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HERITAGE TOURISM & MUSEUM MANAGEMENT LESSON 2: TOURISM, HERITAGE & HERITAGE TOURISM (1st PART) Dr Christina Bonarou [email protected]

Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Greece Department of Tourism Management

Definitions of tourism 2

All travel is not tourism.  “Tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited.” 

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Criteria in order to characterize a trip as belonging to tourism: 3

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Displacement outside the usual environment: domestic or international travel. Type of purpose: the travel must occur for any purpose different from wage-earning in the place visited. 

Tourism is not restricted to recreation or visiting friends & family

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Multi-motivational tourists

Duration: maximal duration (12 months), not a minimal. Tourism displacement can be with or without an overnight stay. 

Overnight visitors (tourists)

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Same-day visitors (excursionist)

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Definitions of tourism (1) 4

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“The temporary movement of people to destinations outside their normal places of work and residence, the activities undertaken during their stay in those destinations, and the facilities created to cater to their needs.” (Mathieson and Wall,1982)

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Definitions of tourism (2) 5

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“Tourism is a collection of activities, services and industries that delivers a travel experience, including transportation, accommodations, eating and drinking establishments, retail shops, entertainment businesses, activity facilities and other hospitality services provided for individuals or groups traveling away from home.” (Northern Arizona University, Parks & Recreation Mgmt. Introduction - Online Lesson http://www.prm.nau.edu/prm300)

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Definitions of tourism (3) 6

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“The sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the interaction of tourists, business suppliers, host governments and host communities in the process of attracting and hosting these tourists and other visitors.” (Macintosh and Goeldner,1986)

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Why is tourism important? 7

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A vital source of income for many countries. Tourism generates income through  the

consumption of goods and services by tourists,  the taxes levied on businesses in the tourism industry &  the opportunity for employment in the service industries associated with tourism. 

An important factor to promote mutual understanding among people & expand social, economic, cultural and scientific cooperation.

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Tourism statistics 8

(Holden, 2006)

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Tourism statistics 9

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Tourism trends 12

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people are becoming more experienced in travelling and “careful” in their choice of destination, leading them to search for new places and new tourism products;

they are more mobile - cross border travel is easier than ever thanks to the liberalisation of the airlines, construction of new roads and European integration;

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they are taking shorter but more frequent holidays throughout the year;

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they are more active whilst on holiday, seeking out different activities;

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the European population is getting older but staying active longer;

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and finally people are increasingly concerned about the environment. (European Commission 2002)

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Tourism facts 13

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Tourism does not occur by chance: it is a product of changing economic, technological and social factors. The major tourism-generating countries of the world are those with highly developed economies. Despite the dramatic growth in participation in tourism during the last half-century, the majority of the world’s population are excluded, typically because of poverty. Climate: an influential factor in determining the destination areas to which recreational tourists travel. Mediterranean: the most popular tourism destination area in the world.

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Heritage… 14

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…has always been a major tourism attraction; …is a fundamental resource for the tourism development; ...many countries and cities use it to market the destination. Heritage tourism dominates the industry in many parts of the world and involves millions of people.

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Past, history & heritage 15

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“Heritage is not simply the past but the modern-day use of elements of the past.” (Timothy and Boyd 2003:4)

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“History is what a historian regards as worth recording and heritage is what contemporary society chooses to inherit and to pass on.” (Turnbridge and Asworth 1996:6)

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What is heritage? 16

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Property that is or can be inherited; Some sort of inheritance to be passed down to current and future generations; Heritage is selective: deliberately or intentionally societies filter heritage through value systems that undoubtedly change over time and space. For every object of heritage there are also heritage practices.

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Definitions of culture (1) 17

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A particular form or stage of civilization, as that of a certain nation or period: e.g. Greek culture. Development or improvement of the mind by education or training. The quality in a person or society that arises from a concern for what is regarded as excellent in manners, letters, arts, scholarly pursuits, etc. That which is excellent in the arts, manners, etc. The behaviors and beliefs characteristic of a particular social, ethnic, or age group: e.g. the youth culture. http://dictionary.reference.com

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Definitions of culture (2) 18

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Broadly, social heritage of a group (organized community or society). A pattern of responses discovered, developed, or invented during the group's history of handling problems which arise from interactions among its members, and between them and their environment.  These responses are considered the correct way to perceive, feel, think, and act, and are passed on to the new members through immersion and teaching.  Culture determines what is acceptable or unacceptable, important or unimportant, right or wrong, workable or unworkable. It encompasses all learned and shared, explicit or tacit, assumptions, beliefs, knowledge, norms, and values, as well as attitudes, behavior, dress, and language. http://www.businessdictionary.com

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Definitions of culture (3) 19

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Both processes (e.g. the ideas and way of life of people) and the outcomes of those processes (e.g. buildings, art, artefacts, customs). (Richards 2001a:7) Everyone has a culture. It shapes how we see the world, ourselves, and others.

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Heritage & Culture: a complex connection 20

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Societies filter heritage through the value system of their culture. A culture is “inherited” through transmission and education from generation to generation. Both culture and heritage are dynamic concepts.

Drawing hands, M. C. Escher,1948

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Heritage & Culture: a complex connection 21

“We inherit culture from our elders. Culture is passed down to us not through biological means, but through our participation with others in our society. As human beings learn the ways of their culture, they become culture bearers –instruments of cultural transmission within their own context. Culture, though, isn’t solely a matter of inheritance and transmission…” [To be cont.] (Erwin, 2010)

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Heritage & Culture: a complex connection 22

[cont.]

“…Human beings have the capability to be culture makers. That is, we don’t simply receive and learn culture, but as we interact with others, we have the capacity and possibility of creating and shaping culture. […] This bidirectional process of being both culture bearers and culture makers is an ongoing, never-ending process.” (Erwin, 2010).

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References 23 

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Erwin, P. (2010). A Critical Approach to Youth Culture: Its Influence and Implications for Ministry. Publisher: Zondervan European Commission (2002). Using natural and cultural heritage for the development of sustainable tourism in non-traditional tourism destinations. http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/tourism/documents/studies/index_en.htm European Cooperation in Science and Technology/COST, http://www.cost.esf.org Hall, M., & Zeppel, H. (1990). “Cultural and heritage tourism: The new grand tour?”. Historic Environment, 7(3&4), 86-98. Holden, A. (2006). Tourism studies and the social sciences. Abingdon; Routledge. Lord, Gail Dexter (1999), “The Power of Cultural Tourism,” Keynote presentation, Wisconsin Heritage Tourism Conference, Lac du Flambeau, Wisconsin, September 17, http://www.lord.ca/thepower.htm. Mathieson, A. & Wall, G. (1982). Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts. New York: Longman House. McIntosh, R.W. & Goeldner, C.R. (1986). Tourism: Principles, Practices and Philosophies, 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. National Trust for Historic Preservation http://www.preservationnation.org

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References 24 

Northern Arizona University, Parks & Recreation Mgmt. Introduction - Online Lesson http://www.prm.nau.edu/prm300

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Online dictionaries: http://dictionary.reference.com & http://www.businessdictionary.com

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Richards, G. (1996, ed.). Cultural Tourism in Europe, CABI, Wallingford.

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Schouten, F. (2005). Managing visitors: helping the frail to prevail. NHTV Breda University of Professional Education, The Netherlands. http://www.nhtv.nl/fileadmin/user_upload/Documenten/PDF/Onderzoek_en_advies/Academ icStudies_01.pdf Timothy, D.J. (1997). “Tourism and the personal heritage experience”. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(3): 751–54 Timothy. D. & Boyd, S. (2003). Heritage tourism, Harlow: Prentice Hall. Tunbridge, J.E. & Ashworth, G.J. (1996). Dissonant Heritage – The Management of the Past as a Resource in Conflict. New York: John Wiley & Sons. UNESCO, http://whc.unesco.org Zeppel, H. & Hall, C. (1992). Arts and heritage tourism. In Weiler, B. & Hall, C. (eds.) Special Interest Tourism. London: Belhaven, pp.47-68

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Questions? 25

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Dr Christina Bonarou E-mail: [email protected] Office 2, Tel. 2310 013562 Office hours: Wednesday, 10.30-12.30

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