INSTRUCTION Course Package

DEH 106

DENTAL RADIOGRAPHY

PRESENTED AND APPROVED: JANUARY 10, 2013

EFFECTIVE: SPRING 2012-13

MCC Form EDU 0007 (rev. 102212)

INSTRUCTION Course Package Prefix & Number DEH 106 Purpose of this submission: If this is a change, what is being changed? (Check all that apply)

Course Title: Dental Radiography New Change/Updated Retire Update Prefix Course Description Title Course Number Format Change Credits Prerequisite Competencies Textbook/Reviewed Competencies-no changes needed Does this course require additional fees? No Yes If so, please explain. Is there a similar course in the course bank? No Yes (Please identify) DEH 106 Articulation: Is this course or an equivalent offered at other two and four-year universities in Arizona? No Yes (Identify the college, subject, prefix, number and title: Is this course identified as a Writing Across the Curriculum course? No Yes

Course Assessments Assessments Description of Possible Course Assessments (Essays, multiple choice, etc.) Exams standardized for this course? Midterm Final Other (Please specify): Where can faculty members locate or access the required standardized exams for this course? (Contact Person and Location) Example: NCK – Academic Chair Office

Develop and print a brochure on radiation information/safety that might be used in clinic for patients. Multiple choice exams/final. Are exams required by the department? No Yes If Yes, please specify:

Student Outcomes: Identify the general education goals for student learning that is a component of this course. Check all that apply:

Method of Assessment Read and review questions at end of each chapter as assignments. Written summary on evaluation of

1. Communicate effectively. a. b.

Read and comprehend at a college level. Write effectively in a college setting.

2. Demonstrate effective quantitative reasoning and solving skills.

problem

3. Demonstrate effective qualitative reasoning skills.

4. Apply effective methods of inquiry. a. Generate research paper by gathering information MCC Form EDU 0007 (rev. 102212)

Critical thinking of utilizing reflective judgment as to what type of x-rays should be taken as well as type such as digital vs. PSP and the reasons for the decision based on patient needs. Interpret and evaluate normal variations and basic pathological conditions visible on radiographs. Demonstrate knowledge of normal anatomical landmarks of the maxilla and mandible. Evaluating outcome of patient x-rays both pathology as well as evaluating errors and how to correct said errors.

INSTRUCTION Course Package

b.

from varied sources, analyzing data and organizing information into a coherent structure. Employ the scientific method.

5. Demonstrate sensitivity to diversity a. Experience the creative products of humanity. b. Describe alternate historical, cultural, global perspectives.

Office of Instruction Use only: CIP Code: ONET Code: Minimum Qualifications:

MCC Form EDU 0007 (rev. 102212)

INSTRUCTION Course Package COURSE INFORMATION Initiator: Mona Latimer Date of proposal to Curriculum Committee: 1/10/2013 Effective Semester/Year Fall 2013 Spring Summer Prefix & Number: DEH 106 Full Title: (100 character limit) Dental Radiography Short Title: (30 character limit) Rad Catalog Course Description: Introduction to principles of x-radiation production and safety factors; application and theory of properly exposing, processing, mounting, and evaluating dental radiographs; identification of normal anatomic landmarks and pathologic conditions. Utilization of the laboratory in performing procedures necessary to produce quality radiographs. SUN Course Number: Credit Hours: 3

Lecture Hours: 2

Lab Hours: 2

Prerequisite(s) Admission into in the Dental Hygiene Program Co-requisite(s) DEH 106L

Intended Course Goals By the end of the semester, students will be able to: 1. Recognize the important names, dates, find facts relating to the history of dental x-rays C.1, C.2, C.3,C.4 C.7 2. Understand the principles of x-ray production. C.1, C.2, C.3,C.4,C.7,C.9,PC.5 3. Demonstrate knowledge of the Inverse Square Law C.1, C.2,C.3, C.4, C.5, C.7, C.8, HP.1, HP.2, HP.6, PC.1, PC.2,PC.5 4. Identify and demonstrate the components of a dental x-ray unit C.1, C.2, C.4, C.5, C.7, C.8, HP.1, HP.2, HP.6, PC.1, PC.2 5. Comprehend the methods of measuring electromagnetic radiation C.1, C.2, C.3, C.4, C.5, C.7, C.8, C.9, HP.1, HP.2, HP.6, PC.1, PC.2, PC.13 6. Identify terms used in Radiology C.1, C.3, C.6 7. Demonstrate the infection control before, during and after exposure of radiographs according to guidelines in the MCC Manual. C1, C2, C3, C4, C7, C9, C10, HP 2, HP 4, PC1, PC3 8. Identify the components of x-ray films and developing solutions and their functions C 1, C2, C3, C4, C7, C9, C10, HP 2, HP 4,HP6, PC1 9. Demonstrate competency by correctly handling the x-ray developer; the solutions as well as the cleaning and maintainence of the machine. C 1, C2, C3, C4, C7, C9, C10, HP 2, HP 4,HP6, PC1 10. List and demonstrate the five rules for shadow casting. C1, C2, C3, C4, C7, C9, C10, HP 2, HP 4, PC1, PC3 11. Demonstrate correctly the paralleling and bisecting angle techniques. C1, C2, C3, C4, C7, C9, C10, HP 2, HP 4, PC1, PC3 MCC Form EDU 0007 (rev. 102212)

INSTRUCTION Course Package 12. Demonstrate proficiency in developing and mounting radiographs. C1, C2, C3, C4, C7, C9, C10, HP 2, HP 4, HP.6, PC1, PC3, PC5, PC12 13. Recognize the normal and abnormal anatomical landmarks of the maxilla and mandible. C1, C2, C3, C4, C7, C9, C10, HP 2, HP 4, PC1, PC3,PC5,PC12 14. Interpret normal variations and basic pathological conditions. C1, C2, C3, C4, C7, C9, C10, HP 2, HP 4, PC1, PC3,PC5,PC12 15. Critique radiographs and explain how to correct any errors in technique. C1, C2, C3, C4, C7, C9, C10, HP 2, HP 4, PC1, PC3 16. Identify the potential hazards of radiation and methods of minimizing these hazards. C1,C2,C3, C4, C7, C8,C9,C11, HP.1, HP.2, HP.4, HP.6,PC11 17. Demonstrate competency with panoramic x-ray machine, exposure techniques and interpretation of anatomic structures. C1,C2,C3, C4, C7, C8, HP.1, HP.2, HP.4, HP.6 18. Demonstrate competency by exposing four diagnostic panoramic x-rays in a row. C1,C2,C3, C4, C7, C8, HP.1, HP.2, HP.4, HP.6 19. Demonstrate familiarization with digital radiographic machine and techniques by exposing and handling a diagnostic set of four bitewing x-rays and printing them. C1,C2,C3, C4, C7, C8, HP.1, HP.2, HP.4, HP.6 20. Demonstrate competency in use and handling of digital information by taking two intraoral pictures and printing them. C1,C2,C3, C4, C7, C8, HP.1, HP.2, HP.4, HP.6 21. Student shall expose four complete full mouth series, using paralleling technique, to a competent/diagnostic level to pass lab portion of the class. C1, C2, C3, C4, C7, C9, C10, HP 2, HP 4, PC1, PC3 22. Student shall demonstrate competency by exposing four diagnostic sets of vertical bitewings. C1, C2, C3, C4, C7, C9, C10, HP 2, HP 4, PC1, PC3 23. Students shall demonstrate competency by exposing four diagnostic sets of horizontal bitewings. C1, C2, C3, C4, C7, C9, C10, HP 2, HP 4, PC1, PC3

MCC Form EDU 0007 (rev. 102212)

INSTRUCTION Course Package Program Competencies and Objectives By the end of the semester, students will be able to: Program Competencies Forward

This document describes the abilities expected of a dental hygienist entering the profession. The competency statements were originally drafted by The American Association of Dental Schools (now named ADEA), Section of Dental Hygiene Education Competency Development Committee, and presented in 1998. MCC has adapted the updated competencies approved in 2010 and implemented in 2011 to encompass the competencies we feel our graduates should possess. As an integral member of the healthcare team, a major role of the hygienist is to assist patients to achieve and maintain optimal oral health. We feel the competencies listed below describe the desired combination of knowledge, psychomotor skills, communication skills, and attitudes, as well as the standards used to measure the hygienist’s independent performance. Competency 1 Core Competencies(C) The dental hygienist must possess the ethics, values, skills, and knowledge integral to all aspects of the profession. These competencies are foundational to all of the roles of the dental hygienist. OBJECTIVES: C.1 C.2 C.3 C.4 C.5 C.6 C.7 C.8 C.9 C.10 C.11 C.12 C.13 C. 14

Apply a professional code of ethics in all endeavors. Adhere to state and federal laws, recommendations, and regulations in the provision of oral health care. Use critical thinking skills and comprehensive problem-solving to identify oral health care strategies that promote patient health and wellness. Use evidence-based decision making to evaluate emerging technology and treatment modalities to integrate into patient dental hygiene care plans to achieve high-quality, cost-effective care. Assume responsibility for professional actions and care based on accepted scientific theories, research, and the accepted standard of care. Continuously perform self-assessment for lifelong learning and professional growth. Integrate accepted scientific theories and research into educational, preventive, and therapeutic oral health services. Promote the values of the dental hygiene profession through service-based activities, positive community affiliations, and active involvement in local organizations. Apply quality assurance mechanisms to ensure continuous commitment to accepted standards of care. Communicate effectively with diverse individuals and groups, serving all persons without discrimination by acknowledging and appreciating diversity. Record accurate, consistent, and complete documentation of oral health services provided. nitiate a collaborative approach with all patients when develop individualized care plans that are specialized, comprehensive, culturally sensitive, and acceptable to all parties involved in care planning. Initiate consultations and collaborations with all relevant health care providers to facilitate optimal treatments. Manage medical emergencies by using professional judgment, providing life support, and utilizing required CPR and any specialized training or knowledge.

MCC Form EDU 0007 (rev. 102212)

INSTRUCTION Course Package Competency 2 Health Promotion and Disease Prevention (HP) Since Health Promotion and Disease Prevention is a key component of health care, changes within the healthcare environment require the dental hygienist to have a general knowledge of wellness, health determinants, and characteristics of various patient communities. The hygienist needs to emphasize both prevention of disease as well as effective health care delivery. OBJECTIVES: HP.1

Promote the values of overall health and wellness to the public and organizations within and outside the profession. HP.2 Respect the goals, values, beliefs, and preferences of all patients HP.3 Refer patients who may have physiological, psychological, or social problems for comprehensive patient evaluation. HP.4 Identify individual and population risk factors and develop strategies that promote health-related quality of life. HP.5 Evaluate factors that can be used to promote patient adherence to disease prevention or health maintenance strategies. HP.6 Utilize methods to ensure the health and safety of the patient and the oral health professional in the delivery of care. Competency 3 Community Involvement (CM) The dental hygienist must appreciate his/her role as a health professional at the local, state, and national levels. This role requires the graduate dental hygienist to assess, plan, and implement programs and activities to benefit the general population. In this complex role, the dental hygienist must be prepared to influence others to facilitate access to care and services. OBJECTIVES: CM.1 Assess the oral health needs of the community to determine action plans and availability of resources to meet the health care needs. CM.2 Provide screening, referral, and educational services that allow patients to access the resources of the health care system. CM.3 Provide community oral health services in a variety of settings. CM.4 Facilitate patient access to oral health services by influencing individuals or organizations for the provision of oral health care. CM.5 Evaluate reimbursement mechanisms and their impact on the patient’s access to oral health care. CM.6 Evaluate the outcomes of community-based programs and plan for future activities. CM.7 Advocate for effective oral health care for underserved populations. Competency 4 Patient Care (PC) Because the dental hygienists’ role in patient care is ever changing, yet central to the maintenance of health, dental hygiene graduates must use their skills to assess, diagnose, plan, implement, and evaluate treatment OBJECTIVES:

MCC Form EDU 0007 (rev. 102212)

INSTRUCTION Course Package Assessment PC.1

Systematically collect, analyze, and record data on the general, oral, and psychosocial health status of a variety of patients using methods consistent with medicolegal principles. PC.2 Recognize predisposing and etiologic risk factors that require intervention to prevent disease. PC.3 Recognize the relationships among systemic disease, medications, and oral health that impact overall patient care and treatment outcomes. PC.4 Identify patients at risk for a medical emergency, and manage the patient care in a manner that prevents an emergency. Dental Hygiene Diagnosis PC.5

Use patient assessment data, diagnostic technologies, and critical decision making skills to determine a dental hygiene diagnosis, a component of the dental diagnosis, to reach conclusions about the patient’s dental hygiene care needs.

Planning PC.6 PC.7 PC.8 PC.9

Utilize reflective judgment in developing a comprehensive patient dental hygiene care plan. Collaborate with the patient and other health professionals as indicated to formulate a comprehensive dental hygiene care plan that is patient-centered and based on the best scientific evidence and professional judgment. Make referrals to professional colleagues and other health care professionals as indicated in the patient care plan. Obtain the patient’s informed consent based on a thorough case presentation.

Implementation PC.10 Provide specialized treatment that includes educational, preventive and therapeutic services designed to achieve and maintain oral health. Partner with the patient in achieving oral health goals. Evaluation PC.11 Evaluate the effectiveness of the provided services, and modify care plans as needed. PC.12 Determine the outcomes of dental hygiene interventions using indices, instruments, examination techniques, and patient self-reports as specified in patient goals. PC.13 Compare actual outcomes to expected outcomes, reevaluating goals, diagnoses, and services when expected outcomes are not achieved. Competency 5 Professional Growth and Development (PGD) Dental hygienists must be aware of a variety of opportunities for professional growth and development. Some opportunities may increase patient access to dental hygiene; others may offer ways to influence the profession and the changing healthcare environment. A dental hygienist must possess transferable skills, e.g., in communication, problem-solving, and critical thinking, to take advantage of these opportunities. OBJECTIVES: PGD.1 Pursue career options within health care, industry, education, research, and other roles as they evolve for the dental hygienist. PGD.2 Develop practice management and marketing strategies to be used in the delivery of oral health care. PGD.3 Access professional and social networks to pursue professional goals. MCC Form EDU 0007 (rev. 102212)

INSTRUCTION Course Package

Course Competencies and Objectives By the end of the semester, students will be able to: Competency 1: History of radiation Competency: C.1, C.2, C.3,C.4 C.7 Objective 1.1 Recognize important names, dates, and facts relating to the history of dental x-r Objective 1.2 List two historical developments that made x-ray machines safer Objective 1.3 Identify the two techniques used to expose radiographs Objective 1.4 List other imaging modalities available for use in detection and evaluation of oral condition Activities/ Assignments: Read Chapter 1, PowerPoint Slides Laboratory Activities: Discuss advancements in dental radiography and timeline of the early pioneers in the field; Discuss the two methods we use for exposing radiographs; Discuss other modalities available for use in detection and evaluation of oral lesions. Competency 2: Characteristics and Measurement of Radiation Competency: C.1, C.2, C.3,C.4,C.7,C.9,PC.5, Objective 2.1 Describe the process of ionization Objective 2.2 Explain the relationship between wavelength and the penetrating power of x-rays. Objective 2.3 List and describe the four possible x-ray interactions with matter Objective 2.4 Define and name the terms used to measure x-radiation Objective 2.5 Identify three sources of naturally occurring background radiation Objective 2.6 List the properties of x-rays Objective 2.7 Describe how secondary and scatter radiation are produced. Activities/ Assignments: Read Chapters 2, PowerPoint slides Discuss current events or other news articles concerning radiation; discuss radiation safety regarding our clinical setting. Laboratory Activities: Establish correct operator-patient distances for exposures in our clinic; discuss need for lead apron, film positioning devices and how they allow for lower radiation exposures for our patients. Competency 3: Components and function of dental x-ray machine Competency: C.1, C.2, C.4, C.5, C.7, C.8, HP.1, HP.2, HP.6, PC.1, PC.2 Objective 3.1 Listing, in sequence, the necessary steps in operating the dental x-ray machine Objective 3.2 Understand the principles of x-ray production, x-ray physics & x-ray quality. Objective 3.3 Identify the three exposure variables and describing their effect on the x-ray tube and on the emitted x-rays Objective 3.4 Identify the two main parts of the cathode and explaining their functions in x-ray production. Objective 3.5 Identify the metals used for the anode and explain the role each plays in x-ray production. Objective 3.6 State the role of thermionic emission in x-ray production. Objective 3.7 State the functions of step-down and step-up transformers and identify where each is used. Objective 3.8 Discuss how the wavelength of x-rays is controlled. Objective 3.9 State how mA and exposure time can regulate the amount of x-rays produced. Objective 3.10 State the effects kVp and exposure time have on x-ray production Objective 3.11 Discuss use of collimator and filter and explain the suggested uses for each Objective 3.12 Describe how secondary and scatter radiation are produced.

MCC Form EDU 0007 (rev. 102212)

INSTRUCTION Course Package Activities/ Assignments: Read Chapter 3, PowerPoint Slides Laboratory Activities: Using a step wedge, expose film using different settings to show the difference in contrast and density as well as establishing proper machine and developer function; Practice exposures illustrating the ‘dead man’s switch in order that students master the correct exposure technique. Competency 4: Producing Quality Radiographs Competency: C.1, C.2,C.3, C.4, C.5, C.7, C.8, HP.1, HP.2, HP.6, PC.1, PC.2,PC.5, Objective 4.1 Define the term radiopaque and listing tissues which normally appear radiopaque on x-rays. Objective 4.2 Define the term radiolucent and listing tissues which normally appear radiolucent. Objective 4.3 Define and describe radiographic density. Objective 4.4 List factors that control density. Objective 4.5 Calculate mAs values from mA values. Objective 4.6 Write the statement and equation for the Inverse Square Law. Objective 4.7 Calculate exposure areas and intensities using the Inverse Square Law. Objective 4.8 Define and describe radiographic contrast/definition. Objective 4.9 Describe how mA, kVp, and exposure time affect film density. Objective 4.10 Determine the difference between short scale and long scale contrast. Objective 4.11 List primary controlling and influencing factors for contrast. Objective 4.12 Define the purpose of contrast. Objective 4.13 Describe how kVp affects contrast. Objective 4.14 Define penumbra and explaining how it can affect the image. Objective 4.15 Describe the best combinations of object/film distance and tube/film distance. Objective 4.16 Identify basic requirements of an acceptable diagnostic radiograph. Objective 4.17 List factors that influence magnification and distortion. Activities/ Assignments: Read Chapter 4; PowerPoint Slides Laboratory Activities: Redefine distance guidelines for exposure in our clinic; View exposed x-rays to determine radiopaque and radiolucent structures Competency 5: Intraoral Radiographic Procedures Competency: C1, C2, C3, C4, C7, C9, C10, HP 2, HP 4, PC1, PC3 Objective 5.1 Identify the three intraoral x-ray examinations. Objective 5.2 Correctly demonstrate the paralleling, bisecting and occlusal radiographic techniques. Objective 5.3 Explain horizontal and vertical angulation. Objective 5.4 List the five rules for shadow casting. Objective 5.5 Locate the points of entry on the face. Objective 5.6 State the purpose of the bitewing examination. Objective 5.7 Demonstrate the correct vertical angulation for bitewing exposures. Objective 5.8 Demonstrate correct horizontal angulation for bitewing x-rays Objective 5.9 Identify the number and size of films required to expose an adult bitewing series. Objective 5.10 Demonstrate and describing film placements for posterior and anterior Bitewing examinations. Objective 5.11 State the purpose for the Periapical examination Objective 5.12 Select the size and number of films for a full mouth survey per MCC Manual Objective 5.13 Demonstrate film packet placement for the paralleling technique Objective 5.14 Demonstrate film packet placement for Bisecting the angle technique Objective 5.15 Explain the importance of film placement sequencing Objective 5.16 Statie the purpose for the Occlusal examination Objective 5.17 Match the Topographical and Cross-Sectional Occlusal techniques with the conditions to be imaged Objective 5.18 Demonstrate the steps for Topographical or Cross-Sectional Occlusal radiographs Objective 5.19 Compare patient head positions for Topographical and Cross-Sectional occlusal radiographs Objective 5.20 Explain and demonstrate positive and negative vertical angulation. MCC Form EDU 0007 (rev. 102212)

INSTRUCTION Course Package Objective 5.21 Demonstrate the correct assembly of the positioning devices for all bitewing and periapical exposures Objective 5.22 Demonstrate correct placement and use of positioning devices Objective 5.23 Demonstrate patient preparation for radiographic examinations Activities/ Assignments: Read Chapters 12,13,14,15; PowerPoint Slides Activities/ Assignments: Read Chapters 12,13,14,15; PowerPoint Slides Laboratory Activities: Demonstration of Bitewing, Periapical and Occlusal radiographs; students practice angulations, Bitewing, Periapical and Occlusal x-rays on Dxtr. Students practice with film positioning devices. Competency 6: Quality Assurance in Dental Radiographs Competency: C 1, C2, C3, C4, C7, C9, C10, HP 2, HP 4,HP6, PC1, Objective 6.1 Identify types of radiographic errors caused by faulty processing, chemical contamination, film handling, outdated film and faulty safelight conditions. Objective 6.2 Differentiate between quality control and quality assurance. Objective 6.3 Demonstrate use of step wedge and explain its use in quality assurance. Objective 6.4 Describe how to test for light leaks in the darkroom. Objective 6.5 Describe three causes for light/dark radiographs and correction measures needed. Objective 6.6 Describe tests for developer solution strength and tube head function using a step wedge. Objective 6.7 List five problems with film surface marks, their causes and corrections Activities/ Assignments: Read Chapter 17; PowerPoint Slides Laboratory Activities: Make a step wedge and expose a film using it; Observe the dark room for obvious light leaks; Coin test to monitor dark room safe lighting Competency 7: Supplemental Radiographic Techniques Competency: C1, C2, C3, C4, C7, C9, C10, HP 2, HP 4, PC1, PC6,PC12,PC13 Objective 7.1 State the importance of making radiographic surveys on children. Objective 7.2 Identify suggested exposure intervals for the child patient. Objective 7.3 Demonstrate specific techniques for pediatric radiography. Objective 7.4 Identify adaptations or modifications in standard paralleling and bisecting techniques that aid in radiographic procedures for children Objective 7.5 Explain the role occlusal radiographs play in imaging children Objective 7.6 List factors that determine the number and size of the film used on children Objective 7.7 Explain the importance of making a radiographic survey of edentulous areas. Objective 7.8 State the purpose and use of panoramic radiography for the edentulous. Objective 7.9 Demonstrate ability to place the intraoral film packet on patients with large maxillary or mandibular tori Objective 7.10Explain the need to increase vertical angulation with the patient presents with a shallow palatal vault Objective 7.11Utilize the SLOB rule to locate a foreign object Objective 7.12.Describe the difference between a standard molar periapical radiograph and a disto- oblique periapical radiograph Objective 7.13 State actions for managing the apprehensive patient Objective 7.14 Identify areas of the oral cavity that are most likely to initiate the gag reflex Objective 7.15 Describe methods to reduce tactile stimuli to control the gag reflex Objective 7.16 Discuss ways to manage radiographic procedures for the patient with motor disorders and conditions With involuntary movement Objective 7.17 Discuss ways to manage radiographic exposures for the older patient Objective 7.18 Explain necessary radiographs for the cancer patient Objective 7.19 Explain necessary radiographs for the pregnant patient

MCC Form EDU 0007 (rev. 102212)

INSTRUCTION Course Package Activities/ Assignments: Read Chapters 23,24,25; PowerPoint Slides Laboratory Activities: Practice disto-oblique technique to move teeth forward or backward onto the film and increasing the vertical angulation for shallow palates; demo techniques for children and the edentulous populations; demo the SLOB localization technique for foreign object exposure; CD to view SLOB rule imaging. Competency 8: Patient Relations and Education Competency: C1,C2,C3, C4, C7, C8, HP.1, HP.2, HP.4,HP5, HP.6,PC.1,PC.5,PC.7,PC.12 Objective 8.1 Objective 8.2 Objective 8.3 Objective 8.4 Objective 8.5 Objective 8.6 Objective 8.7

Explain how operator appearance and first impression affect patient relations Demonstrate the relationship between verbal and non-verbal communication Understand and value the need for patient cooperation in producing quality radiographs Discuss communication and listening skills Respond to a patient’s concern to unnecessary exposure to x-rays Identify benefits patients derive from preventive radiographic procedures Describe three methods by which the patient can be educated to appreciate the value of dental radiography Objective 8.8 Explain the communication method ‘show-tell-do’ and give examples of when this method would be effective Objective 8.9 Discuss the federal and state regulations concerning the use of dental x-ray equipment Objective 8.10 Describe licensure requirements for exposing dental radiographs Objective 8.11 Discuss risk management for x-ray exposure Objective 8.12 State examples of interpersonal skills used to communicate effectively Objective 8.13 Discuss informed consent Objective 8.14 List items that need to be documented in the patient’s chart. Objective 8.15 Explain what should be said to patients who refuse radiographs Activities/ Assignments: Read Chapters 11, 25; PowerPoint Slides Laboratory Activities: Refer to MCC Manual for criteria; role play with student partners Competency 9: Periodontal Disease Competency: C1,C2,C3, C4, C7, C8, HP.1, HP.2, HP.4, HP.6 Objective 9.1 List the uses of radiographs in the assessment of periodontal disease Objective 9.2 Differentiate between horizontal and vertical bone loss Objective 9.3 Recognize the role vertical and horizontal angulations in imaging periodontal diseases Objective 9.4 Identify three predisposing factors for periodontal disease that radiographs can help locate Objective 9.5 Explain how imaging anatomical configurations aid in the prognosis of periodontally involved teeth Objective 9.6 List the limitations of radiographs in the assessment of periodontal disease Objective 9.7 Utilize the appropriate techniques to best detect and evaluate periodontal diseases Objective 9.8 Identify and describe the radiographic appearance of the normal periodontium Objective 9.9 List the American Academy of Periodontology Case Types and describe their radiographic appearance Activities/ Assignments: Read Chapter 22; PowerPoint Slides Laboratory Activities: View exposed radiographs to detect signs of periodontally involved teeth; expose radiographs using different angulations to determine how they affect the appearance of the bone Competency 10: Dental Caries Competency: C1,C2,C3, C4, C7, C8, HP.1, HP.2, HP.4, HP.6 Objective 10.1 Explain why caries appears radiolucent on radiographs Objective 10.2 Define the role radiographs play in detecting caries MCC Form EDU 0007 (rev. 102212)

INSTRUCTION Course Package Objective 10.3 Identify the ideal type of projection, technique and exposure factors that enhance a radiograph’s ability to image caries. Objective 10.4 List and describe the four categories of the caries depth grading system Objective 10.5 List the four locations of dental caries and identifying their radiographic appearance Objective 10.6 Define and identify the radiographic appearance of recurrent dental caries Objective 10.7 List three conditions that resemble dental caries radiographically discussing how to distinguish these from caries Activities/ Assignments: Read Chapter 21; PowerPoint Slides Laboratory Activities: View exposed radiographs to identify caries, recurrent decay, the four categories of caries depth grading and the locations and shapes of existing dental caries. Review how angulation of exposures can affect imaging of caries Competency 11: Digital Radiography Competency: C1,C2,C3, C4, C7, C8, HP.1, HP.2, HP.4, HP.6 Objective 11.1 Differentiate a digital image from a radiograph: a. Explain the fundamental concept of digital radiography b. Discuss purpose and use of digital radiography c. Demonstrate proficiency in using digital equipment d. List the advantages/disadvantages of digital radiography e. Differentiate the difference between indirect and direct imaging Activities/ Assignments: Read Chapter 26; PowerPoint Slides Laboratory Activities: Demo with digital radiographs on DXTR; student practice with digital machine; MCC Manual for requirements Competency 12: Regulations and Legal Aspects Competency: C1,C2,C3, C4, C7, C8,C9,C11, HP.1, HP.2, HP.4, HP.6,PC11 Objective 12.1 Objective 12.2 Objective 12.3 Objective 12.4 Objective 12.5 Objective 12.6 Objective 12.7

Discuss the federal and state regulations concerning the use of dental x-ray equipment Describe licensure requirements for exposing dental radiographs Identify specific risk management strategies for radiography Recognize negative remarks about radiographic equipment that should be avoided List the aspects of informed consent List the items that must be documented in the patient’s record Identify the role professional ethics plays in guiding the radiographer’s behavior

Activities/ Assignments: Read Chapter 10; PowerPoint Slides Laboratory Activities: Review our clinic standards and patient guidelines for exposing radiographs; discuss ethical concerns used when exposing radiographs Competency 13: Extraoral Radiography; Competency: C1,C2,C3, C4, C7, C8, HP.1, HP.2, HP.4, HP.6 Objective 13.1 Describe the purpose and use of extraoral radiographic surveys. Objective 13.2 Identify types of film used in extraoral radiographic surveys. Objective 13.3 Explain the need for proper extraoral film handling Objective 13.4 Explain the role intensifying screens in producing a radiographic image MCC Form EDU 0007 (rev. 102212)

INSTRUCTION Course Package Objective 13.5 Identify types of projections that can be made extraorally. Objective 13.6 Explain the role of the extraoral film cassette Objective 13.7 State the purpose and use of panoramic radiography Objective 13.8 Compare the advantages and disadvantages of panoramic versus intraoral radiographic surveys Objective 13.9 Explain the principle of tomography Objective 13.10 Differentiate between conventional intraoral x-ray unit and a panoramic x-ray machine Objective 13.11 Explain and Identify the three dimensions of the focal trough Objective 13.12. Identify the planes used to position the arches correctly within the focal trough Objective 13.13 Match positioning errors with the characteristic appearances that image on the panoramic radiograph Objective 13.14 List patient preparation errors and describe the appearance that results on the panoramic radiograph Objective 13.15 List exposure and film handling errors and describing the resulting appearance on the panoramic radiograph Objective 13.16 List and identify the anatomic landmarks of the Maxilla, Mandible and surrounding soft tissues as viewed on a panoramic radiograph Objective 13.17 List and identify three air space images as viewed on a panoramic radiograph Objective 13.18 List and identify ghost image artifacts as viewed on a panoramic radiograph Activities/ Assignments: Read Chapters 27, 28; PowerPoint Slides Laboratory Activities: Student practice with DXTR and panographic machine; View exposed panographs to identify landmarks and soft tissues visible; UNC CD for landmarks; CD to view pano simulation of focal trough and positioning errors. Competency 14: Mounting and Introduction to Radiographic Interpretation Competency: C1, C2, C3, C4, C7, C9, C10, HP 2, HP 4, PC1, PC3,PC5,PC12 Objective 14.1 List at least five advantages of mounting radiographs Objective 14.2 Discuss the use and importance of the identification dot Objective 14.3 Compare labial and lingual methods of mounting films Objective 14.4 Mount radiographs according to the steps recommended in the text and MCC Manual Objective 14.5 List at least five anatomical generalizations that aid in mounting radiographs Objective 14.6 Compare interpretation and diagnosis Objective 14.7 Describe the roles of the film mount, view box and magnification in viewing radiographs Objective 14.8 View radiographs according to the suggested steps in the text book and the MCC Manual Objective 14.9 Describe why it is important to recognize and identify normal anatomical landmarks of the face and head Activities/ Assignments: Read Chapter 18; PowerPoint SlidesLaboratory Activities: Practice with exposed FMXs; identify landmarks that aid in mounting the mounting the films with the dot ‘raised.’ Competency 15: Identifying and Correcting Undiagnostic Radiographs Competency: C1, C2, C3, C4, C7, C9, C10, HP 2, HP 4, PC1, PC3 Objective 15.1 Recognize errors caused by incorrect radiographic techniques Objective 15.2 Apply corrective action for technique errors Objective 15.3 Recognize errors caused by incorrect processing Objective 15.4 Apply corrective action for processing errors Objective 15.5 Recognize errors caused by incorrect film handling and applying corrective actions Objective 15.6 Identify five causes of film fog and applying appropriate corrective action to prevent this Activities/ Assignments: Read Chapter 16; PowerPoint Slides Laboratory Activities: View exposed films with errors, identify them and discuss how they are prevented. MCC Form EDU 0007 (rev. 102212)

INSTRUCTION Course Package Competency 16: Effects of Radiation Exposure Competency: C1, C2, C3, C4, C7, C9, C10, HP 2, HP 4, PC1, PC3

Objective 16.1 Adopt the ethical responsibility to follow the ALARA concept Objective 16.2 Compare the theories of biological damage and possible effects of radiation on somatic and genetic cells Objective 16.3 Identify the factors that determine radiation injuries. Objective 16.4 Identify critical tissues for dental radiography in the head and neck region. Objective 16.5 Identify body cells in the order of their radiosensitivity. Objective 16.6 List the possible short-term/long-term effects of irradiation. Objective 16.7 Discuss the risk versus benefit of dental radiographs. Objective 16.8 Identify the effects of oral radiation therapy. Objective 16.9 Explain the difference between deterministic and stochastic effects Objective 16.10Explain the difference between somatic and genetic effect Objective 16.11Explain the difference between the indirect and direct theories of biological damage Objective 16.12.Identify the factors that determine radiation injury Objective 16.13 Explain the difference between a threshold dose-response curve and a non-threshold dose-response Activities/ Assignments: Read Chapter 5; PowerPoint Slides Competency 17: Dental X-ray Film Competency: C1,C2,C3, C4, C7, C8, HP.1, HP.2, HP.4, HP.6 Objective 17.1 Discuss the composition of dental x-ray film. Objective 17.2 Differentiate between Intraoral and extraoral films. Objective 17.3 Demonstrate correct methods of film storage and protection. Objective 17.4 Demonstrate use and importance of the identification dot. Objective 17.5 List and describe the four parts of an intraoral film Objective 17.6 Describe latent image formation Objective 17.7 List and describe the four parts of an intraoral film packet Objective 17.8 Differentiate between tube side and back side of an intraoral film packet Objective 17.9 Match the type of intraoral projection with radiographic need Objective 17.10Compare and contrast duplicating film with radiographic film Objective 17.11List typical intraoral film sizes and matching these sizes with their customary usage Activities/ Assignments: Read Chapter 7; PowerPoint Slides Laboratory Activities: Compare film sizes with various oral cavity sizes; practice placement; Unwrap a film to see the insides of the packet. Competency 18: Radiation Protection Competency: C1, C2, C3, C4, C7, C9, C10, HP 2, HP 4, PC1, PC3,PC.7,PC11,PC12,PC13 Objective 18.1 Identify the fastest and slowest speed films available for dental x-ray use Objective 18.2 Summarize radiation protection methods for patients and operators. Objective 18.3 Utilize the selection criteria guidelines and explaining the need for prescribed radiographs Objective 18.4 Demonstrate and advocate the use of lead apron and thyroid collar for every patient for every exposure. Objective 18.5 Explain the roles technique and exposure choices play in preventing unnecessary radiation exposure Objective 18.6 Explain how communication, working knowledge of quality radiographs, and education prevent errors Objective 18.7 List the functions of the collimator Objective 18.8 State the federally mandated diameter of the intraoral x-ray beam and the patient’s skin Objective 18.9 Explain the difference between round and rectangular collimation MCC Form EDU 0007 (rev. 102212)

INSTRUCTION Course Package Objective 18.10 Explain the function of the filter Objective 18.11 State the filtration requirements for an intraoral dental unit that operates above and below 70kVp Objective 18.12 Compare inherent, added and total filtration Objective 18.13 Explain how PID shape and length relate to reducing patient radiation exposure Objective 18.14 Explain the role film holders play in reducing patient radiation exposure Objective 18.15 Explain the role darkroom protocol and film handling play in reducing patient radiation exposure Objective 18.16 Utilize distance and location for achieving the appropriate distance and angle from the x-ray source at the patient’s head during the exposure (See MCC Manual) Objective 18.17 State the maximum permissible dose for radiation workers and for the general public Objective 18.18 Identify the organizations responsible for recommending and setting exposure limits Activities/ Assignments: Read Chapter 6; PowerPoint SlidesLaboratory Activities: Reiterate appropriate exposure distance for operators and patients; Practice exposure protection for the patients and operators; review proper film handling and darkroom techniques to prevent the need for re-exposures. Competency 19: Dental X-ray Film Processing; Competency: C1, C2, C3, C4, C7, C9, C10, HP 2, HP 4, PC1, PC3 Objective 19.1 List important features of a darkroom. Objective 19.2 Describe methods to achieve light-tight entrances. Objective 19.3 Describe two types of safelight filters. Objective 19.4 Describe the methods to test safelights. Objective 19.5 Identify darkroom equipment. Objective 19.6 Listi the five basic steps in manual processing Objective 19.7 Demonstrate in proper sequence the steps for manual processing of dental radiographs. Objective 19.8 List the four chemicals in the developer solution and describe the function of each. Objective 19.9 List the four chemicals in the fixer solution and describe their functions Objective 19.10 Explain the role chemical replenishment and solution changes play in maintaining the darkroom Objective 19.11.List the steps for proper automatic processing of film. Objective 19.12.Explain how a latent image becomes a visible image Activities/ Assignments: Read Chapter 8; PowerPoint SlidesLaboratory Activities: Practice set up and break down of the processing machine; review changing the replenisher and when it is necessary; Learn to correctly insert the baffle; Clean the rollers matching them with their appropriate colored storage tubs; review the color coded developer and fixer solutions matching them with their appropriately colored tanks; view manufacturer’s film on maintenance of the processor Competency 20: Normal Radiographic Anatomy and Deviations From Normal Radiographic Anatomy Competency: C1, C2, C3, C4, C7, C9, C10, HP 2, HP 4, PC1, PC3 Objective 20.1 Provide three rationales why it is important to recognize and identify normal anatomical landmarks of head and neck Objective 20.2 Recognize facial and cranial bones Objective 20.3 Differentiate between the lamina dura and the periodontal ligament space Objective 20.4 Describe and identifying the radiographic appearance of all the structures of the teeth Objective 20.5 Name all the anatomical landmarks normally seen on intraoral radiographs of the Maxilla and Mandible Objective 20.6 Identify the radiographic appearance of: a. dental materials b. developmental anomalies c. periapical abscess, cysts and granuloma d. external and internal tooth resorption e. calcifications and ossifications f. odontogenic and non-odontogenic tumors MCC Form EDU 0007 (rev. 102212)

INSTRUCTION Course Package g. fractures Activities/ Assignments: Read Chapters 19, 20; PowerPoint Slides Laboratory Activities: Review exposed radiographs for conditions listed above; review UNC CD for power point on identifying lesions Competency 21: Infection Control; Competency: C1, C2, C3, C4, C7, C9, C10, HP 2, HP 4, PC1, PC3 Objective 21.1 State the purpose of infection control. Objective 21.2 State and discussing possible routes of disease transmission. Objective 21.3 Demonstrate and discussing in detail infection control measures before, during and after film exposure according to MCC manual Objective 21.4 Demonstrate step-by-step film handling procedures with/without barrier envelopes. Objective 21.5 State proper PPE and protective barriers required when exposing dental x-rays. Objective 21.6 Differentiate between semicritical and noncritical objects used during radiographic procedures Activities/ Assignments: Read Chapter 9, MCC Manual; PowerPoint Slides Laboratory Activities: Practice exposure techniques using the recommended infection control guidelines stated in the MCC Manual for exposed films; review sanitization/sterilization techniques used for contaminated surfaces and equipment

Current Course Textbook, Materials and Equipment Current Textbook(s) Current edition

Software/ Equipment

Title

Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists 9th edition Thomson, Evelyn M., Johnson, Orlen N Pearson 13: 978-0-13-801939-6

Author(s) Publisher ISBN#

Title Author(s) Publisher ISBN# Microsoft PowerPoint and Word; Eaglesoft Practice Management Software; PSPs and digital sensors

PROPOSED New Course Textbook, Materials and Equipment Effective Semester/Year Textbook(s) Current edition

Title Author(s) Publisher ISBN # Title Author(s) Publisher ISBN #

Software/ Equipment MCC Form EDU 0007 (rev. 102212)

Fall

Spring

Summer

INSTRUCTION Course Package

MCC Form EDU 0007 (rev. 102212)