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UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT Abstract M.A Islamic Studies (CUCSS) - in affiliated colleges- syllabus revised by incorporating 3 papers of Islamic Economics - implemented with effect from 2013 admission onwards- approved- Orders issued

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT (G & A - IV - B) U.O.No. 1560/2013/CU

Dated, Calicut University.P.O, 08.05.2013

Read:-1. U.O.No.GAIV/J1/1373/08 dated 23-07-2010 2 U.O.No.GAIV/B1/6062/05 dated 17-09-2010 and 06-01-2011 3. U.O No. GAIV/B1/6062/05 dated 18-11-2011 4. Minutes of the meeting of the Board of Studies in Islamic Studies held on 11-092012 (item no. 1) 5. Minutes of the meeting of the Faculty of Humanities held on 12-11-2012 (Item No. I(7) 6. Minutes of the meeting of the Academic Council held on 15-01-2013 vide item No. IIB 7. Orders of Vice Chancellor in File No. GAIV/B1/181/2012 dated 10-04-2013 8. Letter dated 02-05-2013 from the Chairman,Board of Studies in Islamic Studies 9. Orders of the Vice Chancellor in the File of even No. dated 08.05.2013

ORDER Vide paper read first above,Calicut University Credit Semester System has been introduced at PG level in the affiliated colleges of Calicut University with effect from 2010 admission onwards. Vide U.O read second above, the I semester syllabus and II to IV semester of M.A Islamic Studies (CUCSS) in affiliated colleges, was implemented with effect from 2010 admission, subject to ratification by the Academic Council. Vide U.O.read third above,the syllabus of M.A Islamic Studies CUCSS in affiliated colleges was

revised with effect from 2011 admission subject to ratification by Academic Council and

the revised syllabus of II to IV semesters was applicable for 2010 admission also. Vide paper read fourth above, the Board of Studies in Islamic Studies at its meeting held on 11-09-2012 vide item no. 1 resolved to revise the syllabus of M.A Islamic Studies by incorporating 3 papers of Islamic Economics viz., Islamic Economics, Nature and Principles of Islamic Economics, Islamic Bonds (Sukula). Vide paper read fifth, the minutes of the meeting of the Board of Studies in Islamic Studies held on 11-09-2012 has been approved by the Faculty of Humanities at its meeting held on 12-112012 vide Item No.7.

Vide paper read sixth the Academic Council at its meeting held on 15-01-2013 while considering the minutes of the meeting of the Faculty of Humanities vide item No. II B has deferred the matter for detailed study. As per the Orders of the Registrar in File No. 4579/GAIV B1/2012/CU dated 03-04-2013 the minutes of the meeting of the Board of Studies in Islamic Studies held on 11-09-2012 (item no.1) was put up in File No.GAIV/B1/181/2012. Vide paper read seventh above, the Vice Chancellor after having considered the matter and in view of urgency, has approved the minutes of the meeting of the Board of Studies in Islamic Studies held on 11-09-2012 (item no. 1) exercising the powers of the Academic Council subject to ratification by the Academic Council. Vide paper read eighth above, the Chairman has remarked that the revised syllabus is to be implemented with effect from 2013 admission The Vice Chancellor after having considered the letter from the Chairman Board of Studies in Islamic Studies, vide paper read nineth above, has accorded sanction to implement the revised syllabus of MA Islamic Studies incorporating 3 papers of Islamic Economics with effect from 2013 admission onwards. Sanction has therefore been accorded for implementing the revised syllabus of M.A Islamic Studies by incorporating 3 papers of Islamic Economics viz., Islamic Economics, Nature and Principles of Islamic Economics, Islamic Bonds (Sukula) with effect from 2013 admission onwards. Orders are issued accordingly. The syllabus is uploaded in the website.

Shanawaz T.P Assistant Registrar To The Principals of all Colleges offering MA Islamic Studies Copy to: PA to CE/EX Section/EG SEction/DR , AR, Tabulation Section/Library/GAI F Section/System Administrator with a request to upload the syllabus in the University Website/SF/DF/FC Forwarded / By Order Section Officer

MA- ISLAMIC STUDIES NEW SYLLABUS (11-09-2012)

CALICUT UNIVERSITY, KERALA

1

M A DEGREE IN ISLAMIC STUDIES FIRST SEM 1 ISIC01

Core Course Life and Teachings of Holy Prophet

1

4

2 IS1C02

Core Course Life and Policies of Pious Caliphs

1

4

3 IS1C03

Core Course The Foundation of Islamic Culture

1

4

4 IS1C04

Core Course Islamic Economics

1

4

5 IS2C01

Core Course

The Umayyahs of Damascus

2

4

6 IS2C02

Core Course

The Abbasid Caliphate

2

4

7 IS2C03

Core Course Islam in Africa and Europe

2

4

8 IS2C04

Core Course

2

4

SECOND SEM

Nature and Principles of Islamic Economics

THIRD SEM 9 IS3C01

Core Course Islamic Jurisprudence

3

4

10 IS3C02

Core Course Intellectual Revolution in the Middle Ages

3

4

11 IS3C03

Core Course Islam in India

3

4

12 IS3E04

Elective

The Revivalist Movements in Islam

3

4

13 IS3E05

Elective

Islamic Political Thought

3

4

14 IS3E06

Elective

Muslim Historiography

3

4

FORTH SEM 15 IS4C01

Core Course The Ottomans as World Power

4

4

16 IS4C02

Core Course Islamic Bonds (Sukuk)

4

4

17 IS4C03

Core Course Islam in the Modern world

4

4

18 IS4E04

Elective

Islam in Kerala

4

4

19 IS4E05

Elective

Muslims and Indian Freedom Struggle

4

4

20 IS4E06

Elective

The Arab World After World War I

4

4

2

M A Degree In Islamic studies Detailed Syllabi

First Semester IS 1C01- LIFE AND TEACHINGS OF HOLY PROPHET

UNIT I

Credit 1

Arabia, the Cradle of Semites- The nomads- Asabiyah- The North Arabs and South Arabs- The Jahiliyya days- Ayyamul Arab- The Basus War-Poetry- Religious and Social conditions- Macca- Ka’ba- Allah- Geo-political status- The War of Elephant

UNIT 2

Credit 1

The Advent of Prophet Muhammed, Ancestry, Harb al Fijar and Hilf al Fudal, Reconstruction of Ka’ba, The Message and the Mission, Propagation, Birth of Muslim community(Ummah), Migration to Abyssinia, Social Boycott of Banu Hashim, Year of Sadness, Visit to Taif, Ascension(Mi’raaj),The Pledges of Aqabah -Emigration to Madina(Hijrah

UNIT 3

Credit 1

Prophet’s work at Madinah, The Ansar and Muhajirin, Masjid al Quba and Masjidul Nabawi, The Madina Charter, Change of Qiblah, Battle of Badr and Uhd- Expulsion of Banu Qaynuqah- Punishment of Banu Nadhir, Battle of Khandak- The fall of Banu Qurayzah.

UNIT 4

Credit 1

Treaty of Hudaybiyah, Invitation to neighbouring states, The Battle of Khaybar, The Battle of Mu’ta, The fall of Makkah, Hunyan, Taif and the Tabuk Expedition- The death of Prophet- Prophet as a ruler, -His reforms, (Brotherhood, Social Justice, equality)

3

BOOKS RECOMMENDED: 1. Ali, S Ameer (1953) The Spirit of Islam, London 2. Ali, S. Ameer(1971) A short History of the Saracens, Cambridge 3. Ali, S. Ameer(1990) Early Islam, Edinburg 4. Cambridge History of Islam(1970) Cambridge 5. Encyclopeadia of Islam (cambridge) 6. Encyclopedia Britanica(latest edition), Leiden 7. Gibb, HAR (1962) studies on the civilization of Islam, London 8. Gibbon, E (1886) Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 9. Hameedullah (1974) Mohammed Rasoolullah. Hyderabad 10. Hell, J (1962) The Arab Civilization, London 11. Nadwi, Abul Hassan Ali (1987) Islam and the world, Karachi 12. Lewis, Bernad (1985) The Arabs in History 13. Sardar, Ziauddin (1978) Muhammed: Aspects of HisBiography 14. Hitti, Philip K (1970) History of the Arabs, Mac Millan, London 15. Imamuddin S.M (1961) A political History of muslim spaon, Dacca 16. Irwing, W(n,d) Conqust of Granada and Spain 17. Lane Poole, Staneley (1953) The moors in spain, Lahore 18. Lewis, Bernard (1985) The Arabs in History, London 19. Miranda, AH(n.d) The Iberian peninsula and Sicily 20. Nadwi, Riyasat Ali (1950) Tarikh-i-and Andulus, Azamgarh 21. Nadwi, SMA (1948) Tarikh –i-islam, Azamgarh 22. Saunders JJ (1965) A History of Medieval Islam, London 23. Shaban, MA (1971) Islamic History AD 600- 750: A new Interpretation

Cambridge

24. Some aspects of the socio-economic and cultural History of Muslim Spain 1965), Leiden 25. The Cambridge History of Islam, Cambridge 26. Watt, WM(1967) A History of Islamic Spain (Edinburgh) 4

IS IC02- LIFE AND POLICIES OF PIOUS CALIPHS

UNIT 1

Credit 1

Khilafat as an Islamic Political Institution- Khalifah: His qualifications, Rights, Duties, Functions and previlages- Condition of Islamic State and society at the Departure of the Holy Prophet- The question of succession/caliphal issue- ABU BAKR, the Pioneer- His Election and Accession- Problems and challenges- Assessment of Religious, Social, Political, Administrative and Military Achievements.

UNIT 2

Credit 1

UMAR, the Architect and Master Builder- His expansion- Consolidation and organization of the State- War with Byzantium and Persia- Institutionalization of Amir-al-Mu’minin, Shura- Diwan, Baytul Mal, Census, Hijra Calendar, Military Boards- His Martyrdom and Last Days, The model administrator ,

UNIT 3

Credit 1

UTHMAN, the Benefactor and Patience Bearer- Election, Administration, and Socioterritorial expansion- Navy, Army- Ibn Sabae- His Fitna- The Allegations against Uthman- Motives- Violence in Madina- Assasination

UNIT 4

Credit 1

ALI- His Election- The question of Vengeance of Hadrat Uthman’s Blood- Change of Capital- Battle of Jamal and Siffin- Kharijits, Battle of Nahrwan- Assassination of Ali

5

BOOKS RECOMMENDED: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Abu Yusuf, Yaqub b. Ibrabim (1352 A.H) Kitab-al-Kharaj, Bulaq, Cairo Al-Baladhuri (1958) Futuhal-Buldan, Beriut Al-Baladhuri (1959) Ansab-al-Ashraf, Cairo Al-Masudi(1894) Al Tanbih-wal- Ishraf Leiden Al-Masudi(1927) Muruj-al-Dhahab wa Ma’adin al Jawhar, Cairo 14 6. Al-Mawaridi(1960) Kitabul Ahkamul Sulthania, Cairo 7. Al-Tabari, (1961) Ta’rikh al Rasool wal Muluk, Cairo 8. Ali, S. Ameer (1953) The spirit of Islam, London 9. Ali, S. Ameer (1971) A short History of the Saracens, Cambridge 10. Arnold, T.W (1958) The preaching of Islam, Lahore 11. Arnold, T.W (1965) The Caliphate, Oxford 12. Baksh, S. Khudah (1920) Orient under the Caliphs, Calcutta 13. Baksh, S. Khudah (1930) Islamic Civilization, Calcutta 14. Baksh, S. Khudah (1937) Renaissance of Islam, Patna 15. Cambridge History of Islam (1970) Cambridge 16. Cambridge Medieval History (n.d) Cambridge 17. Encyclopedia of Islam (Latest Edition) 18. Encyclopedia of Britanica (Latest Edition) New York 19.Hussaini, S.A Q (1957) Arab Administration , Lahore 20.Ibn Athir (1220A) Al-Kamil fil-Tharik, Bulaq 21 Ibn Kathir (1404) Al Bidaya wa al Nihaya 22.Ibn Khaldun Kitab-al-Ibar 23.Ibn-Sa’d (1957) Al-Tabaqat-al-Kabir, Beirut

6

IS IC 03 - THE FOUNDATION OF ISLAMIC CULTURE

UNIT I –1

Credit 1

The concept of Tawhid, Asmaa’ wa Sifaat, Significance of Tawhid- Its effects on life-, Eman, Kufr, Shirk, Nifakh , Faasik,- Murtadd. Relation between Eman and Amal- Ihsaan- Takwa

Unit 2

Credit 1

Risalath- Brief Hstory of Prophethood- Finality of Prophethood and its significance, Sunnath vs Bidath, Prophethood and its significance. The revealed Books, Quran- The Last Book of Allah- Miracles of Quran.

Unit 3

Credit 1

The Angels and their Duties. The Concept of Akhirath- Necessity of Belief in AkhirathBarsakh (Khabar)- Hisaab, Meesan- Siraat, Hell and Paradise. Qada and Qadar- Its effect on life.

Unit 4

Credit 1

Concept of Niyyath and Ibadath. The practices of two Shahadath. Important types of Ibadath- A brief study about the definition and importance of Salat- Zakath-Sawm- Hajj and Jihad.

7

BOOKS RECOMMENDED: 1. Imam Hafidh al Hakmee- “The meaning and conditions of La Ilaha Illallah”- Trans Maaz Qureshi 2. Dr. Saaleh bn Fawzan bin Abdullah al Fawzaan: The Aqeeda of Tawheed 3. Mohammed bin Saalih al Uthaymeen: “Exemplary foundation concerning the beautiful names and Attributes of Allah” Translated by Maaz Qureshi 4. Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal. “ Foundation of the Sunnah- Tans. Aboo Abdul Rahiman Fawaaz Ahmad Zumarlee. 5. Mohammed bin Saalih al Uthaymeen: “The tenets of Faith” 6. Imam Ibn Qudaimah al maqdisee. “The Radiance of Faith, A Guide to the Right path” 7. Mohammed As Saleh Al Uthaimin. “The Muslim belief” Trans. Dr. Maneh Al johani 8. Mohammed bin Saalih al Uthaymeen: “The fundamentals of faith” 9. Abdul Rahiman bin Sasir as-sadi. “The explanations of the beautiful and perfect names of Allah” Trans. Abu Rumaysah 10. Ahmed Al- Wasabee “The meaning and pillars of La ilaha Illallah”- Trans. By Shaakir al kanadee 11. Muhammed bin Abdul Vahab : “ Explanation of Kalimah of Thouheed.” 12. Shah Ismail Shayk. “Taqwiyathul Eemaan”

8

IS I C 04 - ISLAMIC ECONOMICS

Unit:1

Credit:1

Objectives of Islamic Economics- Human Welfare and Social Justice- Eradication of Poverty - Economic references in Qur’an and Hadith- Comparative study of major economic systems – Capitalism, Socialism and Mixed economy- Economic Philosophy of Islam

Unit:2

Credit:1

Nature and scope of Islamic Economics– Definition– Normative approach– Sources– Terms and Concepts- Neutral and Non-neutral – ‘Economic Man’ v/s ‘Islamic Man’. History of economic thought- an overview– Deficiency in the existing history of economic thought– Contribution of Medieval Muslim scholars and the contribution of modern Muslim scholars

Unit:3

Credit:1

Acquisition and Distribution of Wealth in Islam—Industries and Handicrafts – Zakat and Sadaquah- Kharaj- Ushr- Aqiqah- Hadya- Diyah- Fa’y- Ghanimah- FidyahKaffarah

Unit:4

Credit:1

Islamic Banking- Origin and development- Riba, Its classification and Prohibition Islamic Banking- the instruments of financing- Islamic Banking problems and solutions- Major Islamic Banks and their Functioning.

9

Books for Reference: 1. Chapra, M. Umar (1979) Objectives of the Islamic Economic Order. Leicester. 2 Chapra. M. Umar (1979) The Islamic Welfare State and Its Role in the Economy. Leicester. 3. Encyclopaedia of Islam (Latest Edition), Leiden. 4. Encyclopedia Britannica (Latest Edition), New York. 5 Faruqi, I. R and Faruqi, L. L. (1986) The Cultural Atlas of Islam. London 6. Hitti, Philip K. (1970) History of the Arabs. Macmillan, London. 7. Islamic Development Bank (n.d) Islamic Banking: State of the Art. IslamicResearch and Training Institute, Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah, SaudiArabia. 8. Islamic Development Bank (n.d) Lessons in Islamic Economics. (Vol 2), Islamic Research and Training Institute, Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. 9. Islamic Development Bank (n.d) Principles of Islamic Financing. Islamic Research and Training Institute, Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. 10. Kahf, M. (1978) Islamic Economy. Indiana. 11. Khan, Fahim M. (n.d) Economic Rationality of Islamic Banking. Proceedings of the Seminar on Islamic Banking, The Islamic Foundation, Liecester, UK. 12. Mannan M. A. (n.d) Islamic Economics: Theory and Practice. The Islamic Academy, Cambridge. 13. Mannan, M. A. (1975) Islamic Economics, Lahore. 14. Mannan, M. A. (n.d) Financing Development in Islam. Islamic Research and Training Institute, Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. 15 Mawdudi, S. A. A. (1989) Economic Problems of Man and Its Islamic Solution. Delhi. 16. Muslehuddin, Mohammad (1969) Insurance and Islamic Law. Islamic Book Service, New Delhi. 17. Muslehuddin, Mohammad (1982) Economics and Islam. Delhi 18. Muslehuddin, Mohammad (1993) Banking and Islamic Law. Islamic Book Service, New Delhi. 19. Qasim b. Sallam, (1935) Kitab al Amwal, Cairo 20. Qudama b. Jafar Baghdad;, (1889) Kitab al Kharaj. Brill. 21. Qureshi, Anwar Iqbal (1974) Islam and the Theory of Interest. Lahore. 22. Qutb, Sayyid (1950) In the Shade of the Our'an. New Delhi. 23. Outb. Sayyid (1970) Social Justice in Islam. New York. 24. Rehman, Afzal-ur (n.d) Economic Doctrines of Islam. Islamic Publications Limited, Lahore. 25. Sadeq. A. H. M. (1995Hslamic Economics. Delhi. 26. Siddiqi, Abdul Hameed (1969) The Origin and Development of Muslim Institutions, Karachi. 27. Siddiqi, Mohammad Nejatullah (n.d) Banking without Interest.' 28. Siddiqi, Mohammad Nejatullah (n.d) Recent Theories of Profit. Bombay. 29. Siddiqi, Muhammad Nejatullah (1970) Some Aspects of Islamic Economy. Lahore. 30. Siddiqi, Muhammad Nejatullah (1981) Muslim Economic Thinking. Leicester. 31. Usmani, Dr M. Imran Ashraf(n.d) Meezan Bank's Guide to Islamic Banking. 32. Yaqub b. Ibrahim (1302 A. H.) Kitab al Kharaj. Cairo 10

Semester II IS 2C 01- THE UMAYYAHS OF DAMASCUS

UNIT I

Credit 1

Rise of Umayyahs to Power- Muawiyah- War with Byzantines- Karbala- Marwan-Abdul Malik- Abdullah Ibn Zubair- Waleed- Hajjaj Ibn Yusuf- Conquests- Umar II- Musa ibn Nusayr- Uqba Ibn Nafie.

Unit 2

Credit1

Arabianisation of the State- Spread of Islam- Condition of Mawalis- Royal life- CapitalSociety- The problem of Succession- North Arabs and South Arabs- Dimmis- The Abbasid Revolution and the end of the Dynasty.

Unit 3

Credit 1

Intellectual side- Arabic Grammas – Basara and Kufa- Historiography- Oratory- PoetryEducation- Science- Alchemy- Architecture- The Dome of the Rock- The Aqsa MosqueUmayyad Mosque- Qusayr Amrah- Painting- Music.

Unit 4

Credit 1

Religious Tradition and Canon Law- Hasan al Basari- Ibn Shihab Al Zuhari- The origin of Irja’- Imam Abu Hanifa- Origin and Spread of Shiism

11

BOOKS RECOMMENDED: 1. Ali, S. Ameer (1971) A short History of the Saracens, Cambridge 2. Amin, Ahmad (1949) Fajr-al-Islam, Lahore 3. Collins, Roger (1989) The Arab Conquest of Spain 710-797, Blackwell, Oxford: 4. Din, A.A (1971) –The Umayyad Caliphate, London. 5. Encyclopaedia of Islam (Latest ed.), Leiden 6. Encyclopaedia of Britannica (Latest Edition) New York 7. Faruqi, IR and Faruqi LL (1986) The cultural Atlas of Islam, Londn 8. Gibb, HAR (1962) Studies on the civilization of Islam, Boston 9. Hotting, GR (1986) The first Dynasty of Islam, the Umayyad Caliphate AD 661-750 London 10. Hitti, Philip K (1953) The Arabs: A short History , London 12. Hitti, Philip K (1970) History of the Arabs, Mac Millan, London 13. Imamuddin S.M (1961) A political History of muslim spaon, Dacca 14. Irwing, W(n,d) Conqust of Granada and Spain 15. Lane Poole, Staneley (1953) The moors in spain, Lahore 16. Lewis, Bernard (1985) The Arabs in History, London 17. Miranda, AH(n.d) The Iberian peninsula and Sicily 18. Nadwi, Riyasat Ali (1950) Tarikh-i-and Andulus, Azamgarh 19. Nadwi, SMA (1948) Tarikh –i-islam, Azamgarh 20. Saunders JJ (1965) A History of Medieval Islam, London 21. Shaban, MA (1971) Islamic History AD 600- 750: A new Interpretation Cambridge 22. Some aspects of the socio-economic and cultural History of muslim Spain(1965), Leiden 23. The Cambridge History of Islam, Cambridge 24. Watt, WM(1967) A History of Islamic Spain (Edinburgh)

12

IS 2C 02 - THE ABBASID CALIPHATE

UNIT 1

Credit 1

The Abbasiya Propaganda- Abu Muslim Al Kurasani- Al Saffah Al Mansur- The real founder of the Dynasty, -Al Mahdi- Al-Hadi- Harun al Rashid- Rise and fall of the Barmakids- The Glory of Baghdad- Al Amin and Al Ma’mun- Intellectual AwakeningMa’mun’s heterodox views

Unit 2

Credit 1

Al-Mu’atasim- Formation of Turkish Guards- Al Wathiq-Al Mutawakkil- The later Abbasids- Causes and effects of the decline- Religious policy of the AbbasidsAdministration- Society- Economy- Foreign contacts- Arts and Architecture.

Unit 3

Credit I

Petty dynasties- The Hamdanids- The Tahirids- The Saffarids- The Samanids- The Ghaznawids- The Buwayhid- The Saljuqs- Alp Arslan, Nizamul Mulk- The Shahs of Khwarizm,

Unit 4

Credit 1

The Crusades- Atabegs of Mosul- Nuruddin Zangi- Salahuddin Ayyubi- Emergence of Mongols, -Hulagu Khan at the Gate of Baghdad- Fall of Baghdad.

13

BOOKS FOR REFERENCE 1. Al- Azadi, M. Ubaidulla( 1922) Usul al fiqh, Karachi 2. Al- Azami, M.M (2003) The history of the Qur-anic Text from revelation to compilation, Islamic academy, Leicester 3. Al Hilali, Mohammed Taqi ud ddin and Khan, Mohammed muhsin (1996) Interpretation of the meaning of the noble Qur an, Riyad 4. Ali, S. Ameer: (1953) The spirit of Islam, London 5. Ameenul Ahsan Mufti (1962) Tarikh al Fiqh, Delhi 6. Bhat, Abdul Rasheed (1996) Political thought of Shah Waliyullah, Delhi. 7. Encyclopedia of Islam (latest ed.) Leiden 8. Encyclopedia of Britanica (latest ed.) New York 9. Farooqi, I R and Farooqi LL (1986) The cultural Atlas of Islam, London 10. Faruqi, kamal A (1962) Islamic Jurisprudecne, Karachi 11. Fayzee, AAA (1953) Outlines of Muhammedan Law, Oxford 12. Hasan, Ahmed (1953) Early Developments of Islamic Jurisprudence 13. Hitti, Philip K (1970) History of the Arabs, Macmillan, London 14. Hussain, M. Hadi (Tr) (1995) Imam Abu Hanifah, new Delhi 15. Ibn Khaldun (1932) Mukaddimah, Cairo 16. Ibn Khaldun (n.d) Kitab al Ibar 17. Iqbal, Mohammed (1971) Construction of religious thought in Islam, Lahore 18. Jalbani, G,N (1988) Teaching of Hazrat Shah Valiyullahi, New Delhi. 19. Khadduri, Majid (Tr) (nd) Islamic Jurisprudene 20. Khan, Kamaruddin (1985) The political thought of Ibn Taymiah, Islamabad 21. Mahmood, tahir (1987) Personal Law in Islamic Countries, New Delhi. 22. Maududi, S.A,A (1963) Towards understanding Islam, Lahore 23. Maududi, S.A.A (nd) Islamic Law and Constitution, Lahore 14

IS 2C 03 - ISLAM IN AFRICA AND EUROPE

Unit: I

Credit: 1

Spread of Islam in Africa in the early times. Conquest of Egypt, Under Muawiya, Uqba bin Nafi’, Under Walid, Musa b Nusair. Africa in Abbasid time, rise of Fatimids, idrisids, Tulunids, Ikhshidis, Aghlabids Al-moravids, Al-muwahhids , Ayyubids, Burji Mamluks, Bahri Mamluks, Mamluks against Mangols. Social life of Muslim Africa, Growth of art and architecture especially in the time of Mamluks, Intellectual growth, Colleges and Hospitals

Unit: 2

Credit:1

Political and Social Conditions of Gothic Spain- Conquest of Spain, Tariq Ibn ZiyadMusa Ibn Nusayr-Battle of Tours-The Amirate- Consolidation of Umayyad power in Spain- Abdul Rahman I, II and III- Ibn Hafsun

Unit: 3

Credit:1

The Glory of Cordova- Al Zahra- Industry-Agriculture-Trade-Education, Language and Literature,-Poetry-Historiography-Geography-Astronomy and MathematicsBotany and Medicine-Philosophy-art and architecture-Transmission of Arab Learning to Europe. Social structure of Muslim Spain (Community System)

Unit 4

Credit: 1

Collapse of Umayyad Power- petty states-The Abbadids-The Murabits- The Muwahhids- The Nasrids- Glory of Granada- Al Hambra- The last days of GranadaMozarabs- Moriscos. Muslim conquest of Sicily- Muslim attacks on Italy- The AmirateNorman Conquest- Arab Norman Culture- Transmission of Arab learning to Europe.

15

Books for Reference: 1. Amir Ali: A short history of the Saracens 2. Budget Meaking: The Moorish Empire 3 Carl Brocklemann: History of the Islamic peoples 4. Dozy, R : Spanish Islam 5. H.K Sherwamt: Early Muslim Political Thought 6. Joseph Hell: Arab Civilization 7. Jurji Zaydan: History of Islamic Civilization 8. Jurji Zaydan: Islamic Civilization 9. Khuda Buksh The Empire of The Arabs 10. Khuda Bukhsh & DS Margoliouth: The Renaissance of Islam 11. Lane Poole: The Moors in Spain 12. Lane Poole: Egypt in the middle ages 13. Montgomery Watt: A History of Islamic Spain 14. Moris Lombrd: The Golden Age of Islam 15. Nabin Faris: The Arab Heritage 16. P.K. Hitti: History of the Arabs 17. P.M.Holt & Others: Cambridge History of Islam 18. SA Q Husaini: The Arab Administration 19. T.W Arnold: The Caliphate

16

IS 2C 04- NATURE AND PRINCIPLES OF ISLAMIC ECONOMICS

Unit: 1

Credit:1

Unique features of the Islamic Economic System, Islamic Economics and international business – Capitalistic globalization and Islamic Universalism

Unit 2

Credit 1

New Economic World order visualized by Islam- Mutual cooperation and Unity- Free movement of Commodities- The world without interest – Prohibition of Unethical commercial practices- Human welfare and Environmental Protection – Economic Relations Beyond National Barriers and equal Opportunities .

Unit 3

Credit 1

Public Economics– Sources of revenue in conventional economics- Tax and non-tax revenue- Sources of revenue in Islamic Economics– Zakath, Jizya etc– Heads of expenditure in conventional economics and that in Islamic economics. –Principles of taxation.

Unit 4

Credit 1

Welfare Economics – criteria of welfare in conventional and Islamic Economics – Welfare implications of production and consumption in Islam and its counterpartPrices and Markets – Behavior of firms and Islamic economy- Comparison of Islamic firms with conventional firms- Pricing procedure of Islamic firms

17

Books for Reference: 1. Chapra, M. Umar (1979) Objectives of the Islamic Economic Order. Leicester. 2 Chapra. M. Umar (1979) The Islamic Welfare State and Its Role in the Economy. Leicester. 3. Encyclopaedia of Islam (Latest Edition), Leiden. 4. Encyclopedia Britannica (Latest Edition), New York. 5 Faruqi, I. R and Faruqi, L. L. (1986) The Cultural Atlas of Islam. London 6. Hitti, Philip K. (1970) History of the Arabs. Macmillan, London. 7. Islamic Development Bank (n.d) Islamic Banking: State of the Art. IslamicResearch and Training Institute, Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah, SaudiArabia. 8. Islamic Development Bank (n.d) Lessons in Islamic Economics. (Vol 2), Islamic Research and Training Institute, Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. 9. Islamic Development Bank (n.d) Principles of Islamic Financing. Islamic Research and Training Institute, Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. 10. Kahf, M. (1978) Islamic Economy. Indiana. 11. Khan, Fahim M. (n.d) Economic Rationality of Islamic Banking. Proceedings of the Seminar on Islamic Banking, The Islamic Foundation, Liecester, UK. 12. Mannan M. A. (n.d) Islamic Economics: Theory and Practice. The Islamic Academy, Cambridge. 13. Mannan, M. A. (1975) Islamic Economics, Lahore. 14. Mannan, M. A. (n.d) Financing Development in Islam. Islamic Research and

18

SEMESTER- 3 IS 3C 01- ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE

Unit: 1

Credit I

Fiqh:- Meaning, Definitions, History, Importance, Usul al fiqh- Sources of law; Al Kitab- Al sunnah- Al-Ijmae’ - Al Qiyas- Development of Islamic Law- Rise of Sects and its effect on fiqh-

Unit:2

Credit:1

The Sciences of Qur’an- Revelation, Kalam Allah- Brief History of the Compilation of the Qur-an- Ilmul Qira-ah- Ilm al Asbab al Nuzul- Major classical Mufassirin and Significance of their works- Al Tabari, Qurtubi, Ibn Kathir, Al Baydhawi.

Uni:3

Credit:1

The Sciences of Hadith- Subject Matter and Transmission, Compilation of HadithCategories of Hadith- Some Important narrators- Abu Hurairah- Hazrat Aisha, Amr Ibn al Aas, Anas Ibn Malik, Compilers of Hadith- Imam Malik, Ahmad Ibn HambalBukhari- Muslim- Abu Dawud- Ibn Majah- Tirmidhi- Nasa’ai- Ibn Hajar Asqalani

Unit:4

Credit 1

The Schools of Jurisprudence- Hanafi School-Maliki School- Shafie school- Hanbali School- Shia Schools., Ahlul Ra’y, Differences between the Schools, Ithihad and Taqleed, Important scholars and works in Fiqh in different schools.

19

Books for Reference: Al- Azadi, M. Ubaidulla( 1922) Usul al fiqh, Karachi Al- Azami, M.M (2003) The history of the Qur-anic Text from revelation to compilation, Islamic academy, Leicester Al Hilali, Mohammed Taqi ud ddin and Khan, Mohammed muhsin (1996) Interpretation of the meaning of the noble Qur an, Riyad Ali, S. Ameer: (1953) The spirit of Islam, London Ameenul Ahsan Mufti (1962) Tarikh al Fiqh, Delhi Bhat, Abdul Rasheed (1996) Political thought of Shah Waliyullah, Delhi. Encyclopedia of Islam (latest ed.) Leiden Encyclopedia of Britanica (latest ed.) New York Farooqi, I R and Farooqi LL (1986) The cultural Atlas of Islam, London Faruqi, kamal A (1962) Islamic Jurisprudecne, Karachi Fayzee, AAA (1953) Outlines of Muhammedan Law, Oxford Hasan, Ahmed (1953) Early Developments of Islamic Jurisprudence Hitti, Philip K (1970) History of the Arabs, Macmillan, London Hussain, M. Hadi (Tr) (1995) Imam Abu Hanifah, new Delhi Ibn Khaldun (1932) Mukaddimah, Cairo Ibn Khaldun (n.d) Kitab al Ibar Iqbal, Mohammed (1971) Construction of religious thought in Islam, Lahore Jalbani, G,N (1988) Teaching of Hazrat Shah Valiyullahi, New Delhi. Khadduri, Majid (Tr) (nd) Islamic Jurisprudene Khan, Kamaruddin (1985) The political thought of Ibn Taymiah, Islamabad Mahmood, tahir (1987) Personal Law in Islamic Countries, New Delhi. Maududi, S.A,A (1963) Towards understanding Islam, Lahore Maududi, S.A.A (nd) Islamic Law and Constitution, Lahore 20

IS 3C 02-INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION IN THE MIDDLE AGES

Unit:1

Credit:1

Development of Philosophy- Role of Greek, Persian and Indian Philosophy- Eminent philosophers in the Muslim world and their thoughts, Al kindi, Farabi, Ibn Sina, Gazzali, Ibn Bajjah, Ibn Rushd, Ibn Maymun, Ibn Maymun, Ibn Arabi, Ibn Khaldun, Ikhwan al Safa

Unit:2

Credit:1

Development of Medicine- Public Hygiene- Important Hospitals- Important Physicians and their Contributions- Yuhannna Ibn Masawayh- Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, Jibril Ibn Bakhtishu- Sinan Ibn Thabith Ibn Qurrah- Ali Al Tabari- Al Razi, Al Majusi, Ibn Sina, Al Zahrawi, Ibn Zuhr- Ali Mawsili- Ibn al Nafis

Unit: 3

Credit:1

Botany- Important Botanist- Alchemy- Zoology- Physics- Ibn al Haythm: the father of Optics- Geography, Important Geographers and their contributions- Mathematics and Astronomy; Art and Architect, Calligraphy, Education, Important LibrariesTranslation Bureaus- Educational Institution and Universities in the Middle Ages.

Unit:4 1

Credit:

Muslim Historiography- Geneology, Qur’an- Hadith as a source- Sirah- maghazi, Tabaqat- Important Muslim historians and their contributions- Al Tabari- BaladuriMasudi- Ibn al Athir, Kallikan- Abul Fida- Al Dhahabi- Al Magrizi- Ibn Khaldun- Al Suyuti.

21

Books Recommended: Ahmad, Galwash(1973) The Religion of Islam, Doha Ahmad, Nafis (1945) Muslim Contribution to Geography, Delhi Al-Baladhuri (1959) Ansab-al-Ashraf, Cairo Al-Bukhari, (1962) Al Sahih, Lahore Al- Masudi (1894) Al-Tanbih-wal-Ishraf, Leiden. Al-Masudi (1927) Muruj-al-Dhahab wa Ma’adin al Jawhar, Cairo. Al-Mawaridi (1960) Kitab-al Adkam us Sulltania, Cairo. Al-Muslim ibn Hajjaj (1929) Al Sahih, Egypt. Al-Tabari, (1939) Tarikh-ul Umam wal Mulk, Egypt Al-Tabari, (1961) Tarikh-ul Rusul wal Mulk, Cairo Al- Asadi, M, Ubaidullah, (1922) Usulul Fiqh, Karachi Ali, S. Ameer: (1953) The Spirit of Islam, London Encyclopaedia of Islam (Latest ed.) Leiden Encyclopedia Britannica (Latest Ed.) New York Faruqi, I R and Faruqi L.L (1986) The Cultural Atlas of Islam, London Guilame, Alfred (n.d) The traditions of Islam Hameedulla, M (1959) Introduciton to Islam, Paris Hitti, Philip K (1970) History of the Arabs, Mcmillan, London Ibn Khaldun (1932) Mukaddima, Cairo Ikram, S.M (1964) History of muslim civilization, New York Iqbal, Mohammed (1971) Reconstruction of religious thought in Islam,

Lahore

Khan, Qamarudheen (1985) The political thought of Ibn Taymiah, Islamabad Mahdi, Muhsin (1957) Ibn Khaldun’s philosophy: a study in the foundations of the science of culture, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Maududi, S.A.A (1988) Islimi Riyasat, Lahore Muslehuddin, M (n,d) The philosophy of Islamic law and the Orientalists.

22

IS 3C 03 -ISLAM IN INDIA

Unit-1

Credit I

Indo-Arab Trade Links before the Rise of Islam in india-- The Gazanavids and GhorisDelhi Sultanate- Qutubudden Aibak, Consolidation under Ilthutmish, Balban, -socity and administration under Khiljis and Tughlaqs. Causes of decline- - Ziaudin Barani, isami, Amir Khusru, Origin and Development of Sufism and spread of Islam in india, chisthi andSuharawardi Silsila

Unit 2

Credit:1

Establishment of Mughal Empire-factors responsible for Babur’s success, - Suri Dynasty, Humayun and Shia influence. Akber and His Religious Discussions, Jahangirs relation with non Muslims, Religious climate under Shahjahan. Aurangzib and the war of succession. Religious policy of Aurangazeb - Influence of Islam on Indian Society. The decline and fall of Mughal Empire. Development of architecture in india under Sulthanate and Mughals.

Unit:3

Credit:1

Petty Muslim Dynasties of India- Bijapur Sultanate, Sharqi Sultanate at Jaunpur , Naizams of Hyderabad, Muslims against the British Rule- Hyder Ali, Tippu SulthanNavab Siraju Dawla- Rohillas- - The Fara’adi movement- The revolt of 1857, Ubaidulla Sindi and Firangi Mahalli. Muslims after Independence; an Overview.

Unit:4

Credit:1

Islam in Kerala- Origin and spread- Ponnani as a Learning Centre, Mappilas against the Portuguese- Kunjali Marakkars- Mappilas against British Imperialism-The Malabar Rebellion of 1921. Rise of Muslims in Kerala Politics.

23

Books recommended: 1. Ashraf, K.M (nd) Life and Condition of the People of Hindustan, 2. M. Habib and K.A Nizami, Comprehensive History of India 3. R.P. Tripathi, Some Aspects of Muslim Administration 4. S.R Sharma, Religious Policy of Mughal Emporers 5. M. Athar Ali, The religious Issue in the War of Succession 6. Irfan Habib, The Agrarian System in Mughal India 7. Zainudden Makhdoom, Thuhfath-ul-Mujahideen 8. C.K. Kareem, Prajeena Keralavum Muslim Avirbhavavum (Mal), ISA Publications, Calicut,1999 9.

Ronald. E. Miller, Mappila Muslims of Kerala, Orient Longmans Ltd, Madras, 1976

10. Habeebullah, A.B.M (1945) The Foundation of Muslim Rule in India, Allahabad. 11. Hardy, Peter (1960) The Historians of Medieval India, London 12. V. A Smith, Akber The Great Mughal 13. Sekhar Bandyopadhyay, From Plassy to Partition, History of Modern India 14. Iqram, S.M and Rashid (1961) History of Islam Civilization in India, Lahore. 15. Iqram, S.M (nd) History of Muslim Civilization 16. Iqram, S.M (nd) History of Muslim Rule in India 17. Islam R (2002) Sufism in South Asia, O U P, Karachi 18. Jagunath Sarkar, History of Aurangazeb 19. M.N. Pearson, The Decline of Mughal Empire 20. Persy Brown, Indian Architecture (Islamic Period) 21. K.N. Panikkar, Again Lord and State, Religion and peasant Uprising in Malabar 1836-1921 22. Bibin Chandra, India’s Struggle for Independence , India After Independence

24

IS 3E 04 - THE REVIVALIST MOVEMENTS IN ISLAM (Elective)

Unit:1

Credit:1

Meaning and Concept of Revivalism (Tajdeed)- Difference between Revivalism and Modernism- History of Islamic Revivalism- Prophet Mohammed As a Role ModelSahabah as a saved sect- Aqeeda of Ahlu Sunnah wal Jama’- Tabie- Tabul Tabie Umar Ibn Abdul Aziz- Imam Shafie- Imam Ahmed Ibn Hambal.

Unit:2

Credit:1

Thasawwuf and Revivalism, Hasan al Basari, Junaid al Bagdadi, , -, Qutb, Ghaus Nujabae etc.., Important Silsilas- Qadiri- Chishti- Naqshabandi-Suhrawardi- ShadhiliRifaee. Criticism to Sufism Sanusiyah Movement, Pan Islamism, Ikhwanul Muslimun, Wahabi Movement,

Unit 3

Credit:1

Thinkers and Movements in Indian sub continent-Mueenudden Chishthi, Sayyid Ahmad Sir Hindi- Shah Waliullah- Shah Abdul Aziz. Allama Iqbal, Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan and Aligarh Movement- Ali Brothers and Khilafat movement- Deobandi and Barelvi Movements. Jama’t e Islami, Thableeg Jama’ath.

Unit:4

Credit:1

Thinkers and movements in Kerala-Makhdooms of Ponnani, Mamburam Thangal, Umer Qazi, Sayed Fadl of Mamburam, Sayed Sanaulla Makhthi Thangal, Chalilakath Kunchahammed Haji, Khilafat Movement in Kerala. Revivalism in Kerala (History and Work of important Movements- Aikya Sangam, Samastha, K.N.M, Jamath-eIslami).

25

Books for Reference: 1. Agwani, M. S. (1986) Islamic Fundamentalism in India, Chandigarh. 2. Ahmad, Aziz (1964) Studies in Islamic Culture in Indian Environment. Oxford. 3. Ahmad. Aziz (1967') Islamic Modernism in India and Pakistan, 1857-1964. Oxford. 4. P.A Nicholson, Studies in Islamic Mysticism, Cambridge, 1967 5. Ali, Muhammad (1946) Mv Life: A Fragment, Lahore. 6. Baljon, J. M. S. (1964) The Reforms and Religious Ideas of Sir Syed Ahmcd Khan, Lahore. 7. Sufism in Islam, Edited by Masood Ali Khan, .Ram, Anmol Publication, Delhi 8. Encyclopaedia of Islam (Latest Edition), Leiden. 9. Encyclopedia Britannica (Latest Edition), New York. 10. Esposito, J. L. (199 U Islam the Straight Path, New York . 11.Esposito, J. L. (1991) Oxford Encyclopaedia of Modern Islamic World. New York 12. Esposito, J. L. (2005) Oxford Dictionary of Islam, New York. 13. Faruq'i, \. R and Faruqi, L. L. (1986) The Cultural Atlas of Islam. London 14. Ihya, Uloomidden, Imam Gazali 15. Gibb, H. A. R. (1947) Modern Trends in Islam. Chicago. 16. Haq, Mushirul (1970) Muslim Politics in Modern India 1857-1947. Meerut. 17. Hitti, Philip K. (1970) History of the Arabs. Macmillan, London. 18. Hourani, Albert (1969) Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798-1939. Oxford. 19. Hujja-thulla-al Baliga, Shah Waliyyulla Dahlavi 20. Khan, M. A. (n.d) A History ofFaraidi Movement in Bengal. Dacca. 21. Khan, Qamaruddin (1985) The Political Thought oflbn Tavmivah. Islamabad. 22. Malik, Hafeez (ed.) Idbal: Poet Philosopher of Pakistan. New York. 23. Mawdudi, S. A. A. Tajdid wa Ihya' Din. Islamic Publication, Lahore. 24. Awarif-ul-Maarif, Umer Shihabudden Suhrawardi 25. Mehr, Ghulam Rasul (n.d) Ahmed Shaheed, Ghulam Ali & Sons, Karachi. 26. Mujeeb, Muhammad (1967) Indian Muslims, London. 27. Qutb, Sayyid (1950) In the Shade of the Our'an. New Delhi. 28. Rizvi, S. A. A. (n.d) The Breakdown of Traditional Society. 29. Robinson, F. (1975) Separatism among Indian Muslims (1860-1923). Delhi. 30. Sardar, Ziauddin (1979) The Future of Muslim Civilization. London. 31. Shaikh, M.N.( 1982) Memoirs of Hasan al Banna Shaheed. Delhi. 32. Smith, Wilfred Cantwell (1946) Modern Islam in India. London. 33. Zaman, W (n.d) Iranian Revolution: A Profile.

26

IS 3 E 05- ISLAMIC POLITICAL THOUGHT (Elective)

Unit 1

Credit 1

Islamic Principles of State and Society- Prophethood and Khilafat – The structure of Islamic Government – Difference between Nationality and Islamic Brother Hood- Islam and Democracy-Rights of a Ruler in the Islamic State- Duties of Citizens to the RulerWalae’, Barae’

Unit 2

Credit:1

Functions and Objectives of an Islamic State,-Objectives of Armed Jihad-Conditions of Jihad, The importance of Islamic Shariat- Allah- The Law giver- Difference Between Khilafat and Mulukiyat- Role of Ulama in the State. Rights of Non-Muslims in the Islamic State.

Unit 3

Credit 1

The Shia Concept of Imamat and Khilafat – Principles of Ahlusunnah on the matter of khilafat- The Importance of Baia’t- Thoughts of Ahmed Ibn Hanbal- Ibn Taymiyyah on relations concept of the ideal society.

Unit: 4

Credit 1

A critical study of Tauhidul Hakimiyat of Abul Ala Maududi- His conepts on DeenIbadat- Rabb- Ilah- Political ideologies of Hasan al Banna and Sayyid Qutub. Polical Thought of Najmudden Arbakan and his Followers in Turkey.

27

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

1. Ahmad, Aziz (1967) Islamic Modernism in India and Pakistan, 1857-1964. Oxford. , 2. Ahmed, Sayed Riaz (1976) Maulana Maududi and Islamic State. Lahore. 3. Ali.S. Ameer (1953) The Spirit of Islam. London. 4. Arnold. T. W.(1981) The Legacy of Islam. Oxford. 5. Bhat, Abdul Rashid (1996) Political Thought of Shah Wali-u Allah. Delhi 6. Black, Antony (2003) The History of Islamic Political Thought, Edinburgh. 7. Charles (1955) An Arab Philosophy of History. London. 8. Encyclopaedia of Islam (Latest Edition), Leiden. 9. Encyclopedia Britannica (Latest Edition), New York. 10.Esposito, J. L. (1991) Islam the Straight Path. New York. 11.H.Esposito, J. L. (1991) Oxford Encyclopaedia of Modern Islamic World Islam.New York. 12. Esposito, J. L. (2005) Oxford Dictionary of Islam. New York 13. Faruqi, I. R and Faruqi, L. L. (1986) The Cultural Atlas of Islam. London 14. Hitti, Philip K. (1970) History of the Arabs. Macmillan, London. 15. Ibn Khaldun (1969) The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History, translated by Franz Rosenthal, Princeton University Press, Princcton. 16. Iqbal, Muhammad (1971) Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. Lahore. 17. Jalbani, G. N. (1988) Teachings ofHazrat Shah Waliyullah , New Delhi. 18. Khan, Qamaruddin (1985) The Political Thought of Ibn Taymiyah. Islamabad. 19. Mahdi, Muhsin (1957) Ibn Khaldun's Philosophy: A Study in the Foundation of the Science of Culture, University of Chicago Press, Chicago 20. McDonald, D. B. (1963) Development of Muslim Theology, Jurisprudence and Constitutionalist Theory, Lahore. 21. Muttahari, Murtaza (1985) Society and History, Tehran. 22. Nasr, Seyyid Hossein (1964) Three Muslim Sages, Cambridge: 1964. 23. Nasr, Seyyid Hossein (1966) Ideals and Realities in Islam, London. 24. Nasr, Seyyid Hossein (1970) Science and Civilization in Islam, New York. 25. Rosenthall, E. I. J. (1962) Political Thought in the Medieval Islam. Cambridge. 26. Sardar, Ziauddin (1979) The Future of Muslim Civilization. London. 27. Siddiqi, Abdul Hamecd (1969) The Origin and Development of Muslim Institutions, Karachi. 28. Zakaria, Rafiq (1993) Iqbal: The Poet and the Politician. New Delhi

28

IS 3 E 06- MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY (Elective)

Unit: 1

Credit:1

Influence of Islam on the Development of Historical consciousness- Muslim Historical Materials- Inscriptions of Epigraphs- Dam of Ma’arib- The Torah and New TestamentAyyamul Arab- Diwan al Arab-Poetical Traditions in Islamic period- Qur-an- HadithGenealogy- Khabar- Tabaqat- Seerah- Maghazi- Taniq (annals)

Unit 2

Credit 1

Major Muslim Historians- Ibn Ishaq- Al Waqidi- Ibn Hisham- Ibn Sa’d- Al Tabari- Al Baladhuri- Al Masudi- Miskawayh- Al Katib al Baghdadi- Ibnal Athir- Ibn KallikanAbul Fida- Al Dhahabi- Ibn al Khatib-Al Magrizi- Al Suyuti

Unit 3

Credit 1

Arab Philosophy of History- Ibn Khaldun- His Life and works- Sociology and understand History- Nature of Society- Climatic conditions- Al Asabiya: Meaning and Implications- History as a cycle- ‘Al Umran’ science of human culture

Unit 4

Credit 1

Origin and Development of Indo-muslim Historiography- Minhaj Siraj Jansjani- Amir Khusru- Ziauddin Barani- Sahiruddin Muhammed Babur- Abdul Qadir Badauni- Abul Fazl- Gulbadan Beegam- Farishta.

29

Books for Reference: 1. Al- Tabari (1939) Tarikh-ul Umam wal-Muluk. Egypt. 2. Al- Tabari, (1961) Ta'rikh al Rusul wal Muluk. Cairo 3. Ali, B. Sheikh (1978) History: Its Theory and Method, New Delhi. 4. Ali. S. Ameer (1953) The Spirit of Islam. London. 5. Ali, S. Ameer (1971) A Short History of the Saracens. Cambridge. 6. Ali, S. Ameer (1990) Early Islam. Edinburgh. 7. Ali, S.Ameer (n.d) Islamic Culture. 8. Ashraf, Syed All (1980) Koranic Concept of History. England. 9. Bloch, Marc (1959) The History. London. 10. Carr, E.H. (1961) What is History?. London. 11. Charles (1955) An Arab Philosophy of History, London. 12. Collingwood, R.G. (1906) The Idea of History. Oxford. 13. Duri, A. H. (1979) The Rise of Historical Writing Among the Arabs. Delhi. 14. Encyclopaedia of Islam (Latest Edition), Leiden. 15. Encyclopedia Britannica (Latest Edition), New York. 16. Faruqi, I. R and Faruqi, L. L. (1986) The Cultural Atlas of Islam. London Flint (1969) History of the Philosophy of History. Edinburgh. 17. Faruqi, Nizar Ahmed (1979) Early Muslim Historiography. Delhi. 18. Galbraith, V.H. (n.d.) An Introduction to the Study of History. London. 28. Gawronsky, Donald V. (1969) History: Meaning and Methods. USA. 19. Hardy, Peter (1960) Historians of Medieval India. London. 20. Hegel (1952) The Philosophy of History. New York. 21. Hitti, Philip K. (1970) History of the Arabs. Macmillan, London. 22. Issawi, Charles (1955) An Arab Philosophy of History. London. 23-Mahdi, Muhsin (1957) Ibn Khaldun's Philosophy: A Study in the Foundation of the Science of Culture. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 24. Margolioth, D. S. (1930) Lectures on Arab Historians. Calcutta. 25. Muttahari, Murtaza (1985) Society and History. Tehran. 26. Phillips, C.H. (1961) The Historians of India, Pakistan and Ceylon. London. 27. Phillips, Ragby (Latest Edition) Culture and History. California. 28. Plankhanev, G. V. (1946) The Materialistic Conception of History. Moscow. 29. Rasul, M. Ghulam (1968) Origin and Development of Muslim Historiography. Lahore. 30. Rosentha), E. 1. J. (n.d) History of Muslim Historiography. Leiden. 31. Shariati, Dr. Ali (1979) On the Sociology of Islam. Berkeley. 32. Siddiqi, Abdul Hameed (n.d) Interpretation of History. Lahore 33. Siddiqi, M. Mazheruddin, (1993) The Koranic Concept of History. Islamic Research Institute, Islamabad. 34. Spenglar. Oswald (1954) Decline of the West, London. 35. Stern, Alfred (1962) Philosophy of History and the Problem of Values. Hague. 36. Thompson (1952) History of Historical Writing. New York, 37. Toynbee, Arnold (1947-51) A Study of History, London. 38. Walsh, W. H. (n.d) An Introduction to Philosophy of History.

30

SEMESTER 4 IS 4 C 01- THE OTTOMANS AS WORLD POWER

Unit:1

Credit:1

Origin and Growth of Ottoman Power- The Ghazi societies of Asia Minor- The Decline of the Byzantine Empire- Golden age of the Ottomans- Murad II, Muhammed II and conquest of Constantinople- Bayazid II- Salim I and Assumption of Caliphate.

Unit: 2

Credit:1

Sulaiman the magnificent- Ottoman Expansion- Administration, Economy- social Institutions- Art and Architecture- Millat Systems- Role of Ulama- Yanicheri- The Decline of the Dynasty

Unit:3

Credit:1

The Tanzimat Reforms- Abdul Hameed- Young Turk Revolution of 1908- I world warFormation of the Secular Republic of Turkey- Mustafa Kamal Attaturk- His Anti Islamic Policies

Unit:4

Credit:1

Egypt under the Ottoman power- Napoleon’s Conquest- Mohammed Ali and the Rise of Modern Egypt- The Construction of Suez Canal Causes for the decline of Muslim power in the modern world (development of modernity and cultural decay), an overview.

31

Books for Reference: 1. Bernard Lewis: The Emergence of Modern Turkey 2. E.F.Knight: Turkey’s awakening 3. Edward S Creasy: History of the Ghoman Turks 4. Kenel H. Harpet: Turkey’s Politics 5. Lane Poole S: Turkey 6. PM Holt & Others: Cambridge History of Islam 7. Pani Wittek: The Rise of the Ottoman Empire 8. Philip Price: A History of Turkey 9. S.N. Fisher: The Middle East

32

IS 4 C 02- ISLAMIC BONDS (SUKUK)

Unit: I

Credit:1

Sukuk the alternate of Bonds • • • • •

Principles of securitization : Conventional and Islamic Overview of Sukuk market The Shariah requirements of securitisation AAOIFI Stands of Sukuk Role and importance of Sukuk in Islamic Capital Market

Unit:2

Credit:1

The Basic structures and parameters of Sukuk • • • •

Evolution & Definition Essential difference between conventional Bonds & Sukuk Risk Factors Ratings of Sukuk

Unit:3

Credit:1

Types of Sukuk • • • • •

Sukuk al Ijarah Sukuk al Salam Sukuk al Istisna Sukuk al Mudaraba Sukuk al Musharaka

UNIT-4

Credit-I

Issues and Shariah concerns of Sukuk • • • •

Conclusive rates of return; purchase undertaking, profit distribution Sale and lease back Trading of Sukuk Guaranteeing Sukuk return

33

Suggested Readings: 1. Adam, J. Nathif and Thomas, Abdulkader, Islamic Bonds: Your Guide to Structuring, Issuing and investing in Sukuk, Euromoney Publications, 2005. 2. Ayman H. Abdel-Khaleq and Christopher F. Richardson, “New Horizons for Islamic Securities: Emerging Trends in Sukuk Offerings”, Chicago Journal of International Law, Vol. 7 No.2, 2007 3. Ayub, Mohammad, Securitisation, Sukuk and Fund Management Potential to be Realized by Islamic Financial Institutions, State Bank of Pakistan, 2005 4. Haneef, Mohamed Rafe, Recent Trends and Innovations in Islamic Debt Securities: Prospects for Islamic Profit and Loss Sharing Securities, Proceedings of Seventh Harvard University Forum on Islamic Finance, Harvard Law School, 2006

34

IS 4 C 03- ISLAM IN THE MODERN WORLD

Unit: 1

Credit:1

The Muslim world at the end of 19th century- End of Ottomans. The rise of nationalisms, Arab Nationalism, Pan-Islamism, Pan-Turkism and Birth of Turkish Republic, The Palestine Problem- Zionism- Establishment of Israel- Arab-Israeli Conflict- Egypt- Israel War- Camp David Accord. Palestine Liberation Organization, Hamas, Intifada, Oslo Accord and Palestine Authority- Yasar Arafat.

Unit 2

Credit 1

Emergence of Muslim states in Arab Sub-continent and Africa in the 19th century. Brief history and status of Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, U.A.E., Oman, Yemen, Egypt Morocco, Sudan, Nigeria, Tunisia and Libya. Arab Spring Causes and Effects

Unit 3

Credit 1

The Muslims of Central Asia- Position of Muslims under Czarist Regime- Central Asia on the eve of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917.- Basmachi movement and Anver PashaSocio- economic and Religious-cultural condition in the Soviet Republics- Emergence of Independent Muslim states- The struggle in Chechnya, Modern Iran and Afanisthan

Unit 4

Credit 1

Muslims of America and Europe- Spread of Islam. Transition to Islamic MainstreamIslam in Australia and New Zealand. America and Modern World- The media war against Islam- Jewish/Zionist control of Global Media and Hollywood- IslamophobiaFreemasonry- The collapse of Twin Towers of W. T.C and its effects on Islam.

35

Books for Reference 1. Dani. A. H. (2002) Central Asia Today 2. Encyclopaedia of Islam (Latest Edition), Leiden. 3. Encyclopedia Britannica (Latest Edition), New York. 4. Esposito, John L. (1992) The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality? Oxford University Press, New York. 5. Esposito, John L. (2002) Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam. Oxford University Press, New York. 6. Eversley, Lord (1959) The Turkish Empire. Lahore. 7. Faruqi, I. Rand Faruqi, L. L. (1986) The Cultural Atlas of Islam. London 8. Fukuyama, Francis (1998) The End of History and the Last Man. Bard, New York. 9. Fukuyama, Francis (2006) America at the Crossrroads: Democracy, Power and the Neoconservative Legacy, Yale University Press. 10. Gibb, H.A.R. & Bowen H. (1950) Islamic Society and the West. London. 11. Gibbon H. A. (1916) The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire, Oxford. 12. Haley, Alex (n.d) The Auto Biography ofMalcolm-X. 13 Hii-o, Dilip (2002) War without End. Routledge, London. 14. Hitti, Philip K. (1970) History of the Arabs, Macmillan, London. 15. Huntington, Samuel P. (1996) The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, Simon and Schuster, New York. 16. Ibn Khaldun (1969) The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History, translated by Franz Rosenthal, Princeton University Press, Princeton. 17. Izelbegovic, Alija Ali (1993) Islam Between East and West. American Trust Publications, Indianapolis. 18. Khan, M. A. Muqtedar, (2002) American Muslims: Bridging Faith and Freedom. Amana Publications, Beltsville, Maryland. 19. Lewis, Bernad (1998) The Multiple Identities of the Middle East. Schocken Books. New York. 20. Mohamed, Mahathir (2001) Islam and the Muslim Ummah, Prime Minister's Office, Putrajaya, Malaysia. 21. Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2002) The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values of Humanity. HarperSan Francisco, New York. 22. Rashid, Ahmed (2000) Talibart: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in CentralAsia. Yale University Press, New Haven and London. 23. Said, Edward W. (1978) Orientalism. Penguin Books, New York. 24. Said, Edward W. (1993) Culture and Imperialism. Chatto and Windus, London. 25. Sardar, ^iauddin (1979) The Future of Muslim Civilization. London. 26. Sardar, ^.iauddin and Davies, Merryl Wyn (2002) Why Do People Hate America Icon Books Limited, Cambridge. 27. Segesvary, Victor (2000) Dialogue of Civilizations: An Introduction to Civilizational Analysis, United Press of America, Lanham, Maryland. 28. Shaw, Stanford J. (1976) History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Vol. 1. (12801808), Cambridge University Press. 29. Zakaria, Fareed (2003) The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home. Viking Books, New York. 36

IS 4 E 04- Islam in Kerala (Elective) Unit: 1

Credit: 1

Foreign contacts of Kerala especially with Arabs Before the Prophet- Mappilas-First Muslims of India-Perumal incident and its controversies, Malik bin Deenar and his works - Muslims in Kerala from 7th century A.D to 1498 A.D ( Socio-Economic-political and cultural conditions- trade with Arabs ) - Ponnani; The capital of Muslim culture and learning,

Unit: 2

Credit: 1

Portuguese Intrusions-Kunhali Marakkars-The Impact of Intrusions- Role of Leadership

in Society-Makhdum Family- Rule of Mysoreans in Malabar and their reformative policies - British policies in Kerala after Tipu- Mappila Outbreaks (1836–1921)Mappila Rebellion of 1921-Effects of Rebellion on Mappila Community -Influence of Caste System and British Policies on the Conversion to Islam in the 18th and 19th Centuries

Unit: 3

Credit: 1

Role of Mappilas in the Later Freedom Struggles-British Policies and Their Impact on Muslim Modern Education-Attitudes of Muslims to English Education-Kerala Muslims after the Independence -Emergence of Kerala State- Land reform Acts and their Impact on Muslims-Rise of Muslims in Kerala Politics. Educational and SocioEconomic Status after independence

Unit: 4

Credit: 1

Important Muslim Families in Kerala (Thangals, Makhdooms, Ali Rajas, Koyas, Marakkars, Keyis, Nahas, Labbas , Ravuttars, Saits) Mappila Art and Literature (Arabi Malayalam Script and works, MappilaPattu, Malappattu, Poetry, Kolkali, Oppana,)- Mappila Traditions(Mahalu System, Nerchas,-Religious Education (Othupalli, Dars system, Arabic Colleges), Mappila Schools, Modern Muslim Movements and their works in Kerala (Samasth, K.N.M., Jamaath-e-Islami M.E.S. etc..)

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Books for Reference: 1-Rada Kumudh Mookerji, Indian Shipping: A History of Sea-borne trade and Maritime Activity of the Indians, M.M Publishers Pvt Ltd., New Delhi 2-Robert Sewell, The Historical inscriptions of Southern India 3-Dr. C.K. Kareem, Prajeena Keralavum Muslim Avirbhavavum (Mal), ISA Publications, Calicut,1999 4-Mohammed Ali KT. The Development of Education among Mappilas of Malabar, 1800-1965, New Delhi, [s.n.], 1990 5-Sayed Mohideen Shah, Islam in Kerala. The Muslim Educational Association, Trichur, 1975 6-Syed Suleiman Nadvi, The Muslim Colonies in India Before the Muslim Conquests, Article in Islamic Culture 7-Dr. Hussain Randathani, Mappila Muslims; A Study on Society and Anti colonial Struggles, Other Books, Calicut, 2007 8-Francis Day, The land of The Perumls, Gantz Bros., Madras,1863 9-William Logan, Malabar Manual 10-P.A. Said Muhammad et al, Kerala Muslim Directory, Kerala Publications, Cochin, 1960 11-Ronald E Miller, Mappila Muslims of Kerala, A Study in Islamic Trends, Orient Longman, Madras, 1976 12-Duarte Barbosa, A Descriptions of the coasts of East Africa and Malabar in the beginning of the sixteenth century, Haklut Society, London, 1866 13-Sulaiman Nadvi, “Muslim Colonies”, Islamic Culture, Vol. VIII, 1934 14-I.H. Siddiqui, Islam and Muslims in South Asia, A Historical perspective, Adam Publishers &Distributors, New Delhi, 1987 15-A. Shushterry, Outlines of Islamic Culture, University o9f Mysore, Mysore, 1938 16-Sreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History, Madras, 1984 17-Dr. A.P. Ibrahim Kunju, Mappila Muslims of Kerala, Their History and Culture, Sandhya Publications, 1989 18-Shaykh Zainuddin, Tuhfat al Mujahidin,Tr., Muhammed Husyn Nainar, Other Books, Calicut. 19-Dr. M. Abdul Aziz, Rise of Muslims in Kerala Politics, C.B.H. Publications, Trivandrum, 1992 20-.N. Panikkar, Against Lord and State Religion and Peasant Uprisings in Malabar, 1836-1921, Oxford University Press, 1989 21- C.Gopalan Nair, Malayalathile Mappilamar, Mangalore, 1971 22- P.A.Said Muhammad et. Kerala Muslim Directory 23- AR Desai, Peasant struggles in India, Oxford University Press, 1979 24- M. Naeem Qureshi, Pan-Islam in British Indian politics: a study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918– 1924, Brill, 1999 25- P. Radhakrishnan, Peasant Struggles, Land Reforms and Social Change. Malabar, 1836-1982, Sage Pulications, London 26- Dr C.K.Kareem, Kerala Under Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan, Paico Publishing House, Ernakulam , 1973 38

IS 4E 05 –-MUSLIMS AND INDIAN FREEDOM STRUGGLE (Elective)

Unit:1

Credit:1

Role of Ulama in the 1857 Revolt- Failure of 1857 Revolt and British Attempt of Muslims Genocide- British Policies towards Muslims- Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan and the progress of Muslim Education- Maulana Muhammed Qasim Nanutawi and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi- Altaf Husayn Hali

Unit:2

Credit:1

Foundation of Indian National Congress- Urdu Defense Society- Muslim Education Conference- Partition of Bengal – Birth of Muslim League- Separate Electorate- Iqbal’s Allahabad Address- Chandhary Rahmat Ali’s Scheme- Pakistan Resolution of 1940-

Unit :3

Credit:1

Emergence of Muslim League as a strong political Entity- Role of British , Congress, Muslim League In the Partition- Hindu organizations and Extremists in the Partition.

Unit :4

Credit:1

Jamiat ul Ulama, Khilafat Movement and non-co-operation movement- Gandhiji’s Policies- Communal Riots- Emergence of Jinnah- Congress Ministries of 1937Deliverance Day observed by Muslims.

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Books for Reference: 1. Allana, G. (1967) Quaid-i-Azam: The Story of a Nation. Lahore. 2. Allana, G. (1968) 'Pakistan Movement: Historic Document, Karachi. 3. Ambedkar, B. R. (1945) Pakistan or Partition of India, Bombay. 4. Azad, Abul Kalam (1959) India Wins Freedom, New York. 5. Aziz, K. K. (1968) Life and Works of Amir Ali, Lahore. 6. Aziz, K. K. (1972) The Indian Khilafat Movement 1915-1933, Karachi. 7. Aziz, K. K. (1988) The Making of Pakistan: A Study in Nationalism. New Delhi. 8. Baljon, J. M. S.(1964) The Reforms and Religious Ideas of Sir Seyd Ahmad Khan 9. Encyclopaedia of Islam (Latest Edition), Leiden. 10. Encyclopedia Britannica (Latest Edition), New York. 11. Faruqi, Ziya-ul-Hasan, (1963) The Deoband School and the Demand for Pakistan. New York. 12. Gopal, Ram (1959) Indian Muslims: A Political History (1858-1947). Bombay. 13. Graham, G. F. I. (1909) Life and Works of Sir Sved Ahmed Khan. London. 14. Hamid, A. (1971) Muslim Separatism in India, Oxford. 15. Hayat, Sikandar (1998) Aspects of the Pakistan Movement. Islamabad. 16. Ikram, S. M. (1970) Modern Muslim India and the Birth of Pakistan. Lahore. 17. Iqbal, Jawid (1971) Ideology of Pakistan. Lahore. 18..Jalal, Ayesha (1985) The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and theDemand for Pakistan, Cambridge. 19. Kaura, Lima (1977) Muslims and Indian Nationalism: Emergence of the Demand for India's Partition, New Delhi. 20. Keith, A. B. (1937) Constitutional History of India. Oxford. 21. Malik, Hafeez. (1963) Muslim Nationalism in India and Pakistan. 22. Metcalf, Barbara Daly, (1982) Islamic Revival in British India: 23. Minault, Gail ((•972) The Khilafat Movement, New Delhi. 24. Nichols, Beverley (1944) Verdict on India. London. 25. Qureshi. 1. H. (n.d) The Struggle for Pakistan. Karachi. 26. Qureshi, L H. (n.d) UIema in Politics. 27. Sardar, Ziauddin (1979) The Future of Muslim Civilization. London. 28. Seervai, H. M. fl989) Partition ofjndia: Legend and Reality. Bombay. 29. Shakir, Moin (1970) Khilafat to Partition. Delhi. 30. Soomro, M. Q. (n.d) Muslim Politics in Sindh 1938-1947 Jamshoro. 31. Waheed-uz-Zarnan and Saleem Akhtar, M. (1993) Islam ii South Asta, Islamabad. 32. Wassey, Akhtarul (1978) Education of Indian Muslims: A Study of the All- India Muslim Educational Conference 1886-1947. New Delhi. 33. Wolpert, Stanley (1984) Jinnah of Pakistan. New York. 34. Yusuf, K. F. (1990) Pakistan Reso.ution Revisited. Islamabad. 35. Zaman, W. (1978)) Towards Pakistan. Lahore.

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IS 4 E 06 – THE ARAB WORLD AFTER WORLD WAR-I(Elective)

Unit:1

Credit 1

Saudi Arabia-Arabian Peninsula as Ottoman Territory- Sharif Husayan as KhalifaMohammed Ibn Abdul Wahab- First Saudi State- Second Saudi State. The Third Saudi State- Treaty of Jeddah- Discovery of Oil- Treaty of Taif- Ibn Saud- Faisal , Khalid, Fahad, Abdullah,- Foreign policy, Law and Order- King: as the custodian of the two Holy cities- Relations with the Muslim World.

Unit:2

Credit 1

World War I and British Mandate over Iraq- King Faisal- British Occupation- Military Coup of 1958- Saddam Hussayn- Confrontation of Iraq with Iran, Kuwait and America- American Occupation-Unending Civil War. Anglo-Russian Imperialism in Iran, Pahlavi Dynasty, Revolution under Ayathulllah Qumayni, Ahmed Najad.

Unit 3

Credit 1

Fertile Crescent under mandate- Hashimite kingdom of Jordan- Role in the Arab Israel Conflict- Lebanan: role in the Arab –Israel conflict- Hisbullah- Syria, Ba’ath PartyRole in the Arab-Israel Conflict.

Unit 4

Credit 1

Origin and Brief History of U.A.E., Oman, Yemen, Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait. Discovery of Oil Industry and Development of Arab World. Arab League. G.C.C., O.I.C.

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Books for Reference 1. Ali, Tariq (2002) The Clash of Fundamentalisms: Crusades. Jihads and Modernity, Verso, London and New York. 2. Antonier, George (1953) The Arab Awakening, London. 3. Bangash, T. (1994) Iran - Iraq Relations, Peshawar. 4. Cambridge History of Iran (1968) Cambridge. 5. Clot, Andre (n.d) Life and Times of Suleiman the Magnifident, Saqi Books. London. 6. Creasy, Edward (1961) History of the Ottoman Turks. Beirut. 7. Encyclopaedia of Islam (Latest Edition), Leiden. 8. Encyclopedia Britannica (Latest Edition), New York. 9. Esposito, John L. (1992) The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality? Oxford University Press, New York. 10. Esposito, John L. (2002) Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam. Oxford University Press, New York. 11. Eversley, Lord (1959) The Turkish Empire, Lahore. 12. Faruqi, I. R and Faruqi, L. L. (1986) The Cultural Atlas of Islam. London 13. Fisher, S. N. (1960) The Middle East: A History. Lahore. 14. Frye, Richard N. (1951) The Near East and the Great Powers. Cambridge. 15. Gibb, H.A.R. & Bowen H. (1950) Islamic Society and the West. London. 16. Gibbon, E. (1886) Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, London. 17. Gibbon, H. A. (1916) The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire. Oxford. 18. Hiro, Dilip (2002) War without End, Routledge, London. 19. Hitt'i, Philip K. (1970) History of the Arabs. Macmiilan, London. 20. Huntington, Samuel P. (1996) The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. Simon and Schuster, New York. 21. Izetbegovic, AlijaAli (1993) Islam between East and West. American Trust Publications, Indianapolis. 22 .Jybcr, A. H. (1913) The Government of the Ottoman of the Time ofSulcvman the Magnificent, Cambridge. 23. Kirk, George E. (1960) A Short History of Middle East from the Rise of Islam to Modern Times, New York. 24. Lane Poole, Staneley (n.d) Turkey. Lahore. 25. Lenezowsky, George (1967) The Middle East in World affairs. New York. 26. Lewis, Bernad (1998) The Multiple Identities of the Middle East. Schocken Books,New York. 27. Lewis, Bernard, (1968) The Emergence of Modern Turkey. Oxford. 28. Marlow (1960) Arab Nationalism and British Imperialism, London. 29. Pehlvi, M. Raza (n.d) The Shah's Story (An Autobiography), London. 30. Said, Edward W. (1978) Orientalism. Penguin Books, New York. 36. Shaw, Stanford J. (1976) History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Vol. 1. (1280-1808), Cambridge University Press. 37. UNESCO (n.d) History of the World Vol.1 - V. 38. Unsal, Behcet Turkish Islamic Architecture. London, 1959. 39. Wilber, Donald N. (n.d) Iran: Past and Present. 40. Zaman, W. (n.d) Iranian Revolution: A Profile.

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