is Personality Development ,which can eventually fulfill the needs and provide opportunities of Persons with Disabilities .

References www.dget.nic/mes www.nrega.nic.in/netnrega/home.aspx www.rural.nic.in -Ministry of rural Development www.labor.nic.in- Ministry of Labor and Employment Report of UNDP- Livelihood Opportunities for Person with Disabilities – Year 2011

THANK YOU 