i
DETERMINATION OF DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENT OF CATECHIN IN ARECA CATECHU USING SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE EXTRACTION
NURUL AKHMA BINTI YATIM
A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor in Engineering (Chemical)
FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
JANUARY 2013
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ABSTRACT
Areca Catechu is better known in Malaysia as ‘buah pinang’ is one of the plant in this region that is useful for the pharmaceutical, medicine and textile industries. This study is carried out since there is no research yet has been studied on distribution coefficient of catechin in Areca Catechu oil from Areca Catechu. The aim of this study is mainly to determine and to analyze the distribution coefficient of catechin from Areca Catechu. This study is also aim to study the effect of operating temperature of the supercritical fluid extraction on the distribution coefficient of catechin.
The
determination of distribution coefficient, K of catechin in Areca Catechu is done by using the supercritical fluid extraction by using carbon dioxide as the solvent. The extraction process is done extraction temperature of 40°C, 50°C and 60°C as the parameter. A preliminary stage of Soxhlet extraction is done to obtain the suitable and best particle size, Dpi to be used for the SFE extraction and to obtain the total amount of extract in the sample, y. Gas chromatography is used in the quantification process of catechin in the oil extracted from Areca Catechu. Analysis of the results shows that the distribution coefficient decrease with the increase of extraction temperature in SFE. Distribution coefficient is parameter that can be use as an optimization parameter to obtain a higher yield of oil from the extraction process since higher distribution coefficient shows higher selectivity of the solute and higher rate of extraction. Therefore, for commercial use in industries, the best extraction temperature to be used is 40 °C.
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ABSTRAK
Areca Catechu biasanya dikenali sebagai buah di Malaysia merupakan salah satu tumbuhan yang boleh digunakan dalam industri farmaseutikal, perubatan dan juga tekstil. Sehingga ke hari ini, kajian berkaitan dengan pekali pengagihan (Distribution Coefficient) catechin daripada Areca catechu belum lagi dilakukan. Tujuan kajian ini dijalankan adalah untuk menentukan dan mengkaji pekali pengagihan catechin daripada Areca catechu. Selain itu, kajian ini juga bertujuan untuk mengkaji kesan suhu terhadap pekali pengagihan catechin. Pengekstrakan dilakukan menggunakan bendalir lampau genting iaitu karbon dioksida bagi penentuan pekali pengagihan, K catechin pada suhu 40°C, 50°C and 60°C pada tekanan 25 MPa. Pengekstrakan Soxhlet juga digunakan pada peringkat awal bagi menentukan saiz partikel yang sesuai untuk digunakan dalm pengekstrakan bendalir lampau genting dan juga bagi mendapatkan jumlah catechin yang terdapat di dalam sampel Areca catechu.
Kromatografi gas digunakan bagi
mendapatkan nilai catechin yang terdapat di dalam ekstrak secara kuantitatif. Analisi menunjukkan bahawa pekali pengagihan menurun apabila suhu pengekstrakan meningkat. Pekali pengagihan merupakan salah satu parameter pengoptimum bagi mendapatkan hasil ekstrak yang tinggi. Ini kerana, semakin tinggi pekali pengagihan semakin tinggi kadar pengekstrakan. Oleh itu, suhu yang paling sesuai digunakan dalam proses pengekstrakan untuk kegunaan komersial adalah 40 °C di mana nilai pekali pengagihan adalah paling tinggi pada suhu tersebut.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEGDEMENTS
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENT
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xiii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
xvi
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Research Background
1
1.2
Problem Statement
3
1.3
Objectives of the Study
3
1.4
Scope of the Study
4
1.5
Significant of the Study
4
LITERATURE REVIEW
5
2.1
Background of Areca Catechu
5
2.1.1
7
Uses of Areca Catechu
viii
2.1.2 2.2
2.3
2.4 3
Active Compound of Areca Catechu
7
Extraction Process
9
2.2.1
Absorbtion/Stripping
9
2.2.2
Solvent Extraction
10
2.2.3
Solid-Liquid Extraction
10
2.2.4
Soxhlet Extraction
11
2.2.5
Supercritical Fluid Extraction
13
2.2.5.1 Supercritical Fluid
16
2.2.5.2 Properties of Supercritical Fluid
17
Parameter of Soxhlet Exraction
18
2.3.1
Temperature of Extraction
18
2.3.2
Particle Size of Solid
19
2.3.3
Time of Extraction
19
2.3.4
Solvent of Extraction
20
2.3.5
Weight of Solvent
21
2.3.6
Volume of Solvent
22
Distribution Coefficient, K
23
METHODOLOGY
28
3.1
Introduction
28
3.2
Sample Preparation
30
3.3
Soxhlet Extraction
30
3.3.1
Chemicals
31
3.3.2
Apparatus
31
3.3.3
Procedure
31
3.4
3.5
Rotary Vacuum Evaporator
32
3.4.1
Chemicals
32
3.4.2
Apparatus
32
3.4.3
Procedure
33
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction
33
3.5.1
33
Chemicals
ix
3.6
4
3.5.2
Apparatus
34
3.5.3
Procedure
34
GC Analysis
35
3.6.1
Chemicals
35
3.6.2
Apparatus
35
3.6.3
Parameter of GC
35
3.6.4
Procedure
36
3.7
Determination of K
36
3.8
Expression of Result
37
3.8.1
Percentage Oil Yield
37
3.8.2
Total Amount of Catechin in the Sample
37
3.8.3
Distribution Coefficient of Catechin
38
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
40
4.1
Introduction
40
4.2
Determination of Particle Size
41
4.2.1
Effect of Particle Size in the Percent Oil Yield
4.3
4.4
Determination of Total Amount of Catechin in The Sample
44
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction
45
4.4.1
Effect of Operating Temperature on the Percent Oil Yield
4.5
45
Determination of Distribution Coefficient of Catechin 4.5.1
47
Effect of Operting Temperature on Distribution Coefficient of Catechin
5
42
48
CONCLUSION
51
5.1
Conclusion
51
5.2
Recommendation
52
x
REFERENCES
53
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