CRUISE REPORT MARINE-GEOLOGICAL CRUISE TO SPITSBERGEN FJORDS, THE FRAM STRAIT AND THE NORTHERN BARENTS SEA

R/V ”Jan Mayen” in Wijdefjorden, Spitsbergen, November 1st 2009; Foto: M. Forwick

on R/V Jan Mayen, October 27th – November 7th 2009 by Matthias Forwick DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF TROMSØ, N-9037 TROMSØ, NORWAY

Page

Content 1. Summary

3

2. Background

4

3. Objectives

4

4. Participants

5

5. Equipment

6

6. Methods

6

7. Journal

8

8. Preliminary results

18

8.1 Wijdefjorden

18

8.2 Van Keulenfjorden

22

9. References

23

10. Tables of collected data

24

11. Appendix

33

Acknowledgements: Steinar Iversen and Jan P. Holm contributed with data processing and the creation of figures to this cruise report. Patrycja Jernas and Steinar Iversen compiled tables of collected data during leg 2. They are hereby acknowledged!

2 Cruise report – Spitsbergen fjords, Fram Strait & northern Barents Sea, Autumn 2009

1. Summary From the morning of October 27th to mid day of November 7th 2009, the Department of Geology of the University of Tromsø, Norway, arranged a scientific cruise to Spitsbergen fjords, the Fram Strait and the northern Barents Sea on R/V “Jan Mayen”. The cruise was divided into two legs: leg 1 from Longyearbyen to Longyearbyen (Oct. 27th – Nov. 3rd 2009) and leg 2 from Longyearbyen to Tromsø (Nov. 3rd – Nov. 7th 2009). Investigated areas were Wijdefjorden, Kongsfjorden, Tempelfjorden, van Keulenfjorden, Hornsund, as well as the Kongsfjord Canyon north of the Vestnesa Ridge and the outer parts of Storfjorden (Fig. 1). Five gravity and five box cores were retrieved in Wijdefjorden, Tempelfjorden, Hornsund and Storfjorden. Four additional gravity cores were retrieved in the vicinity of the Kongsfjord Canyon. Five multi cores were recovered from Kongsfjorden. Nineteen CTD (conductivitytemperature-depth) casts were performed in Wijdefjorden, Kongsfjorden, Tempelfjorden, van Keulenfjorden, Hornsund, Storfjorden, as well as on the continental margin off northwestern Spitsbergen. Swath-bathymetry data were collected in Wijdefjorden, van Keulenfjorden, in the upper parts of the Kongsfjord Canyon, as well as on the lower continental slope north of the Vestnesa Ridge. 152 Chirp profiles were acquired during the collection of the swath-bathymetry data.

Figure 1: Overview maps. Place names mentioned in the report are indicated. 3 Cruise report – Spitsbergen fjords, Fram Strait & northern Barents Sea, Autumn 2009

2. Background The cruise was arranged as part of the strategic university programmes “Depositional Models for Cenozoic Sandy Systems” (DEMOCEN; http://www.ig.uit.no/Democen/) and “Sedimentary Processes and Paleoenvironment on Northern Continental Margins” (SPONCOM; http://www.ig.uit.no/sponcom/index.htm). Both projects are hosted by the Department of Geology, University of Tromsø (UiT) and led by prof. Tore O. Vorren. The main objective of the DEMOCEN project is to develop depositional models for Cenozoic sandy systems in order to better identify and quantify factors that are critical to reservoir rock occurrence and distribution. The overall goal of the SPONCOM project is to assess the changes in the physical environment of the sea-floor and the overlying water and ice of West Spitsbergen and North Norwegian fjords, as well as on adjacent continental margins during the last glacial – interglacial cycle. In addition to these two projects, data were also collected for: - The project “Assessment of benthic foraminifera as environmental proxy in the Arctic region” (ForArc; http://npweb.npolar.no/prosjekter/forarc). The overall goal of this project is to understand and quantify the response of benthic foraminifera to environmental forcings in order to develop and refine this microfossil group as proxy indicators of past environmental changes in the Arctic. The project is a collaboration between the Norwegian Polar Institute (NP) and the Department of Geology, UiT. It is led by dr. Dorthe Klitgaard Kristensen at the NP. The data collection was carried out in Kongsfjorden (five CTDs and multi cores). - Planned projects in Hornsund and Storfjorden, respectively. The projects aim to investigate fluctuations in the inflow of the Atlantic and Arctic waters, as well as changes in glacial activity and their impact on the sedimentation and marine productivity. Both projects will be led by dr. Marek Zajączkowski from Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland (IOPAN).

3. Objectives The objectives of the cruise were: - To collect swath-bathymetry data and to retrieve sediment cores the Kongsfjord Canyon with the purpose of mapping its morphology as well as to infer its development over time (for DEMOCEN project). - To map the extent and morphology of a submarine landslide on the lower continental slope north of the Vestnesa Ridge (for DEMOCEN project). - To collect swath-bathymetry data in Wijdefjorden and van Keulenfjorden with the purpose of identifying morphological features that might provide information about past and present glacial activity and subglacial regimes, as well as non-glacial sedimentary processes (for SPONCOM project). The seafloor in van Keulenfjorden was already mapped in 2007 (see Forwick, 2007). However, poor data quality made re-mapping necessary. - To collect sediment cores from Tempelfjorden in order to recover sediments deposited before, during and after a surge of Tunabreen between c. AD 2002 and 2005 (for SPONCOM project). - To collect sediment-surface samples from Kongsfjorden with the purpose of studying the content of living benthic foraminifera in order to elucidate seasonal changes in the faunal composition and abundance in the fjord, to measure the Mg/Ca ratio on the tests of living benthic foraminifera, as well as to investigate dinoflagellate assemblages (for ForArc project). - To retrieve box and gravity cores from Hornsund and Storfjorden, respectively, for palaeooceanographic studies. 4 Cruise report – Spitsbergen fjords, Fram Strait & northern Barents Sea, Autumn 2009

4. Paricipants Crew R/V “Jan Mayen”: Captain: Vice captain: Chief engineer: Second engineer: Boatswain: Boatswain: Able seaman: Able seaman: Able seaman: Able seaman: Stewart: Galley assistant:

Hans R. Hansen Per-Kristian Langaune Hjørtur Poulsen Sindre Myking Jan R. Dalsbø Jan A. Johansen Eivind Halsnes Ronny Johansen (03.11.-07.11.) Geir A. Skogvig (27.10.-03.11.) Oskar Torgersen Børge Pedersen Bente Mortensen

Scientific crew: Participants (27.10.-03.11.)

Affiliation

Consolaro, Chiara (Research assistant) Forwick, Matthias (Post.Doc.; chief scientist) Iversen, Steinar (Engineer) Jernas, Patrycja (Ph.D. student) Kempf, Philipp (M.Sc. student) Skirbekk, Kari (Ph.D. student) Aarbakke, Ole N. (Ph.D. student)

UiT UiT UiT NP/UiT UiT UiT UiT

Participants (03.11.-07.11.)

Affiliation

Consolaro, Chiara (Research assitant) Iversen, Steinar (Engineer; co-chief scientist) Jernas, Patrycja (Ph.D. student; co-chief scientist) Kempf, Philipp (M.Sc. student) Zajączkowski, Marek (Research scientist)

UiT UiT NP/UiT UiT IOPAN

UiT = University of Tromsø, Norway NP = Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway IOPAN = Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland

5 Cruise report – Spitsbergen fjords, Fram Strait & northern Barents Sea, Autumn 2009

5. Equipment Acoustic equipment - Kongsberg Maritime EM 300 multibeam echo sounder - EdgeTech 3300-HM hull-mounted sub-bottom profiler ("Chrip"); 4*4 arrays Sediment sampling - Gravity corer (total weight 1900 kg; 6 m steel barrel; inner diameter of steel barrel: 11 cm) - Multi corer with 6 tubes with outer and inner diameters of 110 mm and 104 mm, respectively - Giant box corer (50*50*50 cm3) Water properties: - CTD (Seabird 911 Plus) with compact rosette

6. Methods Acoustic investigations Seafloor mapping: Swath-bathymetry surveys in Wijdefjorden, van Keulenfjorden, as well as north of the Vestnesa Ridge were carried out using a Kongsberg Maritime EM 300 multibeam echo sounder. Soundvelocity profile of the water column for calibrating the equipment were recorded from CTD casts where necessary. The equipment worked well during the acquisition and the data are of good quality. Some preliminary data cleaning was performed using the software programme Neptune version 4.1.2. Seismic profiling: High-resolution seismic profiles (Chirp), using an EdgeTech 3300-HM hull-mounted sub-bottom profiler, were collected along the ship tracks during the swath-bathymetry data acquisition in Wijdefjorden, van Keulenfjorden and north of the Vestnesa Ridge, as well as during transits. The equipment worked well and the data are generally of good quality. During the transits from Longyearbyen to Kongsfjorden and van Keulenfjorden, respectively, a soft start of the Chirp system was performed, starting with 0.1% of the total effect, followed by a quadrupling of the effect every minute. During the data collection, the sea surface was constantly monitored from the bridge. One seal was observed on an ice flow during the transit to Wijdefjorden. It raised its head a few times during the passage of the ship, but did otherwise not move. Sediment sampling Gravity cores were retrieved from Wijdefjorden, Tempelfjorden, Hornsund, Storfjorden and in the vicinity of the Kongsfjord Canyon. Plastic liners with an outer diameter of 11 cm (inner diameter: 10 cm) were put into the steel barrel. After retrieval, the plastic liners were cut into sections of up to 110 cm length. They were covered with plastic caps, taped, labelled and stored at +4ºC. Box cores were retrieved in Wijdefjorden, Tempelfjorden, Hornsund and Storfjorden. The surfaces at selected stations were sampled for living foraminifera assemblages, Mg/Ca 6 Cruise report – Spitsbergen fjords, Fram Strait & northern Barents Sea, Autumn 2009

measurements on living benthic foraminifera, surface-element geochemical analyses, as well as for dating purposes. The foraminifera samples were preserved in alcohol (96%) with Rose Bengal in order to stain the living foraminifera. Plastic liners were pushed into three box cores in order to recover the entire sediment column. The seafloor in Kongsfjorden was sampled at five stations using a multi corer (Fig. 2). The uppermost five cm of two tubes from each station were sub-sampled in half-cm thick sediment slices and preserved in alcohol (96%) with Rose Bengal in order to stain the living foraminifera. Furthermore, the upper two cm were sliced in one-cm thick slices for dinoflaggelate analyses. The samples were subsequently stored at +4 ºC.

Figure 2: Photo of the multi corer (by Patrycja Jernas, NP).

Water properties The water properties – temperature, salinity – were measured in Wijdefjorden, Kongsfjorden, Tempelfjorden, van Keulenfjorden, Hornsund, Storfjorden and off northwest Spitsbergen using a Seabird 911 Plus CTD. Data collection was performed during downcasts at a speed of 1.0 m/s. The data of selected CTD stations were used to calculate sound-velocity profiles for calibrating the multibeam echo sounder system.

7 Cruise report – Spitsbergen fjords, Fram Strait & northern Barents Sea, Autumn 2009

7. Journal Tuesday, October 27th 2009 Weather: overcast in the morning, later snow showers; up to c. 1.5 m waves/swell; -4 – -8 ˚C; wind < 14 m/sec. Summary Departure from Longyearbyen at c. 07:00 UTC (08:00 local time); transit to Kongsfjorden. Five CTD and multi-corer (MC) stations in Kongsfjorden. Transit to Kongsfjorden Canyon (north of Vestnesa Ridge). Protocol of October 27th (times in UTC) ~0700: Departure from “Bykaia” in Longyearbyen, starting transit to Kongsfjorden 1750: Station JM09-634-CTD in Kongsfjorden (Fig. 3; Tab. 1) 1953: Station JM09-001-MC in Kongsfjorden (Fig. 4; Tab. 2) 2031: Station JM09-635-CTD 2052: Station JM09-002-MC 2133: Station JM09-636-CTD 2151: Station JM09-003-MC 2222: Station JM09-637-CTD 2237: Station JM09-004-MC 2307: Station JM09-638-CTD 2326: Station JM09-005-MC ~2350: Start transit to Kongsfjord Canyon Wednesday, October 28th 2009 Weather: snow showers; up to 2.5 m high waves; -5 – -8 ˚C; wind up to 17 m/sec. Summary Continuing transit to Kongsfjorden Canyon. One CTD cast for sound-velocity profile. Start of swath-bathymetry survey of the upper parts of the canyon, accompanied by collection of Chirp data (extension of data set acquired during scientific cruise in 2008). Two Chirp profiles across central parts of the canyon to determine coring sites. Two gravity cores (GC) north and south of the canyon, respectively. Transit to the lower continental slope north of the Vestnesa ridge. Protocol of October 28th (times in UTC) 0000: Continuing transit to Kongsfjorden Canyon 0415: Station JM09-639-CTD in the upper parts of the Kongsfjorden Canyon (Fig. 3; Tab. 1) 0527: Start of swath-bathymetry survey of the upper parts of the Kongsfjorden canyon (accompanied by collection of Chirp data; Fig. 5; Tab. 5) 1710: SOL (start of line) 09JM-Demo-Spon010 across central parts of the Kongsfjorden canyon (Tab. 5) 1731: EOL (end of line) 09JM-Demo-Spon010 1827: Station JM09-006-GC south of central parts of Kongsfjorden Canyon (Fig. 6; Tab. 3) 1947: Station JM09-007-GC north of central parts of Kongsfjorden Canyon 2043: SOL 09JM-Demo-Spon012 across central parts of the Kongsfjorden Canyon 2114: EOL 09JM-Demo-Spon012 2146: Station JM09-008-GC south of central parts of Kongsfjorden Canyon 8 Cruise report – Spitsbergen fjords, Fram Strait & northern Barents Sea, Autumn 2009

2245: Station JM09-009-GC north of central parts of Kongsfjorden Canyon 2336: Start of transit to the lower continental slope north of the Vestnesa Ridge Thursday, October 29th 2009 Weather: changes between overcast and snow showers; up to 1.5 m high waves/swell; -2 – -8 ˚C; wind up to c. 14 m/sec. Summary Continuing transit to the lower continental slope north of the Vestnesa Ridge. One CTD cast for sound-velocity profile. Swath-bathymetry survey to map an area affected by mass wasting on the lower continental slope. Transit to Wijdefjorden. Interruption of transit due to CTD cast between Danskøyflaket and Danskøybratta. Two CTD casts in outer and inner Wijdefjorden, respectively. Start of swath-bathymetry survey in Wijdefjorden. Protocol of October 29th (times in UTC) 0000: Continuing transit to the lower continental slope north of the Vestnesa Ridge 0033: Station JM09-640-CTD at lower slope north of the Vestnesa Ridge (Fig. 3; Tab. 1; sound-velocity profile for multibeam-echo-sounder lines 54-66) 0120: Start of swath-bathymetry survey of area affected by mass wasting on the continental slope north of the Vestnesa Ridge (accompanied by collection of Chirp data; Fig. 5; Tab. 5) 0239: End of swath-bathymetry survey of area affected by mass wasting. Start of transit to Wijdefjorden 0700: Station JM09-641-CTD between Danskøyflaket and Danskøybratta ~0715: Continuing transit to Wijdefjorden 1448: Station JM09-642-CTD in outer Wijdefjorden 1531: Start of swath-bathymetry survey in Wijdefjorden (accompanied by collection of Chirp data; Fig. 5; Tab. 5) 1921: Station JM09-643-CTD in inner Wijdefjorden 2010: Continuing swath-bathymetry survey in inner Wijdefjorden Friday, October 30th 2009 Weather: snow showers; less than 1.5 m high waves/swell; -1 – -8 ˚C; wind < 14 m/sec. Summary Continuing swath-bathymetry survey in inner and central Wijdefjorden. Box core (BC) in inner Wijdefjorden. Protocol of October 30th (times in UTC) 0000: Continuing swath-bathymetry survey in inner Wijdefjorden (accompanied by collection of Chirp data; Fig. 5; Tab. 5) 1542: Station JM09-010-BC in inner Wijdefjorden (Fig. 7; Tab. 4) 1617: Continuing swath-bathymetry survey in inner, later in outer Wijdefjorden

9 Cruise report – Spitsbergen fjords, Fram Strait & northern Barents Sea, Autumn 2009

Saturday, October 31st 2009 Weather: snow showers, later overcast; up to 2.5 m high waves; -7 – -8 ˚C; wind < 8 m/sec. Summary Continuing swath-bathymetry survey in inner and central Wijdefjorden. Two CTD casts in inner and central Wijdefjorden, respectively. Assistance of overwinterer on Austfjordneset (for location see Fig. 1b) who needed his boat to be transported to Longyearbyen after breakdown of the engine. Protocol of October 31st (times in UTC) 0000: Continuing swath-bathymetry survey in Wijdefjorden (accompanied by collection of Chirp data; Fig. 5; Tab. 5) 0027: Station JM09-644-CTD in inner Wijdefjorden (sound-velocity profile for multibeamecho-sounder lines 196-296) ~1100: Short interruption of survey to pick up the overwinterer and his boat, as well as to take them onboard. Continuing survey immediately after (closing gaps in swath-bathymetry data) ~1345: Disembarking of the overwinterer. Continuing survey immediately after – first in inner Wijdefjorden, later in central Wijdefjorden 2000: Station JM09-645-CTD in central Wijdefjorden 2019: Continuing swath-bathymetry survey in central Wijdefjorden Sunday, November 1st 2009 Weather: changing between overcast and snow showers; up to 2.5 m high waves; min. -5 - +2 ˚C; wind up to 17 m/sec. Summary Continuing swath-bathymetry survey in central Wijdefjorden. One CTD cast and one gravitycorer station in central Wijdefjorden, respectively. Protocol of November 1st (times in UTC) 0000: Continuing swath-bathymetry survey in central Wijdefjorden (accompanied by collection of Chirp data; Fig. 5; Tab. 5) 2046: Station JM09-646-CTD in central Wijdefjorden (Fig. 3; Tab. 1) 2109: Station JM09-011-GC in central Wijdefjorden (Fig. 6; Tab. 3) 2114: Continuing swath-bathymetry survey in central Wijdefjorden Monday, November 2nd 2009 Weather: overcast during the early day, later some fore and snow showers; up to 2.5 m high waves; +4 – +1 ˚C; wind up to 14 m/sec. Summary Continuing swath-bathymetry survey in central Wijdefjorden. One gravity-corer and one boxcorer station in outer Wijdefjorden, respectively. Steaming to Tempelfjorden. One CTD cast en route. 10 Cruise report – Spitsbergen fjords, Fram Strait & northern Barents Sea, Autumn 2009

Protocol of November 2nd (times in UTC) 0000: Continuing swath-bathymetry survey in central Wijdefjorden (accompanied by collection of Chirp data; Fig. 5; Tab. 5) 0321: Station JM09-012-GC in outer Wijdefjorden (Fig. 6; Tab. 3) 0351: Station JM09-013-BC in outer Wijdefjorden (Fig. 7; Tab. 4) 0421: Station JM09-014-BC in outer Wijdefjorden 0434: Start steaming to Tempelfjorden 1211: Station JM09-647-CTD off Magdalenefjorden (Fig. 4; Tab. 1) ~1225: Continuing steaming to Tempelfjorden Tuesday, November 3rd 2009 Weather: change between snow/sleet/rain showers, fog and overcast; up to 1.5 m high waves/swell; +0.6 – +2 ˚C; wind < 6 m/sec. Summary Continuing steaming to Tempelfjorden. One CTD, one box-corer and one gravity-corer station in Tempelfjorden. Measuring of the position of the front of the glacier Tunabreen. Steaming to Longyearbyen and exchange of ship’s and scientific crew. Steaming to van Keulenfjorden. One CTD cast in outer van Keulenfjorden. Start of swath-bathymetry survey in outer and central van Keulenfjorden. Protocol of November 3rd (times in UTC) 0000: Continuing steaming to Tempelfjorden 0405: Station JM09-648-CTD in Tempelfjorden (Fig. 3; Tab. 1) 0434: Station JM09-015-BC in Tempelfjorden (Fig. 7; Tab. 4) 0456: Station JM09-016-GC in Tempelfjorden (Fig. 6; Tab. 3) ~0500: Measuring of the glacier-frontal position of Tunabreen at the head of Tempelfjorden (for location see Fig. 1b; Tab. 7). 0900: Arrival in Longyearbyen (“Kullkaia”) Exchange of one crew member; three disembarking and one embarking scientific member(s). 1425: Departure from Longyearbyen, transit to van Keulenfjorden 2157: Arrival in van Keulenfjorden, station JM09-649-CTD in outer van Keulenfjorden (Fig. 3; Tab. 1) 2227: Start of Swath-bathymetry survey in van Keulenfjorden (Fig. 5; Tab. 6) Wednesday, November 4rd 2009 Weather: overcast and showers, up to 0.5 m swell; 0 – +4 ˚C; wind < 11 m/sec. Summary Continuing swath-bathymetry survey in van Keulenfjorden. One CTD cast in the central fjord. Protocol of November 4rd (times in UTC) 00:00 Continuing swath-bathymetry survey in van Keulenfjorden (collection of Chirp data en route; Fig. 5; Tab. 6) 12:29 Station JM09-650-CTD in central van Keulenfjorden (Fig. 3; Tab. 1) 11 Cruise report – Spitsbergen fjords, Fram Strait & northern Barents Sea, Autumn 2009

13:00 Continuing swath-bathymetry survey in van Keulenfjorden Thursday, November 5th 2009 Weather: mostly overcast and showers, rain in the afternoon, fog in the evening; up to 2.5 m high waves; 0 – +2 ˚C; wind < 11 m/sec. Summary End of swath-bathymetry survey in van Keulenfjorden. Steaming and arrival in Hornsund. Short Chirp survey to ensure sediment thickness of at least ~5 m. One CTD cast, as well as one gravity-corer and one box corer sation in outer Hornsund, respectively. Start transit to and arrival in outer Storfjorden. One CTD cast, as well as one gravity-corer and one box corer sation in outer Storfjorden, respectively. Start steaming to Tromsø. Protocol of November 5th (times in UTC) 00:09 End of swath-bathymetry survey in van Keulenfjorden. Start steaming to Hornsund. ~0700 Arrival in outer Hornsund; Chirp survey to ensure sediment thickness of at least ~5m. 0738: Station JM09-651-CTD in Hornsund (Fig. 3; Tab. 1) 0748: Station JM09-017-GC in Hornsund (Fig. 6; Tab. 3) 0819: Station JM09-018-BC in Horsund (Fig. 7; Tab. 4) 0826: Start steaming to Storfjorden 1747: Station JM09-652-CTD in outer Storfjorden (Fig. 3; Tab. 1) 1819: Station JM09-019-BC in outer Storfjorden (Fig. 7; Tab. 4) 1844: Station JM09-020-GC in outer Storfjorden (Fig. 6; Tab. 3) 1900: Start steaming to Tromsø Friday, November 6th 2009 Weather: overcast; up to 2.5 m high waves; 0 – +5 ˚C; wind < 8 m/sec. Summary Steaming to Tromsø. Protocol of November 6th (times in UTC) 0000: Steaming to Tromsø Saturday, November 7th 2009 Weather: changing cloud cover and rain showers; less than 1.5 m high waves/swell; +4 – +7 ˚C; wind < 8 m/sec. Summary Steaming to and arrival in Tromsø. Protocol of November 6th (times in UTC) 0000: Steaming to Tromsø 1100: Arrival in Tromsø (“Kullkransvingen”) 12 Cruise report – Spitsbergen fjords, Fram Strait & northern Barents Sea, Autumn 2009

Figure 3: Conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) stations.

13 Cruise report – Spitsbergen fjords, Fram Strait & northern Barents Sea, Autumn 2009

Figure 4: Multi-corer stations.

14 Cruise report – Spitsbergen fjords, Fram Strait & northern Barents Sea, Autumn 2009

Figure 5: Areas of swath-bathymetry surveys. The dashed red line indicates the approximate location of the data covering a slide scar at the lower continental slope.

15 Cruise report – Spitsbergen fjords, Fram Strait & northern Barents Sea, Autumn 2009

Figure 6: Gravity-core stations.

16 Cruise report – Spitsbergen fjords, Fram Strait & northern Barents Sea, Autumn 2009

Figure 7: Box-core stations.

17 Cruise report – Spitsbergen fjords, Fram Strait & northern Barents Sea, Autumn 2009

8. Preliminary results 8.1. Wijdefjorden

Figure 8: Collected bathymetry data from Wijdefjorden. For location see Fig. 5

Wijdefjorden is the largest fjord on northern Spitsbergen (Fig. 1). It includes the main fjord, as well as the inner branches Austfjorden and Vestfjorden. The mapped area covers three main basins with water depths of up to 250 m (Fig. 8). They are separated by north-south and eastwest oriented sills. 18 Cruise report – Spitsbergen fjords, Fram Strait & northern Barents Sea, Autumn 2009

Figure 9: Bathymetry in the southern part of the mapped area in Wijdefjorden (for location see Fig. 8).

A sediment lobe occurs at the head of the fjord (Fig. 9). Similar sediment lobes have been observed at the heads of several other fjords on Spitsbergen (see e.g. Elverhøi et al., 1995; Plassen et al., 2004; Ottesen & Dowdeswell, 2006; Ottesen et al., 2008). They were deposited beyond the limits of maximum glacier extents during the Holocene. The maximum glacier extents were either reached after glacier advances related to the Little Ice Age cooling or to surges. The Chirp data reveal that the lobe is overlain with a relatively thin sediment cover. It is, therefore, reasonable to assume that its deposition is related to the Little Ice Age cooling or to glacier surges. 19 Cruise report – Spitsbergen fjords, Fram Strait & northern Barents Sea, Autumn 2009

Figure 10: Bathymetry in the central part of the mapped area in Wijdefjorden (for location see Fig. 8).

Elongated positive and negative features, oriented (sub-)parallel to the fjord axis, occur occasionally (Figs. 9, 10). The Chirp data reveal that this relief can be related to landforms that are covered with up to several meters of sediment. These landforms are most probably glacial linear features, because their morphology and stratigraphical position is very similar to glacial linear features observed in other Spitsbergen fjords (e.g. Baeten et al., in press; Forwick et al., in press). The swath-bathymetry data reveal that frequent mass wasting occurs in Wijdefjorden. This is exemplified by the occurrence of numerous chutes/channels & levees along the fjord sides, sediment creep as well as slide blocks (Figs. 9, 10, 11). 20 Cruise report – Spitsbergen fjords, Fram Strait & northern Barents Sea, Autumn 2009

Figure 11: Bathymetry in the northern part of the mapped area in Wijdefjorden (for location see Fig. 8).

Two types of relatively small depressions can be distinguished. The first type is characterised by elongated/linear incisions that predominantly occur on southward facing slopes in the northern part of the mapped area (Fig. 11). These incisions are usually limited to water depths shallower than 120 m. Their ‘fresh’ appearance indicates that they are relatively young. It is assumed that these depressions are iceberg ploughmarks that originated from grounding icebergs calving from tidewater glaciers during the late Holocene (compare with Baeten et al., in press.). The second type is characterised by relatively circular depressions that are not limited to southward facing slopes (Figs. 10, 11). These depressions are suggested to be pockmarks. Their formation is most probably the result of fluid flow within the north-south oriented Billefjorden Fault Zone (Dallmann et al., 2002; Forwick et al., 2009). 21 Cruise report – Spitsbergen fjords, Fram Strait & northern Barents Sea, Autumn 2009

8.2 Van Keulenfjorden The bathymetry of van Keulenfjorden was re-mapped during the cruise, because of the poor quality of data collected in the summer of 2007 (compare Figs. 12, 13; this study and Forwick, 2007).

Figure 12: Swath-bathymetry data collected in 2009 (for location see Fig. 5).

Figure 13: Swath-bathymetry data collected in 2007 (Forwick, 2007). Note the poor data quality due to artifacts as a result of an unsuitable sound-velocity profile. 22 Cruise report – Spitsbergen fjords, Fram Strait & northern Barents Sea, Autumn 2009

The sediment lobe in the eastern part of the study area was deposited during or after a glacier advance around AD 1900 (Ottesen et al., 2008). Due to its rapid deposition on water-saturated glacimarine sediment, pockmarks formed (Ottesen et al., 2009; Forwick et al., 2009). No differences in the general assemblage of landforms can be observed between the data sets from 2007 and 2009, respectively (Figs. 12, 13). However, the data collected in 2009 contains significantly reduced artifacts. Their impact might be even more reduced during later data processing and cleaning. For a more detailed description of the bathymetry, it is referred to Forwick (2007).

9. References Baeten, N.J., Forwick, M., Vogt, C. & Vorren, T.O.. Late Weichselian and Holocene sedimentary environments and glacial activity in Billefjorden, Svalbard. Submitted to: Howe, J.A., Austin, W.E.N, Forwick, M. & Paetzel, M. (eds.): Fjords: Depositional Systems and Archives. Geological Society of London, Special Publication. Dallmann, W.K., Ohta, Y., Elvevold, S. & Blomeier, D., 2002. Bedrock map of Svalbard and Jan Mayen. Norsk Polarinstitutt Temakart No. 33. Elverhøi, A., Svendsen, J.I., Solheim, A., Andersen, E.S., Milliman, J., Mangerud, J. & Hooke, R.L., 1995. Late Quaternary sediment yield from the High Arctic Svalbard area. Journal of Geology 103, 1-17. Forwick, M., 2007. Cruise report – Marine-geological cruise to West Spitsbergen fjords – on R/V Jan Mayen, July 2nd – July 8th 2007. Department of Geology, University of Tromsø, 26 pp. Forwick, M., Baeten, N.J. & Vorren, T.O., 2009. Pockmarks in Spitsbergen fjords. Norwegian Journal of Geology 89, 65-77. Forwick, M., Vorren, T.O., Hald, M., Korsun, S., Roh, Y., Vogt, C., & Yoo, K.-C.. Spatial and temporal influence of glaciers and rivers on the sedimentary environment in Sassenfjorden and Tempelfjorden, Spitsbergen. Submitted to: Howe, J.A., Austin, W.E.N, Forwick, M. & Paetzel, M. (eds.): Fjords: Depositional Systems and Archives. Geological Society of London, Special Publication. Ottesen, D. & Dowdeswell, J.A., 2006. Assemblages of submarine landforms produced by tidewater glaciers in Svalbard. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, doi: 10.1029/2005JF000330. Ottesen, D., Dowdeswell, J.A., Benn, D.I., Kristensen, L., Christiansen, H.H., Christensen, O., Hansen, L., Lebesbye, E., Forwick, M. & Vorren, T.O., 2008. Submarine landforms characteristic of glacier surges in two Spitsbergen fjords. Quaternary Science Reviews 27, 1583-1599. Plassen, L., Vorren, T.O. & Forwick, M., 2004. Integrated acoustic and coring investigation of glacigenic deposits in Spitsbergen fjords. Polar Research 23(1), 89-110.

23 Cruise report – Spitsbergen fjords, Fram Strait & northern Barents Sea, Autumn 2009

10. Tables of collected data Location

Latitude [N] Longitude [E]

Water depth [m]

Comments

Kongsfjorden

79˚03.03’ 011˚06.86’

330

At station JM09-001-MC, used for foraminifera analyses

2031

Kongsfjorden

79˚00.83’ 011˚22.65’

370

At station JM09-002-MC, used for foraminifera analyses

09/10/27

2133

Kongsfjorden

78˚59.15’ 011˚39.73’

272

At station JM09-003-MC, used for foraminifera analyses

JM09-637CTD

09/10/27

2222

Kongsfjorden

78˚59.16’ 011˚50.11’

318

At station JM09-004-MC, used for foraminifera analyses

JM09-638CTD

09/10/27

2307

Kongsfjorden

79˚00.67’ 011˚43.76’

284

At station JM09-005-MC, used for foraminifera analyses

JM09-639CTD

09/10/28

0415

Upper parts of Kongsfjorden Canyon

79˚00.26’ 008˚00.84’

1070

Used for sound-velocity profile for multibeam echo sounder profiles DemoSponcom_oktnov09_Wijdefjorden 17-53

JM09-640CTD

09/10/29

0033

79˚21.31’ 006˚53.38’

1274

Used for sound-velocity profile for multibeam DemoSponcom_oktnov09_Wijdefjorden 54-66

JM09-641CTD

09/10/29

0700

79˚42.18’ 009˚50.52’

301

Used for sound-velocity profile for multibeam DemoSponcom_oktnov09_Wijdefjorden 67-80

Station

Date

JM09-634CTD

09/10/27

JM09-635CTD

09/10/27

JM09-636CTD

JM09-642CTD

09/10/29

JM09-643CTD

Time (UTC) 1750

Continental slope north of Vestnesa Ridge Between Danksøyflaket and Danskøybratta

At stations JM09-012-GC, JM09-013-BC and JM09-014-BC Used for sound-velocity profile for multibeam echo sounder profiles DemoSponcom_oktnov09_Wijdefjorden 81-92, Used for sound-velocity profile for multibeam echo sounder profiles DemoSponcom_oktnov09_Wijdefjorden 93-196

1448

Outer Wijdefjorden

79˚44.06’ 015˚22.72’

139

09/10/29

1921

Inner Wijdefjorden

79˚07.65’ 016˚01.49’

229

JM09-644CTD

09/10/31

0027

Inner Wijdefjorden

79˚12.10’ 015˚50.72’

125

Used for sound-velocity profile for multibeam echo sounder profiles DemoSponcom_oktnov09_Wijdefjorden 196-296

JM09-645CTD

09/10/31

2000

Central Wijdefjorden

79˚15.55’ 15˚51.03’

138

Used for sound-velocity profile for multibeam DemoSponcom_oktnov09_Wijdefjorden 299-425

JM09-646CTD

09/11/01

2046

Central Wijdefjorden

79˚26.36’ 015˚33.26’

55

At station JM09-011-GC

JM09-647CTD

09/11/02

1211

Off Magdalenefjorden

79˚36.00’ 009˚53.97’

102

Used for sound-velocity profile for multibeam echo sounder profiles DemoSponcom_oktnov09_Wijdefjorden 426-456

JM09-648CTD

09/11/03

0406

Tempelfjorden

78˚24.69’ 017˚07.24’

77

At station JM09-015-BC and JM09-016- GC

JM09-649CTD

09/11/03

2157

Outer van Keulenfjorden

77˚35.21’ 015˚01.01’

101

Used for sound-velocity profile for multibeam echo sounder profiles DemoSponcom_oktnov09_VanKeulen 005-053

JM09-650CTD

09/11/04

1229

Central van Keulenfjorden

77˚32.61’ 015˚29.35’

103

Used for sound-velocity profile for multibeam echo sounder profiles DemoSponcom_oktnov09_VanKeulen 055-091

JM09-651CTD

09/11/05

0738

Hornsund

76˚57.30’ 015˚41.74’

134

At station JM09-017-GC and JM09-018-BC

JM09-652CTD

09/11/05

1747

Outer Storfjorden

76˚18.89’ 019˚41.97’

252

At station JM09-019-BC and JM09-020- GC

Table 1: Conductivity-temperature-depth stations.

24 Cruise report – Spitsbergen fjords, Fram Strait & northern Barents Sea, Autumn 2009

Station

Date

JM09001-MC

09/10/ 27

JM09002-MC

09/10/ 27

JM09003-MC

09/10/ 27

JM09004-MC

09/10/ 27

JM09005-MC

09/10/ 27

Time Latitude [N] Location (UTC) Longitude [E]

1953

Mouth of Kongsfjorden

79˚02.98’ 011˚06.54’

2052

Kongsfjorden

79˚00.75’ 011˚23.07’

2151

Kongsfjorden

78˚59,15’ 011˚39.57’

2237

Kongsfjorden

78˚59.05’ 011˚50.29’

2326

Kongsfjorden

79˚00.64’ 011˚44.42’

Water depth [m]

331

378

274

305

284

Core barrel [cm]

Recovery

80

3 of 5 cores

80

3 of 5 cores

80

3 of 5 cores

80

4 of 5 cores

80

4 of 5 cores

Analyses

A: living foraminifera; B: dinoflagellates; C: Mg/Ca measurements on benthic foraminifera

A: living foraminifera; B: Mg/Ca measurements on benthic foraminifera; C: dinoflagellates

A: living foraminifera; B: Mg/Ca measurements on benthic foraminifera; C: dinoflagellates;

A: living foraminifera; B: Mg/Ca measurements on benthic foraminifera; C: dinoflagellates;

A: living foraminifera; B: Mg/Ca measurements on benthic foraminifera; C: dinoflagellates;

Sub-sampling A: 0-5 cm, sliced every 0.5 cm, stained with ethanol & Rose Bengal; B: 0-2 cm, sliced every 1cm, kept in darkness; C: 0-2 cm, sliced 0.5 + 0.5 +1cm, stained with ethanol & Rose Bengal; A: 0-5 cm, sliced every 0.5 cm, stained with ethanol & Rose Bengal; B: 0-2 cm, sliced 0.5 + 0.5 + 1cm, stained with ethanol & Rose Bengal; C: 0-2 cm, sliced every 1 cm, kept in darkness; A: 0-5 cm, sliced every 0.5 cm, stained with ethanol & Rose Bengal; B: 0-2 cm, sliced 0.5 + 0.5 + 1cm, stained with ethanol & Rose Bengal; C: 0-2 cm, sliced every 1 cm, kept in darkness; A: 0-5 cm, sliced every 0.5 cm, stained with ethanol & Rose Bengal; B: 0-2 cm, sliced 0.5 + 0.5 + 1cm, stained with ethanol & Rose Bengal; C: 0-2 cm, sliced every 1 cm, kept in darkness; A: 0-5 cm, sliced every 0.5 cm, stained with ethanol & Rose Bengal; B: 0-2 cm, sliced 0.5 + 0.5 + 1cm, stained with ethanol & Rose Bengal; C: 0-2 cm, sliced every 1 cm, kept in darkness;

Table 2: Multi-corer stations stations.

25 Cruise report – Spitsbergen fjords, Fram Strait & northern Barents Sea, Autumn 2009

Station

Date

Time (UTC)

Location

Latitude [N] Longitude [E]

Water depth [m]

Penetration [m]

Recovery [cm]

JM09-006-GC

09/10/28

1827

South of central Kongfjorden Canyon

79˚09.56’ 006˚37.13’

1448

>6m

357

1947

Nouth of central Kongfjorden Canyon

79˚09.98’ 006˚39.75’

1424

? see comments

552

2146

South of central Kongfjorden Canyon

79˚18,94’ 006˚13.42’

1583

2245

Nouth of central Kongfjorden Canyon

79˚15.98’ 006˚14.27’

1550

JM09-007-GC

JM09-008-GC

JM09-009-GC

09/10/28

09/10/28

09/10/28

? see comment station 007 ? see comment station 007

Comment - 4 sections - Core-cutter & corecatcher samples - 6 sections - Core-cutter & corecatcher samples + c. 15 cm long sample sticking out of the core cutter; - Penetration not measured because the barrel was not cleaned after the first station due to low (freezing) temperatures

464.5

- 5 sections - Core-cutter & corecatcher samples

509.5

- 5 sections - Core-cutter & corecatcher samples

JM09-011-GC

09/11/01

2109

Central Wijdefjorden

79˚26.21’ 015˚34.04’

61

~3 m

161.5

- 2 sections - Core-cutter & corecatcher samples - Sample of outer core cutter incl. shell fragments

JM09-012-GC

09/11/02

0321

Outer Wijdefjorden

79˚44.04’ 015˚22.54’

139

?

210

- 2 sections - Core-cutter sample

JM09-016-GC

09/11/03

0456

Tempelfjorden

78˚24.84’ 017˚07.29’

73

~6 m

261

JM09-017-GC

09/11/05

0748

Horsund

76˚57.32’ 015˚41.45’

132

>6m

342

- 4 sections

JM09-020-GC

09/11/05

1844

Outer Storfjordenna

76˚19.35’ 019˚39.92’

252

>6m

420

- 4 sections

- 3 sections

Table 3: Gravity-corer stations stations.

26 Cruise report – Spitsbergen fjords, Fram Strait & northern Barents Sea, Autumn 2009

Station

Date

Time (UTC)

Location

Latitude [N]

Longitude [E]

Water depth [m]

Comments

JM09-010BC

09/10/30

1542

Inner Wijdefjorden

79˚07.73’

016˚01.56’

229

Sampling of the surface for: A: living foraminifera; B,C: Mg/Ca measurements on benthic foraminifera, surface; D,E: Mg/Ca measurements on benthic foraminifera, below surface; F: surface for element-geochemical analyses; Sub-sampling: A: intrusion of multicorer barrel into the sediments (5cm),sliced every 0.5 cm, stained with Rose Bengal; B,C: fluffy layer stained with Rose Bengal; D,E: sediment below fluffy layer, stained with Rose Bengal; F: fluffy layer;

JM09-013BC

09/11/02

0351

Outer Wijdefjorden

79˚44.00’

015˚22.68’

139

Disturbed and partly washed-out surface

JM09-014BC

09/11/02

0415

Outer Wijdefjorden

79˚43.96’

015˚22.96’

141

JM09-015BC

09/11/03

0434

Tempelfjorden

78˚24.84’

017˚07.71’

75

JM09-018BC

09/11/05

0819

Hornsund

76˚57.23’

015˚41.78’

131

JM09-019BC

09/11/05

1819

Outer Storfjorden

76˚19.33’

019˚40.38’

252

Sampling of the surface for: A: living foraminifera; B: Mg/Ca measurements on benthic foraminifera; C: surface for element-geochemical analyses; Sub-sampling: A: intrusion of multicorer barrel into the sediments (5cm), sliced every 0.5 cm, stained with Rose Bengal; B: fluffy layer stained with Rose Bengal; C: fluffy layer; Sampling of the surface for: A: Mg/Ca measurements on benthic foraminifera, surface; B: datings; Sub-sampling: A: fluffy layer stained with Rose Bengal; B: intrusion of one plastic liner into the sediments (44 cm); Sampling of the surface for: A: Mg/Ca measurements on benthic foraminifera, surface; B: datings; C: living foraminifera; Sub-sampling: A: fluffy layer stained with Rose Bengal; B: intrusion of multicorer barrel into the sediments (33 cm) and subsampling in one-cm intervals; C: intrusion of multicorer barrel into the sediments (5cm), sliced every 0.5 cm, stained with Rose Bengal; Sampling of the surface for: A: Mg/Ca measurements on benthic foraminifera, surface; B: datings; Sub-sampling: A: fluffy layer stained with Rose Bengal; B: intrusion of multicorer barrel into the sediments (30 cm) and subsampling in one cm-intervals;

Table 4: Box-corer stations stations.

27 Cruise report – Spitsbergen fjords, Fram Strait & northern Barents Sea, Autumn 2009

Table 5: Acoustic line log for leg 1 (Oct. 27th – Nov. 3rd 2009). 28 Cruise report – Spitsbergen fjords, Fram Strait & northern Barents Sea, Autumn 2009

Table 5 – cont.: Acoustic line log for leg 1 (Oct. 27th – Nov. 3rd 2009). 29 Cruise report – Spitsbergen fjords, Fram Strait & northern Barents Sea, Autumn 2009

Table 5 – cont.: Acoustic line log for leg 1 (Oct. 27th – Nov. 3rd 2009). 30 Cruise report – Spitsbergen fjords, Fram Strait & northern Barents Sea, Autumn 2009

Table 6: Acoustic line log for leg 2 (Nov. 3rd – Nov 7th 2009). 31 Cruise report – Spitsbergen fjords, Fram Strait & northern Barents Sea, Autumn 2009

North 78˚27.23’ 78˚27.19’ 78˚27.09’ 78˚26.97’ 78˚26.85’ 78˚26.64’ 78˚26.46’ 78˚26.41’ 78˚26.26’ 78˚26.14’

East 017˚19.23’ 017˚19.63’ 017˚19.96’ 017˚20.68’ 017˚21.06’ 017˚21.51’ 017˚22.24’ 017˚23.38’ 017˚23.38’ 017˚23.67’

Table 7: Positions of the front of the glacier Tunabreen at the head of Tempelfjorden, October 31st 2008.

32 Cruise report – Spitsbergen fjords, Fram Strait & northern Barents Sea, Autumn 2009

Appendix Date

2009/10/27 Tuesday

2009/10/28 Wednesday

2009/10/29 Thursday

2009/10/30 Friday

2009/10/31 Saturday

2009/11/01 Sunday

2009/11/02 Monday

2009/11/03 Tuesday

2009/11/04 Wednesday

2009/11/05 Thursday

2009/11/06 Friday

2009/11/07 Saturday

Time (local) 0000 0400 0800 1200 1600 2000 0000 0400 0800 1200 1600 2000 0000 0400 0800 1200 1600 2000 0000 0400 0800 1200 1600 2000 0000 0400 0800 1200 1600 2000 0000 0400 0800 1200 1600 2000 0000 0400 0800 1200 1600 2000 0000 0400 0800 1200 1600 2000 0000 0400 0800 1200 1600 2000 0000 0400 0800 1200 1600 2000 0000 0400 0800 1200 1600 2000 0000 0400 0800 1200 1600 2000

Wind direction (°) LYR LYR 30 70 290 280 290 350 350 350 340 360 340 120 130 130 180 170 170 170 170 350 350 350 350 310 340 320 230 170 160 160 160 160 160 170 170 180 200 300 210 190 270 230 LYR 80 00 110 80 80 80 80 00 270 350 300 330 50 70 10 80 80 80 20 170 130 200 230 TOS TOS TOS

Wind strength (Beaufort) LYR LYR 1 3 6 4 4 7 7 7 5 3 2 4 4 4 6 5 4 4 3 6 4 3 4 4 4 2 2 4 7 7 7 6 6 5 6 4 3 2 3 3 2 1 LYR 2 0 3 2 3 3 5 0 4 4 4 3 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 TOS TOS TOS

Weather LYR LYR variable cloud cover rain, snow, sleet or hale showers rain, snow, sleet or hale showers rain, snow, sleet or hale showers rain, snow, sleet or hale showers rain, snow, sleet or hale showers rain, snow, sleet or hale showers rain, snow, sleet or hale showers rain, snow, sleet or hale showers snow or sleet variable cloud cover rain, snow, sleet or hale showers rain, snow, sleet or hale showers cloudy or overcast snow or sleet cloudy or overcast rain, snow, sleet or hale showers rain, snow, sleet or hale showers rain, snow, sleet or hale showers rain, snow, sleet or hale showers rain, snow, sleet or hale showers rain, snow, sleet or hale showers rain, snow, sleet or hale showers rain, snow, sleet or hale showers rain, snow, sleet or hale showers cloudy or overcast cloudy or overcast cloudy or overcast rain, snow, sleet or hale showers cloudy or overcast rain, snow, sleet or hale showers cloudy or overcast cloudy or overcast cloudy or overcast cloudy or overcast cloudy or overcast fog, freezing fog or haziness rain, snow, sleet or hale showers rain, snow, sleet or hale showers fog, freezing fog or haziness rain, snow, sleet or hale showers cloudy or overcast LYR cloudy or overcast fog, freezing fog or haziness cloudy or overcast rain, snow, sleet or hale showers rain, snow, sleet or hale showers cloudy or overcast rain, snow, sleet or hale showers cloudy or overcast cloudy or overcast rain, snow, sleet or hale showers rain, snow, sleet or hale showers cloudy or overcast rain fog, freezing fog or haziness cloudy or overcast cloudy or overcast cloudy or overcast cloudy or overcast cloudy or overcast cloudy or overcast variable cloud cover rain, snow, sleet or hale showers rain, snow, sleet or hale showers TOS TOS TOS

Sea state (wave height) LYR LYR 0 0.50-1.25 m 0.50-1.25 m 0.50-1.25 m 0.50-1.25 m 1.25-2.50 m 1.25-2.50 m 1.25-2.50 m 1.25-2.50 m 0.50-1.25 m 0-0.25 m 0.25-0.50 m 0.50-1.25 m 0.50-1.25 m 0.50-1.25 m 0.50-1.25 m 0.25-0.50 m 0.25-0.50 m 0.25-0.50 m 0.50-1.25 m 0.50-1.25 m 0.25-0.50 m 0.25-0.50 m 0.25-0.50 m 0.25-0.50 m 0-0.25 m 0 0.25-0.50 m 1.25-2.50 m 1.25-2.50 m 1.25-2.50 m 1.25-2.50 m 1.25-2.50 m 0.50-1.25 m 1.25-2.50 m 0.50-1.25 m 0.50-1.25 m 1.25-2.50 m 0.50-1.25 m 0.50-1.25 m 0 0 LYR 0-0.25 m 0.50-1.25 m 0.25-0.50 m 0-0.25 m 0-0.25 m 0-0.25 m 0.25-0.50 m 0 0.50-1.25 m 1.25-2.50 m 0.50-1.25 m 0.50-1.25 m 1.25-2.50 m 1.25-2.50 m 0.50-1.25 m 0.50-1.25 m 0.50-1.25 m 0.50-1.25 m 1.25-2.50 m 0.50-1.25 m 0.50-1.25 m 0.50-1.25 m 0 TOS TOS TOS

Temperature (°C) LYR LYR -8 -4 -6 -7 -5 -7 -7 -6 -7-8 -8 -6 -6 -5 -3 -2 -2 -1 -1 -6 -7 -8 -8 -8 -7 -7 -7 -5 -2 -1 0 1 2 4 5 4 2 1 1 0,8 0,6 1 LYR 2 2 4 0,1 0,4 1,6 3 2,8 0,4 2,2 2 1 0 1,6 0,2 1 2 1,8 5 5 6 7 4 TOS TOS TOS

Appendix 1: Weather observations (obtained from vessel’s logbook). LYR = Ship in port in Longyearbyen. TOS = Ship in port in Tromsø. 33 Cruise report – Spitsbergen fjords, Fram Strait & northern Barents Sea, Autumn 2009