Satellite Conference ICSTSD 2016 International Conference on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA, May 24-26, 2016.

DIGITAL PROPELLER CLOCK USING ARDUINO Prof. R. A. Wakode. Assistant Professor Dept of EXTC Engg PRMIT&R , Badnera,India

Munali Rasegaonkar. Dept of EXTC Engg PRMIT&R , Badnera,India

Nikita Khimani Dept of EXTC Engg PRMIT&R , Badnera,India

Dept of EXTC Engg PRMIT&R , Badnera,India

Anurag N. Kadu.

Manasi Chandanbatwe Dept of EXTC Engg PRMIT&R , Badnera,India

This paper mainly emphasizes on the POV (Persistence Of Vision) technology. In current era in which energy is the main factor in designing all the applications, maximum and efficient use of the energy is very important. A POV display has many advantages over a traditional CRT, LCD or LED display, like power savings, less complexity, easy configuration, attractiveness etc. To overcome the drawback of old processor we have decided to implement the same display atop a new and advanced microprocessor, the Arduino duemilanove. This platform brings with it newer coding and a different understanding of peripherals. ARDUINO INTERFACE BOARDS provide us with a low-cost, easy-to use technology to create the project. We also aim to build the newer display to work with modern forms of interfaces. To accomplish this, we will be interfacing the display with an Android device. This project can be implemented with help of Arduino. Index Terms— POV, Arduino, ATMega 328, USB Interfacing, LED

I.INTRODUCTION The core phenomenon on which the entire project is based is the Persistence of vision. Persistence of vision is the phenomenon pertaining to the human eye by which an afterimage is thought to persist for approximately one twenty-fifth of a second on the retina. The way this phenomenon of persistence of vision works is based on the belief that human perception of motion (brain centered) is the result of persistence of vision (eye centered).

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Any motion that we see around us is the direct implication of persistence of vision phenomenon at work. The belief was debunked in 1912 by Wertheimer but persists in many citations in many classic and modern film-theory texts. Persistence of vision is still the accepted term for this phenomenon in the realm of cinema history and theory. Blinky POV is a reprogrammable LED kit that uses persistence of vision to create the illusion of text or a small picture floating in the air. In the past, it was scientifically proven that a frame rate of less than 16 frames per second caused the mind to see flashing images. People still identify motion at rates as low as ten frames per second or slower (as in a flipbook). The flicker caused by the shutter of a film projector is distracting below the 16-frame threshold. In drawn animation, moving characters are often shot "on twos", that is to say, one drawing is shown for every two frames of film (which usually runs at 24 frames per second), meaning there are only 12 drawings per second. Even though the image update rate is low, the fluidity is satisfactory for most subjects. However, when a character is required to perform a quick movement, it is usually necessary to revert to animating "on ones", as "twos" are too slow to convey the motion adequately. The phenomenon of POV is evident in a number of events like for e.g.: When we rotate a fire cracker stick at high speed, we observe a continuous circle being formed as shown in fig.[1.1].

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Satellite Conference ICSTSD 2016 International Conference on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA, May 24-26, 2016.

needed to light the leds at right place. The speed is at 16Mhz, 4 times faster than other processor.

III. LITERATURE REVIEW

Fig. 1.1: Demonstration of POV effect

A two dimensional POV display is often accomplished by means of rapidly moving a single row of LEDs along a linear or circular path. The effect is that the image is perceived as a whole by the viewer as long as the entire path is completed during the visual persistence time of the human eye as shown in fig. [1.2]. A further effect is often to give the illusion of the image floating in mid-air. A 3 dimensional POV display is often constructed using a 2D grid of LEDs which is swept or rotated through a volume. POV display devices can be used in combination with long camera exposures to produce light.

This project was started with a simple principle which is frequently encountered in our everyday life, which is Persistence of Vision. This phenomenon makes one feel fast moving/changing objects to appear continuous. A television is a common example; in which image is re-scanned every 25 times, thereby appear continuous. Further, a glowing object if rotated in a circle at fast speed, it shows a continuous circle. By modifying this basic idea, 8 LEDs can be rotated in a circle, showing 7 concentric circles. But if these LEDs are switched at precise intervals, a steady display pattern can be shown. 3.1.1Existing Systems: Existing systems do employ POV principle, but for displaying each pixel, individual LED is used. This results in a huge number of LEDs even for small sized displays. By using a propeller type display, LED count can be kept to a bare minimum. Even 8 LEDs can perform a task of over 525 LEDs.

3.1.2Applications: Applications can find their way into cost effective solutions for large public displays, information systems. It can directly replace Railway station information displays, bus stands and many more places.

3.2 OVERVIEW OF PROJECT Fig. 1.2: POV effect demonstrations

II. HISTORY Persistence of Vision as a visual art form, using an array of lights, waved back and forth in space, with the lights controlled by wearable computer. Persistence of vision is the commonly used term to describe the optical illusion whereby multiple discrete images blend into a single image in the human mind and believed to be the explanation for motion perception in cinema and animated films. I got this idea by browsing the web. I found by hazard Mr. Bob Blick’s Page who make the first propeller clock. I began to check how can I build one my self. Base on Arduino I saw rapidly that my MCU must be clocked very fast to make all the calculation

3.2.1PROPELLER: Propeller is a term associated with a circular rotating object. As this project needs to rotate whole circuit assembly, there must be some prime mover attached to it. So, the term ‘Propeller’ 3.2.2LED DISPLAY: This project uses bright light emitting diodes for displaying the characters and symbols on its assembly. That’s why this project is named as ‘PROPELLER LED DISPLAY’.

3.2.3 POV (Persistence of Vision): This is the phenomenon which is related to vision capability of human eye by which an after- image is thought to persist for approximately 1/25th of a second. So, if someone is observing the images at a rate of 25 images per second, then they appear to be continuous. The best example of this

Satellite Conference ICSTSD 2016 International Conference on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA, May 24-26, 2016.

property is the red circle we observe when we rotate the firecracker or incense stick in circle

3.3.1 .CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.3.2. OVERVIEW OF BLOCK DIAGRAM In this section we will emphasize on detailed overview of each of the block shown in previous block diagram. In every description of the block respective schematics and working is explained. The propeller display consists of following blocks, as shown in the block diagram. 1. Interrupter Module 2. Microcontroller 3. LED module 4. DC motor 5. DC power supply 3.3.2.1Interrupter module: Interrupter module

includes LM158 series consists of two independent, high gain, internally frequency compensated operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation from split power supplies is also possible and the low power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of the power supply voltage.. Following is the complete circuit diagram of our Fig. 2.2: Circuit Diagram

3.3.2. BLOCK DIAGRAM

interrupter module.

3.3.2. Arduino: Arduino is a single-board microcontroller, which is used to make the application of interactive objects or environments more accessible. It is an open source physical computing platform and a development environment for writing software for the board. Arduino can be used to develop interactive objects, taking inputs from a variety of switches or sensors, and controlling a variety of lights, motors, and other physical outputs. 3.3.3LED Module: LED module consisting of 8 bright LED is fixed in another side of the arm of our project. These LEDs are connected with each of the port pin of microcontroller, with a series current limiting resistor of 22 ohm. 3.3.4. DC Motor: Repeated scanning of the display is must for continuous vision. This task is achieved using circular rotation of the whole circuit assembly. So, we used a DC motor as the prime mover. 3.3.5 DC Power Supply: For microcontroller, as well as the DC motor, a regulated DC power supply is required. We have to provide +5V to the arduino, while +12V to the motor.

Fig. 2.1: Block Diagram

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Satellite Conference ICSTSD 2016 International Conference on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA, May 24-26, 2016.

IV.METHODOLOGY 4.1 Principle of Working PERSISTENCE OF VISION: Persistence of Vision as a visual art form, using an array of lights, waved back and forth in space, with the lights controlled by wearable computer. Persistence of vision is the commonly used term to describe the optical illusion whereby multiple discrete images blend into a single image in the human mind and believed to be the explanation for motion perception in cinema and animated films. The causes of Persistence of Vision is a combination of the phi phenomenon, beta movement and Flicker fusion. The theory of persistence of vision is the belief that human perception of motion (brain centred) is the result of persistence of vision (eye centred). The theory was disproved in 1912 by Wertheimer but persists in many citations in many classic and modern film-theory texts. A more plausible theory to explain motion perception (at least on a descriptive level) are two distinct perceptual illusions: phi phenomenon and beta movement. A visual form of memory known as iconic memory has been described as the cause of this phenomenon. Although psychologists and physiologists have rejected the relevance of this theory to film viewership, film academics and theorists generally have not. Some scientists nowadays consider the entire theory a myth. In contrasting persistence of vision theory with phi phenomena, a critical part of understanding that emerges with these visual perception phenomena is that the eye is not a camera and does not see in frames per second. In other words vision is not as simple as light registering on a medium, since the brain has to make sense of the visual data the eye provides and construct a coherent picture of reality. Joseph Anderson and Barbara Fisher argue that the phi phenomena privileges a more constructionist approach to the cinema (David Bordwell, Noël Carroll, Kirsten Thompson), whereas the persistence of vision privileges a realist approach (André Bazin, Christian Metz, Jean-Louis Baudry). The discovery of persistence of vision is attributed to the Roman poet Lucretius, although he only mentions it in connection with images seen in a dream. In the modern era, some stroboscopic experiments performed by Peter Mark Roget in 1824 were also cited as the basis for the theory.

4.2 Actual Operation The Main Part of the propeller clock is ARDUINO .The IR LED, which is stationary, is fixed on the base of rotating assembly. When the IR rays sent by the IR LED falls on the photo diode, which is placed on the rotating PCB, it will generate a low pulse on the interrupt pin of ARDUINO which results in the generation of desired pattern. Since we are making use of internal program execution EA (External Access) pin has to be made high with the help of VCC.A reset circuit is provided for the reset of microcontroller. The anodes of LEDs are joined together and connected to 5v supply. Logic 0 level at the output of port0 will result in illumination of LED. For displaying each number first of all there is a need to define a standard notation. In this research we are making use of 5*8 matrix notation.

V.CONCLUSION The conventional LED displays used in advertisements and information display uses an individual matrix of LEDs for each character. For example in a display using 8X4 Led matrix for a single character, 10X8X4 LEDs would be required to display a word consisting of 10 characters, increasing the circuit complexity. Our circuit uses a low power Arduino board, with 7 multicolour LEDs and a low power motor. This technology saves power monumentally. The display is configurable to show any pattern in any colour through an Android device that dictates its output as shown in figure [4.9]. The display is extremely attractive to look at and gives a sense of being a transparent display. By using a motor of higher RPM, one can achieve more clarity in the display.

VI.REFERENCE [1] Dr. Dobb's Journal, “Atmel's AT89C2051 Microcontroller” July 1997.

Satellite Conference ICSTSD 2016 International Conference on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA, May 24-26, 2016. [2] Sarik, J. ; Kymissis, I. , “Lab kits using the Arduino prototyping platform” , Publication Year: 2010 , Page(s): T3C-1- T3C-5 , IEEE conference. [3] Kyuchang Kang ; Dongoh Kang ; Kiryong Ha ; Jeunwoo Lee , “ Android phone as wireless USB storage device through USB/IP connection” , Publication Year: 2011 , Page(s): 289- 290 , IEEE conference. [4] Varjo, S.; Hannuksela, J.; Silven, O., “ Direct imaging with printed microlens arrays”, Publication Year: 2012 , Page(s): 1355 – 1358 , IEEE conference. [5] Geer, David ; Eclipse becomes the dominant Java IDE, Volume:38, Issue: 7 Digital Object Identifier:10.1109/MC.2005.228, PublicationYear:2005, Page(s):16- 18, IEEE conference. [6] Zolkapli, M,AI-Junid S. A. , Othman Z,Manut, , Mohd Zulkifli M.” HighEfficiency Dual-Axis Solar Tracking Developement using Arduino”, 2013 International Conference on Technology, Informatics, Management, Engineering & Environment (TIME-E 2013) Bandung, Indonesia, June 2326,2013

VII. RESULT Digital propeller clock showing a real time with alphabetic display:

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along

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