7/23/2015
The heart and science of medicine. UVMHealth.org/Childrens
Diabetes at School (Kids will be kids!) Lisa Bolduc‐Bissell, RN, CDE Certified Diabetes Educator Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology University of Vermont Children’s Hospital
Objectives • Participants will have a better understanding of Continuous Glucose Monitors (CGM), including how they work, pros, and cons. • Participants will have a better understanding of insulin pump and CGM data uploads and explain the complexity involved when making insulin dose adjustments based on this data. • Participants will be able to identify a variety of reasons that cause children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes to struggle to adhere to diabetes management tasks.
1
7/23/2015
UVMHealth.org/childrens
Continuous Glucose Monitors
Continuous Glucose Monitors Dexcom
https://www.google.com/search?q=insulin+pump&source=lnms&tbm=isc h&sa=X&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAWoVChMI9eH_‐abixgIVRBg‐ Ch3WnwLz&biw=1280&bih=913#tbm=isch&q=dexcom&imgrc=HuefIna8 w0U1PM%3A https://www.google.com/search?q=insulin+pump&source=lnms&tbm=isc h&sa=X&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAWoVChMI9eH_‐abixgIVRBg‐ Ch3WnwLz&biw=1280&bih=913#tbm=isch&q=dexcom+cgm&imgrc=lAZ 24OET7vfsAM%3A
Medtronic Enlite
https://www.google.com/search?q=insulin+pump&source=lnms&tbm=isch&s a=X&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAWoVChMI9eH_‐abixgIVRBg‐ Ch3WnwLz&biw=1280&bih=913#tbm=isch&q=medtronic+cgm&imgrc=hCjN6 YuJVBuXUM%3A https://www.google.com/search?q=insulin+pump&source=lnms&tbm=isch&s a=X&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAWoVChMI9eH_‐abixgIVRBg‐ Ch3WnwLz&biw=1280&bih=913#tbm=isch&q=medtronic+cgm&imgrc=cPT4s Oiym6f6UM%3A
2
7/23/2015
Continuous Glucose Monitors • Continuous Glucose Monitors (CGMs) use a sensor placed in subcutaneous tissue to read the level of interstitial glucose. A transmitter is attached. The interstitial glucose level is then “translated” in to a blood glucose (BG) value and sent to a wireless receiver. • Currently rely on blood glucose calibration in order to provide sensor glucose (SG) data.
https://www.google.com/search?q=BG+graph+versus+cgm+graph&biw=1440&bih=789&tbm=isch&tb o=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=0CB0QsARqFQoTCJC9zZ_o6cYCFcXRgAodePkCcg#imgrc=KtO89R‐ ZaSLhnM%3A
3
7/23/2015
Continuous Glucose Monitors • What CGMs do: – Allow us to see trends and direction of BG. – Alert to both high and low BG levels. – Used as adjunct therapy. • What CGMs don’t do: – They do not take the place of actual blood glucose values outright. – They are not 100% accurate (nor are they meant to be). – They are not intended to be used for insulin dosing.
Continuous Glucose Monitors Cons
Pros Real‐time data Directional data Alerts to extreme BG levels Can reduce (to some degree) frequency of BG checks • Peace of mind for parents, especially at night • • • •
• • • • •
Cost Additional hardware Information overload Alert overload Need for calibration
4
7/23/2015
Big Brother with CGM Data • Dexcom Share – – – –
User must have iPhone or iPod Transmits to any smartphone 1 app for sharing, up to 5 apps for following Future: Dexcom receiver will be obsolete
https://www.google.com/search?q=Blood+glucose+graph&biw=1440&bih=789&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved =0CAYQ_AUoAWoVChMIjM7jqfPpxgIVhqKACh3z7QBQ#tbm=isch&q=dexcom+share+device&imgrc=bPEkdx9q5EOyrM%3A
Big Brother with CGM Data • Medtronic MiniMed Connect – User must have iPhone or iPhone or iPod – Transmits to any internet enabled device – 1 app for sharing, up to three apps for following – Text message options – Future: Android device option for user
https://www.google.com/search?q=Blood+glucose+graph&biw=1440&bih=789&sourc
e=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAWoVChMIjM7jqfPpxgIVhqKACh3z7QBQ #tbm=isch&q=medtronic+connect&imgrc=YzTBY9pEJRFcAM%3A
5
7/23/2015
UVMHealth.org/childrens
Insulin Pump and Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM) Uploads
6
7/23/2015
7
7/23/2015
8
7/23/2015
UVMHealth.org/childrens
“Your challenge, should you choose to accept it…”
Adherence
9
7/23/2015
Adherence “Adherence to treatment for a chronic disease has been broadly defined as the degree to which a person’s behavior corresponds to medical or health advice.”
Hood K, Peterson C, Rohan J, Drotar D. Association between adherence and glycemic control in pediatric type 1 diabetes: a meta‐analysis. Pediatrics. 2009; 124 (6): e1171‐e1179
When you think “diabetes”, what exactly comes to mind?
10
7/23/2015
Mental Health in the Adolescent with type 1 Diabetes. • In 2010, a study out of Columbia University screened 150 adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes. They used three validated mental health disorder screening instruments. • They were screening for depression, anxiety, and disordered eating (including insulin omission for the purpose of weight loss).
Bernstein CM, Stockwell MS, Gallagher MP, Rosenthal SL, Soren K. Mental health issues in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes: prevalence and impact on glycemic control. Clinical Pediatrics. 2013; 52(1): 10‐15.
Mental Health Comorbidities with type 1 Diabetes • This same Columbia University study found the following: – 34.7% screened positive on at least one of the screening instruments – 14.7% screened positive on at least two of the screening instruments – 11% screened positive for depression – 21% screened positive for an anxiety disorder – 20.7% screened positive for disordered eating (13.3% answered “yes” to the question “do you take less insulin than you should?”) Bernstein CM, Stockwell MS, Gallagher MP, Rosenthal SL, Soren K. Mental health issues in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes: prevalence and impact on glycemic control. Clinical Pediatrics. 2013; 52(1): 10‐15.
11
7/23/2015
Mental Health Impact on type 1 Diabetes • Multiple studies have linked mental health issues in adolescents with type 1 diabetes to poor diabetes control • Current American Diabetes Association Standard of Care Guidelines recommend routine screening for mental health issues
Majidi S, Driscoll KA, Raymond JK. Anxiety in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes. Current Diabetes Reports. 2015;15:47
Adherence • There is a direct association between adherence and overall glycemic control. • Literature supports that PARENTING is the number one predictor of success with both adherence and control. • The literature also supports that family involvement throughout childhood and adolescence is crucial for optimal diabetes management.
12
7/23/2015
Typology of Parenting Styles KE, Lumen JC, Appugliese DP, Kaciroti N, Bradley RH. Parenting Styles and overweight status in first grade. Pediatrics 2006; 117: 2047‐2054
High expectations for child’s behavior (for child self‐control)
Low expectations for child’s behavior (for child self‐control)
High sensitivity (warmth) toward child
Authoritative style
Permissive style
Low sensitivity (warmth) toward child
Authoritarian style
Neglectful style
Normal Psychosocial Development
• Erik Erikson’s stages: – School age (stage 4): Ages 5‐12 • Peer groups begin to gain greater significance • Peer groups become a major source of self‐esteem
– Adolescence (stage 5): Ages 12‐18 • Most important: transition from childhood to adult hood
• Want more independence • Want to belong to a group and fit in http://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik‐Erikson.html
13
7/23/2015
A1c Data by Age (2014)
Clinical Applications • Words make a difference: – CHECK versus test – HIGH/LOW/IN RANGE versus good/bad/fine • Focus on what is going well before focusing on what needs to be worked on • Be non‐judgmental • Involve the child/adolescent in the plan and decision making • Set realistic goals • Enforce consequences when necessary
14
7/23/2015
UVMHealth.org/childrens
Questions?
15