CS 355 Computer Networking Wei Lu, Ph.D., P.Eng. 1
Chapter 1: Introduction Our goal:
Overview:
• get “feel” and terminology • more depth, detail later in course • approach: – use Internet as example
• • • • • • •
what’s the Internet? edge network ? access network? core network ? structure of the Internet? what’s a protocol, its layers? performance: loss, delay, throughput • security 2
What is Structure of the Internet from ISP view something good to know
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Internet structure • roughly hierarchical • at center of the Internet: “tier-1” ISPs (e.g., Verizon, Sprint, AT&T), national/international coverage – treat each other as equals
Tier-1 providers interconnect (peer) privately
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP 4
Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint POP: point-of-presence
to/from backbone peering
…
… .
…
…
…
to/from customers
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Internet structure • “Tier-2” ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs – Connect to one or more tier-1 ISPs, possibly other tier-2 ISPs – e.g. Italian telecom, France telecom, etc.
Tier-2 ISP pays tier-1 ISP for connectivity to rest of Internet tier-2 ISP is customer of tier-1 provider
Tier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 ISPs also peer privately with each other.
Tier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP 6
Internet structure • “Tier-3” ISPs and local ISPs – last hop (“access”) network (closest to end systems) local ISP Local and tier3 ISPs are customers of higher tier ISPs connecting them to rest of Internet
Tier 3 ISP
local ISP
Tier-2 ISP
local ISP
local ISP Tier-2 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 ISP local local ISP ISP
Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP local ISP
Tier-2 ISP local ISP 7
Internet structure • a packet passes through many networks! local ISP
Tier 3 ISP
local ISP
Tier-2 ISP
local ISP
local ISP Tier-2 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP local local ISP ISP
Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP local ISP
Tier-2 ISP local ISP
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What is a Protocol
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What is a Protocol A network protocol is a standard method for transmitting data through a network, defines: • format, order of messages sent and received among network entities; • and actions taken on message transmission and receipt
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What is a Protocol a human protocol and a computer network protocol: Hi Alice
TCP connection request
Hi Got the time?
TCP connection response
Mark
Get http://cs.keene.edu
2:00
time
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A more complex protocol example by human-beings
organization of air travel ticket (purchase)
ticket (refund)
baggage (check)
baggage (claim)
gates (load)
gates (unload)
runway takeoff
runway landing
airplane routing
airplane routing airplane routing
• a series of steps to transmit passengers (data) 12
Layering airline functionality
ticket (purchase)
ticket (complain)
ticket
baggage (check)
baggage (claim
baggage
gates (load)
gates (unload)
gate
runway (takeoff)
runway (land)
takeoff/landing
airplane routing
airplane routing
airplane routing departure airport
airplane routing
airplane routing
intermediate air-traffic control centers
arrival airport
Layers: each layer implements a service – via its own internal-layer actions – relying on services provided by layer below 13
Layers of the Internet in practice • application: supporting network applications – FTP, SMTP, HTTP
• transport: process-process data transfer – TCP, UDP
• network: routing of datagrams from source to destination – IP, routing protocols
• link: data transfer between neighboring network
application transport network link physical
elements – Ethernet
• physical: bits “on the wire” 14
Layers of the Internet in theory ISO - OSI reference model application
• presentation: allow applications to interpret meaning of data, e.g., encryption, compression, machine-specific conventions
• session: synchronization, recovery of data exchange • these two layers are usually missed in practice! – because these services, if needed, will be implemented in application layer
presentation session transport network link physical
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Encapsulation
source message segment
M
Ht
M
datagram Hn Ht
M
frame Hl Hn Ht
M
application transport network link physical link physical switch
destination M Ht
M
Hn Ht Hl Hn Ht
M M
application transport network link physical
Hn Ht Hl Hn Ht
M M
network link physical
Hn Ht
M
router 16
Network Performance Issues: Loss, Delay and Throughput
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How do loss and delay occur packets queue in router buffers • packet arrival rate to link exceeds output link capacity • packets queue, wait for turn packet being transmitted (delay)
A B packets queueing (delay) free (available) buffers: arriving packets dropped (loss) if no free buffers 18
Four sources of packet delay • 1. nodal processing:
2. queueing
– check bit errors – determine output link
time
waiting at output link for transmission depends on congestion level of router
transmission
A
propagation
B
nodal processing
queueing 19
Delay in packet switched networks 3. Transmission delay: • R=link bandwidth (bps) • L=packet length (bits) • time to send bits into link = L/R
4. Propagation delay: • d = length of physical link • s = propagation speed in medium (~2x108 m/sec) • propagation delay = d/s
Note: s and R are very different quantities! transmission
A
propagation
B
nodal processing
queueing 20
Caravan analogy 100 km ten-car caravan
toll booth
100 km toll booth
• Time to “push” entire caravan • cars “propagate” at 100 km/hr through toll booth onto • toll booth takes 12 sec to service highway = 12*10 = 120 sec car (transmission time) • Time for last car to propagate • car~bit; caravan ~ packet from 1st to 2nd toll both: 100km/(100km/hr)= 1 hr • Q: How long until caravan is lined up before 2nd toll booth? 21
Caravan analogy 100 km ten-car caravan
toll booth
100 km toll booth
• Cars now “propagate” at 1000 km/hr • Toll booth now takes 1 min to service a car • Q: Will cars arrive to 2nd booth before all cars serviced at 1st booth? • Yes! After 7 min, 1st car at 2nd booth and 3 cars still at 1st booth. • 1st bit of packet can arrive at 2nd router before packet is fully transmitted at 1st router! 22
Nodal delay d nodal = d proc + d queue + d trans + d prop • dproc = processing delay – typically a few microsecs or less
• dqueue = queuing delay – depends on congestion
• dtrans = transmission delay – = L/R, significant for low-speed links
• dprop = propagation delay – a few microsecs to hundreds of msecs 23
Queueing delay • R=link bandwidth (bps) • L=packet length (bits) • a=average packet arrival rate traffic intensity = La/R La/R ~ 0: average queueing delay small La/R -> 1: delays become large La/R > 1: more “work” arriving than can be
serviced, average delay infinite!
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“Real” Internet delays and routes • What do “real” Internet delay & loss look like? • Traceroute program: provides delay measurement from source to router along end-end Internet path towards destination. For all i: – sends three packets that will reach router i on path towards destination – router i will return packets to sender – sender times interval between transmission and reply. 3 probes
3 probes
3 probes 25
“Real” Internet delays and routes traceroute: my PC to www.hust.edu.cn, a university in China C:\>tracert www.hust.edu.cn Tracing route to www.hust.edu.cn [202.114.0.245] over a maximum of 30 hops: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Three delay measurements from
536 ms 4 ms 1 ms core-S-48.keene.edu [158.65.48.2] my local pc to www.hust.edu.cn
