Crop Profile for Corn in Montana

Crop Profile for Corn in Montana Prepared: June, 2002 General Production Information CORN Acreage, Yield, Production, Price, Total Value, and Utiliza...
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Crop Profile for Corn in Montana Prepared: June, 2002

General Production Information CORN Acreage, Yield, Production, Price, Total Value, and Utilization, Montana, USA Total Acres

For Grain

Har- Yield ProYear Planted Har- vested Per duction vested (000) (000) Acre (000) (000) Acres Bushel Bushel

For Silage

Price Per Bushel Dollars

Value of Production Dollars

Harvested Acres (000)

Yield Per Acre Tons

Production (000) Tons

2001

65

64

13

148.0

1,924

2.00

3,848

51

22.0

1,122

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996

60 65 60 60 55

58 63 59 59 54

16 18 18 14 15

140.0 110.0 115.0 135.0 137.0

2,240 1,980 2,070 1,890 2,055

1.53 1.55 1.90 2.40 2.60

3,427 3,069 3,933 4,536 5,343

42 45 41 45 39

21.0 20.0 21.0 21.0 21.0

882 900 861 945 819

Montana ranks 40th for corn (grain) production or 1% of the national ranking Montana ranks 28th for corn (silage) production or 0.9% of the national ranking Production Areas CORN Acreage, Utilization, and Yield By Counties, Montana, USA, 2000 /1 COUNTY & DISTRICT

Planted All Purposes Acres 2/

Harvested Acres

Yield Per Acre Bu.

Lake Other NORTHWEST

900 400 1,300

GRAIN

SILAGE

Production Harvested Bu. Acres 700 100 800

115 115 115

Yield Per Acre Tons 80,500 11,500 92,000

The Crop Profile/PMSP database, including this document, is supported by USDA NIFA.

Production Tons 200 16 200 16 400 16

3,100 3,100 6,200

Phillips Other NORTH CENTRAL

700 1,000 1,700

700 1,000 1,700

135 139 137

94,500 138,500 233,000

2,900 7,900 1,500 1,200 13,500

1,300 2,500 300 800 4,900

125 109 90 103 111

162,000 273,000 27,000 82,000 544,000

CENTRAL

800

--

--

--

600 17

10,400

SOUTHWEST

200

--

-

--

200 17

3,400

Big Horn Carbon Stillwater Treasure Yellowstone SOUTH CENTRAL

1,100 4,900 2,100 4,600 13,300 26,000

300 1,100 300 1,500 2,700 5,900

140 147 167 177 170 166

42,000 162,000 50,000 265,000 460,000 979,000

700 3,500 1,700 3,000 10,500 19,400

22 15,500 23 79,300 24 40,200 23 69,000 24 256,000 24 460,000

Custer Prairie Rosebud Other SOUTHEAST

6,400 2,800 6,600 700 16,500

1,700 1,100 1,500 400 4,700

159 140 136 110 143

270,000 154,000 204,000 44,000 672,000

4,500 1,600 4,900 200 11,200

18 79,000 21 34,000 20 98,000 4,000 20 19 215,000

MONTANA

60,000

18,000

140

2,520,000

Dawson Richland Valley Other NORTHEAST

-- --- --- -1,400 5,300 1,100 400 8,200

----

19 26,200 18 93,000 16 18,000 20 7,800 18 145,000

40,000 21 840,000

1/ Mostly irrigated. 2/ Counties with less than 500 acres planted are combined into "other" counties to avoid disclosure of individual information.

Insect Pests European Corn Borer European corn borer (ECB) larvae are cream colored to pinkish caterpillars, which are marked with small, round brown spots. The head capsule is dark or reddish brown. Fully developed larvae are 25 millimeters (one inch) in length. Male moths are distinctly darker and slightly smaller than the pale yellow female moth. The average adult wing-span is about 25 millimeters (one inch). The forewings are buff colored with darker bands running in wavy lines across the wings.

First generation. In early spring, overwintered larvae pupate and emerge as moths during late May or early June. On warm, calm, humid evenings in June, female moths fly from weedy or grassy margins into cornfields and lay eggs. Eggs are laid in masses of 15 to 30 on the underside of corn leaves, usually near the midrib. The egg masses have a scaly, glossy white appearance. As the egg masses mature, the black head capsules of the developing larvae become visible, and the egg mass is described as being in the "blackhead stage." Once an egg mass reaches the blackhead stage, hatching will generally occur within 36 hours. Larvae require from four to six weeks to complete development. Mature larvae, fifth instar first generation, change into pupae within the corn stalk. Adult moths emerge in mid-July to early August to form the second generation. Adults fly at night but do not cause damage. ECB usually go through two generations each year. Second generation. The female summer moth prefers to lay eggs in corn that is tasseling and in the green silk stage. Later-maturing fields are more attractive to egg-laying moths than fields approaching maturity. Second generation larvae bore into the tassels, ear shanks, ears, and stalks. These larvae usually overwinter and do not pupate until the following spring. ECB usually go through two generations each year. The young larvae feed first on the leaf near where they hatched. As the larvae grow, they move to the whorl or leaf sheath area, and feed. When leaves emerge, the "shot hole" feeding signs in the leaves can be seen. Most of the mature larvae will bore into the stalks, feed, and finish development there. Second generation larvae cause ear damage, tunneling in the shank and feeding on silks, kernels and cobs. Signs of infestation include: dropped ears, broken shanks, stalk breakage, sawdust-like castings on leaves, and holes in the stalks. Some hybrids have useful resistance to the first brood of European corn borer, which feeds in the whorls and later enters the stalk. Control can be expected with Bt corn hybrids. Beauveria bassinia is a fungus that attacks and eventually kills ECB larvae. Nosema pyraustae is a protozoan organism that infects eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults. Ladybird beetle larvae and adults and lacewing larvae feed on eggs and newly hatched larvae. Two parasitic wasps, Eriborus terebrans and Sympiesis viridula, are known to parasitize ECB larvae.

Cultural Control Planting date may affect infestations since egg-laying females are attracted to taller corn. Chemical Control Granules applied by ground and air, as well as some center-pivot applied liquids, have given the best results in university tests. The second brood feeds in leaf axils and the ear tip, and later enters the stalk or the ear. Second brood damage increases the possibility of lodging and ear drop losses, so heavily infested fields should be harvested early. Aerially applied and center-pivot applied liquids have performed better than granules for control of second-generation larvae in university tests. Monitor treated fields for spider mites as applications for control of second generation are often associated with mite outbreaks.

Pesticide

Product/Acre

Preharvest Interval, remarks

First Generation Only Dyfonate II 15G

4 - 8 oz/1000 row ft 30 days. Use lower rate if #2 borers per plant. Hazardous to Bees! 2 5 - 6.75 lb (broadcast)

Counter 15GR

6 - 8 oz/1000 row ft Do not graze or cut forage for 30 days. Do not exceed per year. Hazardous to Bees! 8.7 lb broadcast

Counter 20CRR

6 oz/1000 row feet 6.5 lb broadcast First and Second Generation

Capture 2ER,1

2.1 - 6.4 oz

Furadan 4FR

0.75 – 1.00 (24 - 32 30 days. DO NOT APPLY MORE THAN 2 PT/ oz) ACRE AS FOLIAR SPRAY. Use a sticker. Do not apply within 14 days of detasseling or rogueing seed corn. Extremely Hazardous to Bees!

Lorsban 15G

Lorsban 4E1

6 - 8 oz/1000 row ft 35 days to harvest. Treat when 25 50 percent of the plants show pinhole feeding or leaf feeding scars. Applications should be directed into the corn leaf whorls. Not for use on popcorn. Extremely Hazardous to Bees! 1 - 2 pt

Dipel ES1,2

See labels

30 days. Use rates below 5.12 fl. oz. only if spider mites are NOT a concern. Extremely Hazardous to Bees!

0 days. Time application when young larvae are present for first or second generation. Cool weather may cause ECB to seek protected areas. This will hamper effectiveness of Bt insecticides.

Asana XLR,1

5.8 - 9.6 oz

21 days. Spray when eggs are in the blackhead stage or starting to hatch. Extremely Hazardous to Bees!

Warrior TR,1

2.56 - 3.84 oz

21 days. For control before the larva bores into the plant stalk or ear. Do not apply more than 0.12 lb ai/ A/season. Extremely Hazardous to Bees!

Penncap MR,1

32 - 64 oz

12 days. Extremely Hazardous to Bees. Do not apply when bees are foraging in the field.

Ambush 2ER,1

6.4 - 12.8 oz

30 days. Extremely Hazardous to Bees!

Pounce 1.5GR

6.7 - 13.3 lb

Pounce 3.2ER,1

4 - 8 oz

RRestricted

use pesticide. 1Labeled for chemigation. 2Generic active ingredient, may be additional formulations.

Pale Western Cutworm The pale western cutworm is a subterranean soft bodied caterpillar; grayish_white in color, unmarked by spots or stripes, with two distinct vertical brown bars on the front of the head capsule. A fully developed larvae is about 25 millimeters (one inch) in length. Adult moths emerge from the soil in late summer and fall. Eggs are deposited in loose soil and usually hatch within two weeks. Hatch may be delayed for up to several months if moisture and temperature conditions are unfavorable. Larvae prefer loose, sandy or dusty soil and are found most easily in the driest parts of the field, such as hilltops. Outbreaks are associated with dry conditions in the previous spring. If the preceding May and June had fewer than 10 days with ¼ inch or more of rainfall, then pale western cutworm populations can be expected to increase. If the preceding May and June had more than 15 such days the cutworm will almost totally disappear. Rainfall events of more than ¼ inch tend to drive the cutworms to the soil surface and exposes them to more than usual levels of predation and parasitization. Pale western cutworm is a subterranean cutworm feeding on stems at the crown. In corn, the cutworms may cut off small seedlings below ground. As corn plants get larger, they may enter the plant and cause the growing point to die. After feeding is completed, pale western cutworm larvae move to pupal chambers constructed several inches below the soil surface. Adult emergence can begin in late July. Small grains,

corn, and a variety of other crops have been damaged by pale western cutworm. They are usually found in corn after a wheat field has been replanted to corn in early spring. Because of the sporadic nature of pale western cutworm outbreaks, management options are limited to the use of insecticides. Pale western cutworms seem to feed more under dry conditions, so yield relationships are difficult to define. Consider insecticide treatment if one plant in 20 is injured, and cutworms are present. Chemical Control Cutworms are the most prevalent in corn following sod, alfalfa or small grain stubble, and after corn in fields with much crop or weed residue. Early detection of their presence is essential. Crusting or dry surface soil can reduce control with some materials, which can be counteracted by rotary hoeing immediately before or after the application. Pyrethroids (Ambush 2ER, Pounce 3.2ER) have performed better without incorporation in most studies. Control is not expected with Bt corn hybrids.

Pesticide Product/Acre

Preharvest Interval, remarks

Sevin1,2, Sevin XLR+

See labels

0 days. For optimum control, apply in a 12 inch band, over the row, using sufficient water. Extremely Hazardous to Bees!

Lorsban 15G

13.5 lb (broadcast)

Suppression only for in furrow treatments. Not for use on popcorn.

8oz/1000 ft Lorsban 4E1

2 - 4 pt

Preplant, PPI, At plant, or PRE. May be tankmixed with paraquat and Roundup herbicides. Not for use on popcorn. Extremely Hazardous to Bees!

Asana XLR ,1

5.8 - 9.6 oz

21 days. Apply as necessary to maintain control. Extremely Hazardous to Bees!

Ambush 2ER ,1

6.4 - 12.8 oz

30 days. Extremely Hazardous to Bees!

Pounce 3.2E

R,1

0.1 – 0.2 (4.8 fl. oz.) 30 days. Pre-treatment broadcast rate. See label for reduced banded rates. Same broadcast rate may be used as post emergence rescue treatment. Extremely Hazardous to Bees!

Pounce 1.5GR

6.7 - 13.3 lb

Banded at planting.

Aztec 2.1 GR

6.7 oz/1000 row ft

Band, T band, or in furrow at planting.

RRestricted

use pesticide. 1Labeled for chemigation. 2Generic active ingredient, may be additional formulations

Wireworms Wireworms are the larval stage of a family of beetles commonly called "click beetles." There are several species of wireworm whose life cycle may require one or more years per generation. The insects usually overwinter in the adult stage. Adults are brownish or even blackish in color, elongate and tapering toward each end but more so toward the rear. The earliest stages of larvae are very small and white, later stages have a characteristic hard shell appearance and a yellow-brown color. Mature larvae range from ½ to one inch in length, depending on the species. Females deposit eggs in the soil among grass roots. When the eggs hatch the larvae feed on the roots of corn and other grasses. The larvae mature in from two to five years. Fully developed larvae form pupation chambers in the soil and pupate. Adults emerge from the pupae and remain in the soil until the following spring. Wireworm populations in corn are most severe in corn fields following sod or fields having a prolonged grassy weed problem. Wireworms feed on germinating corn seeds and early corn seedlings, and may bore into stalks at the soil level. There may be significant stand loss if there is an abundant population in the field. Use corn protectants such as: Assault 25 STD, Isotox_D, Isotox_F, Agrox D_L Plus, Germate, and Kernel Guard. Soil insecticide treatments applied at planting include: Aztec, Counter, Dyfonate, Force, Fortress, Furadan, Lorsban (not for use on popcorn), and Thimet. If severe infestations are anticipated, use a protectant and a soil insecticide labeled for in-furrow use such as Warrior T ).

Weeds Weed control in corn is essential for maximum crop yield. Producers must recognize and take advantage of three key timing opportunities to effectively manage troublesome weeds. Pre-crop: Plan ahead and begin control of as many weeds as possible before planting corn. This pre-crop opportunity is especially important for managing perennial weed problems. Quackgrass, bermudagrass, Canada thistle, field bindweed, or other noxious perennials can be greatly reduced with properly timed applications of effective systemic herbicides. Some are most effective if applied in the early fall after harvest of the crop preceding corn. Others can actually be applied during the growing season of a previous crop. Be sure to consult labels for an recropping intervals required after a herbicide application. Consider spot treatments if perennial wed problems are not extensive enough to justify broadcast applications. In some instances, a fallow period may be helpful in reducing weed populations. Preplant or Preemergence: Helping newly emerged crops to grow for several weeks with little or no weed competition is very important. Selective preplant and preemergence residual herbicides are very effective in eliminating or greatly reducing weed competition during this critical crop growth period. Preplant tillage associated with normal seedbed preparation also controls many annual weeds. No-till and minimum tillage cropping systems often require greater use if herbicides to help compensate for the lack of seedbed preparation tillage. Roundup or Gramoxone Extra are usually applied at least once prior to planting or crop emergence in no-till systems, followed by application of a preplant or preemergence residual herbicide. Postemergence: Weeds appearing soon after crop emergence can be controlled by cultivation and/or selective postemergence herbicides. Several preplant/preemergence herbicides can also be applied after crop emergence. Some of these will not control emerged weeds, but can be applied after final cultivation to prevent any new annual weeds from becoming established. The window of opportunity for postemergence sprays can be extended considerably for some herbicides if applied as a directed spray. A special boom fitted with drop-nozzles allows herbicide placement directly to the soil surface or to

small emerged weeds, without spray contacting the crop foliage.

Herbicides Used On Corn Production In Montana A C C E N T

Grass Weeds

B A L A N C E

B A N V E L

C L A R I T Y

D I S T I N C T

F R O N T I E R

X

Broaleaf Weeds

L I G H T N I N G

X X

X

X

P O A S T

R O U N D U P

X

X

General Weed Control Barnyardgrass

L A S S O

X X

Velvetleaf

X

Kochia

X

Accent - nicosulfuron

Distinct -dicamba, diflufenzopyr

Poast - sethoxydim

Balance - isoxaflutole

Frontier - dimethenamid

Roundup- glyphosate

Banvel - dicamba

Lightning - imazethapyr

Tough - pyridate

Clarity - dicamba

Lasso - alachlor

T O U G H

Diseases Common smut appears as galls filled with a blacked spore mass on stems and ears. Occasionally blisters form on leaves, but these do not contain spores. Head smut affects tassels and ears, causing a leafy appearance and sterility. Plants are stunted. Both of these fungi overwinter in or on the soil. Basidiospores of U. maydis infect fast growing, meristematic tissues primarily through wounds and stomates. S. reliana infects seedlings and grows systemically to the floral tissues. Little can be done to control common smut other than careful cultivation to avoid wounding. Head smut is best controlled with resistant cultivars. These fungi survive in debris, soil, seed and transplants. Best management practices include using resistant cultivars, seed treatment with fungicides, and crop rotation. Stalk Rots and Ear Rots Fusarium stalk rot, Fusarium moniliforme, is the mildest. The symptoms include root rot, stunting, premature senescence and poor yield. The interior of infected stalks appear darkened and water soaked at the early stages of disease development. Later the pith can take on a pink to red color. The fungus survives as mycelium or spores in debris and soil. Infection occurs through roots of seedlings and immature plants. Disease is favored by stresses such as high N, water stress, soil compaction and high plant density. Use of resistant cultivars and alleviating sources of plant stress are recommended for management. There are no effective fungicides for stalk rots. Gibberella stalk rot, Fusarium gramineraum, is very similar to Fusarium stalk rot but is much more severe. Stalks become completely hollowed out and lodging is common. Insects such as rootworms and stalk borers increase stalk rot damage by weakening plants and carrying the fungus to wounds. Charcoal rot, Macrophomina phaseolina, occurs under hot and dry conditions. It is found most often in the southeastern part of the state. The interior pith of stalks is rotted out and replaced by small black sclerotia. Lodging and yield losses can be severe. Goss's Wilt Corynebacterium nebraskensis causes water-soaked streaks, parallel to the leaf veins, to occur on the leaves. Dark, angular, water-soaked spots form next to the leaf veins. The fibrovascular bundles in systematically-infected stalks are discolored. Affected plants may be stunted. Plants can be infected, wilt and die at any stage. The bacterium overwinters in corn debris near the soil surface and in seed. Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus Barley yellow dwarf virus is a luteovirus that infects many crops including corn. Aphids, including greenbug, oat bird cherry, corn leaf, and English grain, are the vectors. Plants are stunted and have a stiff, squashed appearance. Individual leaves turn yellow from the tips in a chevron pattern that leaves the midvein green. The virus survives in aphids, grassy weeds and volunteers, and in fall planted cereals. Infected plants are located at random in a field where the winged adult aphid landed. These plants develop into the foci of the disease. Disease is favored by cool, wet weather in the spring and early summer. Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus

Early symptoms of wheat streak mosaic virus appear as small chlorotic spots of broken streaks at the tips of young leaves. The streaks elongate and develop parallel to the veins. Symptoms vary greatly with the plant genotype. Very susceptible lines may have poorly developed ears with little or no seed set, and general yellowing and stunting of the plants may occur. Transmission of wheat streak mosaic virus is by the minute wheat curl mite, Eriophyes tulipae. Yellow areas appear on the field edges adjacent to volunteer wheat during spring. High Plains Disease High plains disease infects corn in the high plains of the western U.S. Most dent corn, a classification of grain corn, is resistant. Transmission is by the wheat leaf curl mite, Aceria tosichella Kiefer, which also transmits wheat streak mosaic virus. Mixed infections of high plains disease and wheat streak mosaic frequently occur, since the vector is the same for both diseases. Symptoms on corn are severe stunting, yellowing, and a strong mosaic. These symptoms are somewhat similar to those of corn lethal necrosis. However, corn plants with high plains disease often have distinctive longitudinal red stripes on the leaves. Affected plants typically occur next to wheat fields. Fortunately, only a few corn hybrids seem to be affected. Planting near volunteer wheat increases this disease. Also, warm fall temperatures favor the wheat curl mite vector. Symptoms are similar to wheat streak mosaic, but they tend to be spottier. Yellow areas in the field appear in the spring especially near the edges adjacent to volunteer wheat. Seedling Blight Pre- and post-emergence damping-off and seedling blights occur with all crops. Soil-inhabiting fungi (Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp. Pythium spp., and Rhizoctonia solani) cause these diseases. They are characterized by missing or collapsed plants. When pre-emergence damping-off occurs, seedlings fail to break the soil surface. The germinating seed is rotted while still in the ground. With post-emergence damping-off, seedlings still in the cotyledon stage will rot at the soil line. The stem appears pinched and plants fall over. Seedling blights occur after true leaves emerge. The developing root system rots and plants collapse. Seedling diseases are problems when soils are cold and wet immediately following planting. These conditions can delay germination or stress developing seedlings, which allows pathogens to attack. Crusting caused by poor soil preparation, hard rain, or excessive trash on the surface also contributes to disease. Fungicide seed treatment combined with avoiding cold wet soils and good soil preparation will best manage these diseases. Fungicides Used In The Management of Diseases In Corn ● ● ● ● ● ●

mancozeb (Dithane F45; Dithane DF; Penncozeb) metalaxyl (Apron 7L) captan (Captan 30DD; Captan 400) carboxin (Vitavax 34) chlorothalonil (Ensign 720) mancozeb (Penncozeb 75 DF; Penncozeb 80W)

● ● ●

metam sodium (Vapam) RTU-PCNB (RTU-PCNB) thiram (Thiram 50WP; Vitaflo 280)

Contacts Reeves Petroff Pesticide Education Specialist PO Box 173020 Montana State University Bozeman, MT 59717-3020 Phone: (406) 994-3518 Fax: (406) 994-6029 E-mail: [email protected]

References 1. High Plains Integrated Pest Management Guide for Colorado-Western Nebraska-WyomingMontana A cooperative effort of the Universities of Nebraska, Wyoming, Colorado and Montana, supported by USDA, Western Region IPM. 2. Personal conversation with Dr. Sue Blodgett, Montana State University.