NUMBER #2 July 2007

Demographic Profile of Michigan’s Latino Population

Jean Kayitsinga Lori Post Francisco Villarruel

A Summary of the 2000 Census Executive Summary This report, based on an analysis of the U.S. Census Bureau Summary Tape Files 4 (U.S. Census Bureau 2000) and data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Vital Statistics System), examines the demographic composition by age and sex, demographic processes, including fertility, mortality, migration, and residential mobility of the Latino population, focusing on Latino’s residing in Michigan. We find that: Established in 1989 at Michigan State University, the Julian Samora Research Institute (JSRI) is committed to the generation, transmission, and application of knowledge to serve the needs of Latino Communities in Michigan and the Midwest. JSRI was established to honor the legacy of the Latino Research Pioneer Julian Samora, who was also a cofounder of the National Council of La Raza, the nation’s largest Latino civil rights organization. Commensurate with the land grant philosophy of Michigan State University, JSRI is committed to engaged scholarly activities that are responsive to the needs of Latinos, are collaborative with university and local communities, and ultimately enhance the capacity and well being of Latinos in Michigan and the Midwest.

JSRI

301 Nisbet, MSU 1407 S. Harrison Road E. Lansing, MI 48823-5286 517.432.1317 www.jsri.msu.edu

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The Latino population in the United States is younger than the non-Latino White population. In 2000, 35% of Latino population in U.S. were under 18 years of age, compared with 22.6% of non-Latino White population. Few Latinos were 65 years of age and older (4.9%), in contrast with nonLatino White (15%). The median age for Latino was 25.8 years (25.4 years for males and 26.3 years for females);

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In 2003, the fertility rate in the United States was 66.1 live births per 1,000 women of childbearing age (15-44 years). Latinos had a higher fertility rate than other racial and ethnic groups. The fertility rate for Latinos was 96.9 live births per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years, higher than 58.5 live births per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years for non-Latino Whites. In Michigan, the Latino fertility rate was 90.2 live births per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years, and 58.2 for non-Latino Whites;

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In 2003, the crude death rate in the United States was 841.9 per 100,000 population. The age-adjusted rate was 822.7 per 100,000 U.S. population. The age-adjusted mortality rates for the Latino population was 621.2 per 100,000 population, lower than 826.1 per 100,000 population for nonLatino whites;

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Latinos are more likely than non-Latino white to die from diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hypertensive renal disease, and homicide;

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The infant mortality rate for 2003 was 6.85 infant deaths per 1,000 live births. The 2003 infant mortality rate for Latino infants was 5.79 infant deaths per 1,000 live births;

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More than 31 million people in the United States were foreign born, representing 11.1% of the total population in 2000. Among the foreign born population in the United states in 2000, 51.7% were born in Latin America. Mexico alone accounted for 29.5% of the foreign-born total population in the United States and 11.2% of the foreign-born total population in Michigan;

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Between 1995 and 2000, 42.7% of population in Michigan reported living in a different residence in 2000 than in 1995, compared with 57.3% who stayed in the same residence since 1995 (non-movers).

Figure 1. U.S. Latino Population by Age Group, 2000

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100 Percent 2000

Age and Sex Composition Mexico alone accounted for 29.5% of the foreign-born total population in the U.S. and 11.2% of the foreign-born total population in Michigan 2

For both the U.S. and Michigan, the Latino1 population is younger when compared to non-Latino White population. In 2000, 35% of Latino population in U.S. were under 18 years of age, compared with 22.6% of non-Latino White population. Comparatively, few Latinos were 65 years of age and older (4.9%), in contrast with non-Latino White (15%). In addition, 60.1% of Latinos were 18 to 64 years of age compared with 62.3% of non-Latino population, respectively (see Figure 1). A larger proportion of Latino population than non-Latino White population were 25 to 44 years: 33.0% compared to 29.4% respectively. In contrast, 13.7% of Latino population was 45 to 64 years while 24.4% of nonLatino Whites were in that age group.

Figure 2. Michigan Latino Populations by Age Groups, 2000

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100 Percent 2000:

In 2000, 38.1% of Latino population in Michigan was under 18 years of age, compared with 24.1% of non-Latino White population. Few Latinos in Michigan were 65 years of age and older (4.0%), in contrast with non-Latino White (13.7%). In addition, 57.9% of Latino were 18 to 64 years of age compared with 62.3% of non-Latino population, respectively (see Figure 2). A larger proportion of Latino population than non-Latino White population in Michigan were 25 to 44 years: 31.1% compared to 29.5% respectively. In contrast, 12.4% of Latino population in Michigan was 45 to 64 years while 23.8% of non-Latino Whites were in that age group.

Table 1. Median Age, 2000 UNITED STATES

RACE & ETHNIC ORIGIN Both Sexes

Male

MICHIGAN Female

Both Sexes

Male

Female

All Races

35.3

34.0

36.5

35.5

34.3

36.6

White Alone, Not Latino

38.6

37.4

39.8

37.5

36.4

38.6

Black Alone

30.2

28.5

31.7

29.9

28.3

31.3

American Indian & Alaska Native

28.0

27.2

28.9

29.7

29.1

30.3

Asian Alone

32.7

31.7

33.8

29.4

29.2

29.6

Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander

27.5

27.0

28.1

26.7

25.9

27.3

Other Races

24.6

24.5

24.6

23.9

24.2

23.5

Two or More Races

22.7

22.3

23.1

19.9

19.8

20.1

Latino of Any Race

25.8

25.4

26.3

23.8

23.9

23.7

Source: U.S. Census, Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) — 100 Percent 2000

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Fig. 3. United States Population Pyramids, 2000 Latino Population (Percent) by Age & Sex

Non-Latino White Population (Percent) by Age & Sex

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100 Percent 2000

Fig. 3b. Michigan Population Pyramids, 2000 Latino Population (Percent) by Age & Sex

Non-Latino White Population (Percent) by Age & Sex

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100 Percent 2000

The median age for the Latino population in Michigan was 23.8 years (23.9 years for males and 23.7 years for females). 4

Table 1 displays the median age by sex, race, and ethnicity in 2000 for the United States and Michigan. The median age in 2000 for the United States was 35.3 years (34 years for males and 36.5 years for females). For Michigan, the median age was 35.5 years (34.3 years for males and 36.6 years for females). The median age for Latino was 25.8 years (25.4 years for males and 26.3 years for females) and was lower than that the median age of any other racial or ethnic group. The Latino population in Michigan was even younger. The median age for the Latino population in Michigan was 23.8 years (23.9 years for males and 23.7 years for females).

Figure 4. Birth Rates by Race and Latino Origin Birth Rates per 1,000 Women

Source: CDC, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, No. 8

Figure 5. Age-Adjusted U.S. Death Rates by Race and Latino Origin, 2003 Death Rates per 1,000 Population

Source: CDC, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, No. 19

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Figure 6. Age-Adjusted U.S. Death Rates By Race and Latino Origin and Sex, 2003 Death Rates per 1,000 Population

CDC, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, Number 19

Figure 7. Age-Adjusted Death Rates for the 15 Leading Causes of Death United States, 2003

Source: CDC, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, No. 19

Latino populations are much younger than non-Latino White populations. 6

The age and sex distributions for the Latino and non-Latino White populations for 2000 in both United States and Michigan are shown by the population pyramids (Figure 3). The shapes of the pyramids indicate that Latino populations are much younger than non-Latino White populations. The Latino population pyramids show larger proportions at younger ages and progressively smaller proportions at older age. The wider base of the pyramid reflects a relatively younger Latino population. In contrast, the non-Latino White pyramid has a much more rectangular shape, which indicates an older population. The base of the non-Latino pyramid is narrower, and the proportion of the population in the older age groups is much higher.

The Latino pyramid also reveals a larger proportion of individuals, particularly males, in the age range of 20-39 years. This is likely to be the result of continued migration to the United States. The non-Latino White pyramid reveals the aging of the baby-boom generation (age 35-54 years). The pyramids also reveal that non-Latino Whites had a much greater proportion of older groups (65 years and older) than Latinos.

Demographic Processes Fertility In 2003 there were 4,089,950 live births reported in the United States. The fertility rate was 66.1 live births per 1,000 women of childbearing aged 15-44 years. In 2003, Latinas had a higher fertility rate than other racial and ethnic groups. In the United States, the fertility rate for Latinas was 96.9 live births per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years, 58.5 live births per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years for non-Latino White, 67.1 live births per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years for non-Latino Black, 58.4 live births per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years American Indian, and 66.3 live births per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years for Asians or Pacific Islanders, respectively. Among Latino groups, Mexicans had a higher fertility rates (105.5 live births per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years) than Puerto Ricans (61.9), Cubans (61.7), and other Latinas from South and Central America (91.2) respectively (see Figure 4). In 2003, there were 131,094 live births reported in Michigan. The fertility rate was 61.7 live births per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years. In Michigan, the fertility rate for Latinas was 90.2 live births per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years, 58.2 live births per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years for non-Latino White, 67.3 live births per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years for non-Latino Black, 49.4 live births per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years American Indian, and 81.5 live births per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years for Asians or Pacific Islanders respectively. Mortality and Morbidity The crude death rate in the United States was 841.9 per 100,000 population in 2003. The age-adjusted rate, which accounts for the age distribution of the population was 822.7 per 100,000 U.S. population. Comparing non-Latino and Latino origin groups, the lowest age-adjusted mortality rate was for the Asians or Pacific Islanders (465.7 per 100,000 population) and the highest was for nonLatino Blacks (1083.2 per 100,000 population). The age-adjusted mortality rates for the Latino population was 621.2 per 100,000 population, 685 per 100,000 population for American Indians or Alaska Natives, and 826.1 per 100,000 population for non-Latino whites respectively (see Figure 5). Age-adjusted mortality rates are higher for males than for females across all major race and Hispanic/Latino origin groups. Non-Latino black males have the significantly highest age-adjusted mortality rate (1319.1 per 100,000 population). The lowest age-adjusted mortality rate was for the Asian or Pacific Islander females (392.7 per 100,000 population), followed by Latino females (515.8 per 100,000 population) (see Figure 6).

Among Latino groups, Mexicans had higher fertility rates than Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and other Latinas from South and Central America. 7

The 15 leading causes of death in 2003 are displayed in Figure 7. The leading causes of death were diseases of heart, malignant neoplasms, cerebrovascular diseases, chronic lower respiratory diseases, unintentional injury accidents, diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer’s disease, influenza and pneumonia, nephritis, nephritic syndrome and nephrosis, septicemia, suicide, chronic liver disease and cirrhosis, hypertension and hypertensive renal disease, Parkinson’s disease, and pneumonitis due to solids and liquids.

Table 2. Deaths and Death Rates by Sex, Race and Hispanic/Latino Origin for the 15 Leading Causes of Death, U.S., 2003 AGE-ADJUSTED DEATH RATE Rank

Causes of Death

All Causes

Number

Percent of Total deaths

2003 Crude Death Rate

2448288

100.0

841.9

832.7

1.4

1.3

0.8

2003

Male to Black Latino to Female to White Non-Latino

1

Diseases of Heart

685089

28.0

235.6

232.3

1.5

1.3

0.8

2

Malignant Neoplasms (Cancer)

556902

22.7

191.5

190.1

1.5

1.2

0.7

3

Cerebrovascular Diseases (Stroke)

157689

6.4

54.2

53.5

1.0

1.5

0.8

4

Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases

126382

5.2

43.5

43.3

1.4

0.7

0.4

5

Unintentional Injury Accidents

109277

4.5

37.6

37.3

2.2

1.0

0.8

6

Diabetes Mellitus

74219

3.0

25.5

25.3

1.3

2.1

1.6

7

Influenza & Pneumonia

65163

2.7

22.4

22.0

1.4

1.1

0.8

8

Alzheimer’s Disease

63457

2.6

21.8

21.4

0.8

0.8

0.6

9

Nephritis, Nephrotic Syndrome & Nephrosis

42453

1.7

14.6

14.4

1.4

2.3

1.0

10

Septicemia

34069

1.4

11.7

11.6

1.2

2.3

0.8

11

Intentional Self-harm (Suicide)

31484

1.3

10.8

10.8

4.3

0.4

0.4

12

Chronic Liver Disease & Cirrhosis

27503

1.1

9.5

9.3

2.2

0.9

1.6

13

Hypertension and Hypertensive Renal Disease

21940

0.9

7.5

7.4

1.0

2.8

1.0

14

Parkinson’s Disease

17997

0.7

6.2

6.2

2.2

0.4

0.5

15

Assault (Homicide)

17732

0.7

6.1

6.0

3.6

5.7

2.9

416932

17.0

143.4

All other causes

CDC, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, Number 19

The top three leading causes of death for Latinos/ Hispanics in 2003 were Heart Disease, Malignant Neoplasms, and Cerebrovascular Diseases. 8

Latinos are more likely than non-Latino whites to die from diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hypertensive renal disease, and homicide. The age-adjusted death rates’ ratio of Latino to non-Latino white was 1.6 for diabetes mellitus, 1.6 for hypertension and hypertensive renal disease, and 2.9 for homicide, respectively. Considering all causes of death, blacks are more likely to die than whites. Blacks are more likely than whites to die of homicide, hypertension and hypertensive renal disease, nephritis, nephritic syndrome and nephrosis, septicemia, diabetes mellitus, diseases of heart, malignant neoplasms, and cerebrovascular diseases (see Table 2).

Infant Mortality The infant mortality rate for 2003 was 6.85 infant deaths per 1,000 live births. There are striking racial and ethnic differences in infant mortality rates. African American infants have the highest mortality rate and are more than twice as likely as white infants to die. The 2003 infant mortality rate for black infants was 14.01 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, more than double the rate for white infants. The 2003 infant mortality rate for Latino infants was 5.79 infant deaths per 1,000 live births2 (see Figure 8).

Figure 8. Infant Mortality Rate By Race and Hispanic or Latino Origin, 2003

CDC, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, Number 13

Table 3. Population by Citizenship Status, 2000 UNITED STATES

MICHIGAN

Number

Percent

Number

281,421,906

100.0

9,938,444

100.0

250,314,017

88.9

9,414,855

94.7

Foreign born

31,107,889

11.1

523,589

5.3

Naturalized Citizen

12,542,626

4.5

239,955

2.4

Not a Citizen

18,565,263

6.6

283,634

2.9

Total Population Native

Percent

Source: U.S. Census, Census 2000 Summary Files (SF4)

Table 4. Michigan Residential Mobility, 1995-2000 NUMBER

PERCENT

Population in 2000

9,268,782

100.0

Same House in 1995 (non-movers)

5,307,228

57.3

Different House in 1995 (movers)

3,961,554

42.7

Within the United States

3,804,203

41.0

Same County

2,324,137

25.1

Different County (same state)

1,010,117

10.9

467,638

5.0

157,351

1.7

Different State From Abroad

Source: U.S. Census, Census 2000 Summary Files (SF4)

There are striking racial and ethnic differences in infant mortality rates. African Americans have the highest infant mortality rate… more than twice that of Whites. 9

Figure 9. Michigan Foreign-Born Population By World Region of Birth, 2000

Source: U.S. Census, Census 2000 Summary Files (SF4)

Figure 10. United States Foreign-Born Population By World Region of Birth, 2000

Source: U.S. Census, Census 2000 Summary Files (SF4)

Latinos are more likely than nonLatino Whites to die from diabetes mellitus, homicide, and hypertension and hypertensive renal disease. 10

Migration/Immigration Patterns According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 31.1 million people in the United States were foreign born, representing 11.1% of the total population in 2000. In Michigan, the foreign-born population was 583,589 in 2000, representing 5.5% of the total population in Michigan (see Table 3). Among the foreign born population in the United States in 2000, 51.7% were born in Latin America, 26.4% in Asia, 15.8% in Europe, 2.8% in Africa, 2.7% in Canada, and the remaining 0.5% in other regions of the world (Oceania or born at sea). Mexico accounted for 29.5% of the foreign-born total population in the United States (see Figure 9).

Figure 11. Michigan Foreign-Born Population By Race or Latino Origin, 2000

Source: U.S. Census, Census 2000 Summary Files (SF4)

Comparatively, 40% of foreign-born population in Michigan in 2000 was born in Asia, 30% in Europe, 16.9% in Latin America, 9.5 in Canada, 3.2 in Africa, and 0.4% in other regions of the world. The majority of foreign-born population from Latin America came from Mexico, representing 11.2% of the foreign-born total population in Michigan (see Figure 9). Among the foreign-born population in 2000, 29.1% had entered Michigan since 1995, nearly 16% arrived between 1990 and 1994, 17.5% entered in the 1980s, 13.0% entered in the 1970s, and the remaining 24.7% arrived before 1970 (see Figure 10).

Residential Mobility Between 1995 and 2000, 42.7% of the Michigan population reported living in a different residence in 2000 than in 1995, compared with 57.3% of those who stayed in the same residence since 1995 (non-movers). Among those who moved, 41% moved within the United States, 25.1% moved from within the same county, 10.9% from a different county within the state, 5% from another state, and 1.7% moved from abroad, respectively (see Table 4).

According to the U.S. Census special report on the migration of Natives and the foreign born, Michigan experienced a net outmigration to other states between 1995 and 2000 (Perry and Schachter, 2003). This outmigration from Michigan was made up primarily of Michiganders. However, Michigan received immigrants from abroad and of foreign born individuals. Among the Michigan foreign born population in 2000, 15.2% were Latino. Among the entire foreignborn population in Michigan, 10.6% were Mexicans, 24.6% were Asians, and 50.6% were Asians (see Figure 11).

Among Michigan’s foreign-born population, 10.6% were Mexicans, 24.6% were Asians, and 50.6% were Asians. 11

References Hamilton, Brady E. et al. 2005. National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, 8. National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Available from www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ nvsr/nvsr54/nvsr54_08.pdf. Miniño, Arialdi et al. 2006. National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, 19. National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Available from www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ nvsr/nvsr54/nvsr54_19.pdf Perry, Marc J. and Jason P. Schachter. August 2003. “Migration of Natives and Foreign Born: 1995-2000.” Census 2000 Special Reports. Rosenberg H.M. et al., 1999. Quality of Death Rates by Race and Hispanic Origin: A Summary of Current Research. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Statistics 2 (128).

Endnotes 1

Latino may be of any racial group.

2

Because of inconsistencies in the reporting of some race groups and Hispanic origin on birth and death certificates, infant mortality rates for some groups are likely to be underestimated (Rosenbberg HM et al., 1999).

About the Authors Jean Kayitsinga

Among the Michigan foreign born population in 2000, 15.2% were Latino. Among Michigan’s entire foreign-born population, 10.6% were Mexicans, 24.6% were Asians, and 50.6% were Asians 12

Dr. Jean Kayitsinga is a sociologist demographer for JSRI and Visiting Assistant Professor in the Department of Counseling Educational Psychology and Special Education, Measurement and Quantitative Methods (MQM) program at MSU, where he received his Ph.D. in sociology in 1999. His areas of specialization include rural sociology, sociology of families, demography, research methods and statistical methodologies.

Lori Post Dr. Lori Post is Assistant Dean for Research in the College of Communication Arts and Sciences. She is a trained demographer and her research focus is violence prevention.

Francisco Villarruel Dr. Francisco A. Villarruel, a University Outreach Fellow and a Professor of Family and Child Ecology at MSU, is the Acting Director of MSU’s Latino research center— the Julian Samora Research Institute. His research focus is generalized into three areas: Latino youth and families, positive youth development, and developmental contextualism. He is also the chair of the National Hispanic Education Alliance (NAHE).