Course Outline and General Information

Course Outline and General Information Courses: GEOL2500 Introduction to Mineralogy GEOL2540 Introductory Mineralogy with Essentials of Mineral Optic...
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Course Outline and General Information Courses:

GEOL2500 Introduction to Mineralogy GEOL2540 Introductory Mineralogy with Essentials of Mineral Optics Instructor: Dr. Anton Chakhmouradian Where & when: September 10 (Thursday) – December 8 (Tuesday), 2009 Lectures: Tuesdays & Thursdays @ 10:00 am, 217 Wallace Labs: Thursdays 2:30-5:25 pm, 245 Wallace (GEOL 2500) Fridays 2:30-5:25 pm, 245 and 317 Wallace (GEOL 2540) For both courses, labs begin this week! Don’t miss the first lab! Assigned text: “The Manual of Mineral Science” by C. Klein & B. Dutrow (23rd edition), John Wiley & Sons, 2008. The previous, 22nd and older editions are also acceptable (but check Index for correct page numbers!). Contact info: You are welcome to ask questions during or after class or in the lab. My office hours are 1:00-3:00 pm on Tue & Wed (Rm 230, Wallace Bldg). You can also consult me by phone (474-7278) or e-mail at [email protected] (please indicate your student number in the subject line).

Topics covered in the course:

(same lecture material is covered in both courses; order of topics and emphasis may change) Introduction (2-10, 15-16, 282-284, lecture notes) Introductory remarks. Mineralogy, its significance and place among other sciences. What are minerals? Crystalline state. Metamict and amorphous minerals. End-members and solid solutions. Mineral names: Their origin and meaning. Mineral species, varieties, groups and classes. Minerals as chemical compounds (90-108, 276-281, lecture notes) Chemical composition of minerals and its graphical representation. Types of solid solutions. Chemical heterogeneity of minerals. Zoning and exsolution. From atoms to crystal structures (36-64, 66-81, lecture notes) Chemical bonding. Complexities of chemical bonding in minerals. Electronegativity. Atomic and ionic radius. Coordination of atoms in crystal structures, coordination numbers and coordination polyhedra. How to draw and interpret crystal structures. Crystal structure as the key to understanding the morphology and properties of crystals. Minerals as crystals (109-168, 182-216, lecture notes) Describing the morphology of crystals: symmetry elements. Point groups and crystal classes. Crystal systems. Miller and Miller-Bravais indices. Crystal forms and their combinations. Enantiomorphism. Translational symmetry and lattices. The concept of space groups. Quasicrystals. Real crystals (217-234, 22, lecture notes)

Defects in crystal structures and their significance for growth, physical properties and practical applications of minerals. Nucleation and growth of crystals. How fast do crystals grow? Habit and morphology of crystals. Poikilitic crystals, phantoms, lineage structures, pseudomorphs. Major types of twinning and their origin. Aggregates of crystals. Epitaxy. Physical and optical properties of minerals (234-244, 23-36, lecture notes) Color of minerals and its origins. Streak. Pleochroism. Luminescence. Diaphaneity, refraction index and luster. Density and specific gravity. Tenacity. Mohs hardness and microhardness. Cleavage and parting. Magnetic and electrical properties of crystals. How to use the properties of minerals for their identification. ________________ only the above material will be included in the midterm test ________________ Native elements and intermetallic compounds (83-84, 333-350, 272-274, lecture notes) Metals. Close-packing of atoms. Native copper, silver, gold, platinum and iron. Iron meteorites and Earth’s core. Atomic ordering. Granitic pegmatites and five-element hydrothermal ore deposits. The role of biological processes in mineral formation: the key example of sulfur. Graphite and diamond. Polymorphs and polytypes as exemplified by crystalline carbon. Kimberlites: A window into the Earth’s mantle. Impact metamorphism and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism. Eclogites. Halides (84, 374-375, 393-397, lecture notes) Major types of ionic halide structures. Halite, sylvite and fluorite. Evaporites. Silica minerals (267-268, 271-272, 468-470, 534-539, lecture notes) The Si-O bond and its unique characteristics. Silicate radicals; polymerization. Structural variations and transitions among silicates. Quartz modifications, tridymite and cristobalite. Twinning in quartz. Chalcedony. Opal. Coesite and stishovite. Silicates (88-89, 434-467, 470-552, lecture notes) Framework silicates. Feldspars and feldspathoids: Structure types, cation ordering, exsolution and twinning. Scapolites. Zeolites and their geological and practical significance. Sheet silicates. Kaolinite. Alteration of feldspars. Serpentine and serpentinites. Asbestos and asbestos-related health hazards. Talc and related minerals. Chlorite group. Mica group. Smectites, mixed-layer sheet silicates and the mineralogy of soils. Chain silicates. Wollastonite, pyroxenes and amphiboles: The primary source of petrogenetic information. Ultramafic rocks. Green and blue schists, amphibolites. Biopyriboles. Ring silicates. Cordierite, beryl and tourmalines. Neso- and sorosilicates. Olivine and related structures. Mineral composition of the Earth’s upper mantle. Garnet group: From the transition zone to low-grade metamorphism. Zircon. Titanite. Andalusite, kyanite and sillimanite: The metamorphic trio. Staurolite. Topaz. Epidote-group minerals and saussurite. Vesuvianite. Hemimorphite. Carbonates (399-416, lecture notes) Three most important types of carbonate structures. Calcite-group minerals. Aragonite and cerussite. Role of carbonates in biological processes. Karst formations. Dolomite-group minerals. Origin of sedimentary dolomite. Azurite and malachite. Oxidation of sulfide-ore deposits. Phosphates and related compounds (427-433, lecture notes) Monazite and xenotime. Apatite-group minerals. Phosphorites. Biogenic apatite. Arsenates and vanadates. Vivianite-group minerals. Turquoise. Layered uranyl phosphates and arsenates (autunite and meta-autunite groups).

Sulfates, chromates, molybdates and tungstates (420-427, lecture notes) Crocoite. Scheelite and wulfenite. Anhydrite. Barite, celestine and anglesite. Gypsum. Borates (416-418, lecture notes) Borate radicals and their polymerization. Borax and ulexite. Boron lakes. Sulfides, sulfosalts and related minerals (84-85, 337-341, 350-367, lecture notes) Sulfides: Mixed bonding types and structural variability. Arsenides, selenides and related compounds. Galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, nickeline, molybdenite and chalcocite. Greisens and skarns. Troilite, pyrrhotite and pentlandite. Polymetallic ore veins and stratabound formations. Bornite and covellite. Secondary sulfide enrichment. Pyrite, marcasite and arsenopyrite. Hg, Sb and As sulfides. Epithermal ore deposits. Tennantite and tetrahedrite. Oxides (85-89, 368-373, 375-389, lecture notes) Major structure types among oxide minerals. Cuprite. Corundum, hematite and ilmenite-group minerals. Rutile, anatase and brookite. Alpine-type mineralized fissures. Cassiterite. Spinel-group minerals. Magnesian skarns. Stratiform chromite deposits. Perovskite and silicate “perovskites”. Mineral composition of the Earth’s lower mantle. Uraninite. Hydrothermal uranium ore deposits. Ferberite-hübnerite (wolframite) solid solution. Hydroxides (373-374, 389-393, lecture notes) Brucite and subsolidus processes in igneous rocks. Goethite and lepidocrocite. Gossans and limonitization. Gibbsite, diaspore and böhmite. Laterites and bauxites. Mn oxides and oxyhydroxides: Tunnel structures and manganese nodules. Ferrohydrite: From Fe-storage proteins to soils to mine drainage. MARK DISTRIBUTION Lectures: Mid-Term Test (October 25, Thursday) Final Exam (TBA) CUMULATIVE

20% 30%

Labs: Assignments & Quizzes Mid-Term (TBA) Final Lab Test (TBA)

20% 12% 18%

Total LAB INSTRUCTORS

CUMULATIVE CUMULATIVE

100%

Katya Reguir (GEOL 2500, Rm. 346, Wallace Bldg) Ryan Kressall (GEOL 2500 and 2540, Rm. 355, Wallace Bldg)

QUIZZES will be held at the beginning of a lab, where you will be asked to identify several mineral samples and write their formulae or comment on their chemical composition. The difference between the GEOL2500 and GEOL2540 lab sections is that the latter deals with fewer minerals, but, in addition to hand-specimen identification, covers the essentials of polarizing microscopy and mineral optics (i.e. recognition of minerals in thin sections) LAB TESTS. Each test will have a number of minerals that you must identify and write chemical formulae for. All lab tests are cumulative. MID-TERM TEST and FINAL EXAM will include true/false, multiple choice and completion questions.

Please consult the University of Manitoba Undergraduate Calendar for the University policies on Plagiarism, Cheating and Impersonation at Examinations. Please note that the deadline for Voluntary Withdrawal is November 18, 2009.

Some useful Internet resources: Athena Mineralogy: Mineral search engines, alphabetical lists of minerals (including varieties,

synonyms, etc.), mineral gallery, numerous links to Earth-science departments, mineral clubs, sites dedicated to individual mineral localities, etc. around the world http://un2sg4.unige.ch/athena/mineral/mineral.html Webmineral Database: Detailed mineral descriptions (arranged alphabetically), search for minerals by chemical composition, physical properties, etc.; mineral gallery and cool rotating crystal structures; links http://webmineral.com Mineral Database: Detailed mineral descriptions, search for minerals and varieties by name, locality, etc.; mineral gallery http://mindat.org/index.php R.B. Ferguson Museum of Mineralogy (University of Manitoba): History of the Museum, information on minerals and their significance http://www.umanitoba.ca/geoscience/MuseumWeb/MuseumWeb/ Mineralogical Society of America: Ask-A-Mineralogist (discussion board open to the general public) Crystal Structure Database, lots of useful links, including links to other professional mineralogical societies and mineral collector sites http://www.minsocam.org University of Colorado Mineral Structures Dataset (includes pictures): http://ruby.colorado.edu/~smyth/min/minerals.html Making Matter: Good descriptions of some important structures found among naturally occurring minerals and technologically valuable synthetic materials (such as garnet and superconductors) – with 3-D images! http://www.ill.fr/dif/3D-crystals/index.html Bureau for Applied Mineralogy: Mineral systematics, with physical properties and images http://www.a-m.de/englisch/lexikon/mineral/uebersicht.htm Euromin Project: Mineral database (arranged alphabetically), with physical properties and images http://euromin.w3sites.net/mineraux/accueil.html Web Elements: On-line interactive periodic table (all you need to know about elements, including their electronic configurations, ionic radii, forms of occurrence, etc.) http://www.webelements.com Chemical Elements: Similar to the above, but less comprehensive http://www.chemicalelements.com

Appendix Complete list of minerals covered in the theory part of GEOL 2500/2540 (arranged chronologically by mineral class) Native elements Native copper Native silver Native gold Native iron Native platinum Native sulfur Diamond Graphite Halides Halite Sylvite Fluorite Tectosilicates Silica minerals Quartz Coesite Stishovite Tridymite Cristobalite Opal Feldspars Albite-anorthite Sanidine Orthoclase Microcline Scapolite group Marialite-meionite Feldspathoids Nepheline Leucite Sodalite Zeolites Analcime Natrolite Chabazite Heulandite Stilbite Phyllosilicates Serpentines Chrysotile

Lizardite Antigorite Talc group Talc Pyrophyllite Mica group Biotite Muscovite Lepidolite Chlorite group Clinochlore-chamosite Clay minerals Kaolinite Illite Montmorillonite Inosilicates Pyroxenes Enstatite-ferrosilite Augite Pigeonite Diopside-hedenbergite Jadeite Spodumene Aegirine Amphiboles Anthophyllite Gedrite Cummingtonite-grunerite Tremolite Actinolite Hornblendes Glaucophane Pyroxenoids Wollastonite Neso- and sorosilicates (subdivide: garnet group, epidote group, Al2SiO5 silicates) Olivine group Forsterite-fayalite Wadsleyite Ringwoodite Garnets Almandine Pyrope Majorite Spessartine Andradite Grossular Al2SiO5 polymorphs Andalusite

Kyanite Sillimanite Epidote group Zoisite Epidote Allanite Miscellaneous: Zircon Titanite Topaz Hemimorphite Staurolite Vesuvianite Cyclosilicates Beryl group Beryl Cordierite Tourmaline group Elbaite Schorl Oxides Corundum group Corundum Hematite Ilmenite Spinels Spinel Magnetite Chromite Rutile group Rutile Cassiterite Pyrolusite Miscellaneous Cuprite Perovskite Wolframite (ferberite-hübnerite) Uraninite Hydroxides Brucite Mn (hydr)oxides Cryptomelane Romanechite Todorokite Fe hydroxides Goethite Lepidocrocite

Ferrihydrite Al hydroxides Gibbsite Böhmite Diaspore Carbonates Calcite group Calcite Magnesite Siderite Rhodochrosite Smithsonite Dolomite group Dolomite Ankerite Aragonite group Aragonite Cerussite Cu carbonates Malachite Azurite Sulfates Anhydrite Gypsum Celestine group Celestine Barite Phosphates, arsenates and vanadates Monazite Xenotime Apatite group Apatite Pyromorphite Mimetite Vanadinite Vivianite group Vivianite Erythrite Annabergite Uranyl phosphates Autunite Torbernite Tungstates and molybdates Scheelite Wulfenite

Sulfides and sulfosalts Galena Sphalerite Nickeline Pyrrhotite Pentlandite Bornite Chalcopyrite Chalcocite Covellite Molybdenite Cinnabar Realgar Orpiment Stibnite Pyrite Marcasite Arsenopyrite Tennantite-tetrahedrite