EDLD 681 - Qualitative Research in Educational Leadership Fall 2007, Saturdays, 9:00am-3:15 @ GVSU, DeVos 202A Instructor: James E. Barott, Office: 304 Porter, EMU Phone: (734) 487-7120, ext. 2693, Email: [email protected] Course Introduction This course provides students with a broad introduction to the nature of qualitative, anthropological research and its various traditions. This includes an introduction to different epistemological orientations and to the fundamental issues within each paradigm. This course will also provide students the opportunity for more in depth study of the type(s) of qualitative research methodology in which they have the greatest interest. This course is also a practicum. Students will conduct a mock qualitative study of their choosing. Specific strategies and methods for collecting and analyzing field data will be studied. Students will be expected to bring their work to class and share with the class the status of their research. In turn, the class will provide feedback to them. There are a number of important reasons for addressing these topics. First, students need to understand and use a systematic mode of inquiry in order to execute their dissertation research. Second, educational administrators make a large number of decisions which affect the opportunities, interests and well being of others (especially children). It is incumbent upon administrators to ensure that they make the best decisions possible. Course Objectives 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Develop and educate leaders of educational organizations. Socialize "students" into new roles as educational research "professionals". Introduce students to the nature of inquiry, from informal investigations to formal research. Apply systematic modes of inquiry to administrative problem solving and decision making. Write the major portions of the methodology section of your dissertation proposal and dissertation. Explicate the area you are interested in researching. Actively engage in and experience the research process. Develop an awareness of and effectively use yourself as an instrument in social inquiry. Examine the moral, legal and ethical issues that can arise when conducting qualitative research and understand the conventional solutions that have been applied by field researchers. Develop an awareness of the multiple traditions in qualitative research. Acquire an in depth understanding of at least one qualitative research tradition. Understand the nature of the scientific venture. Understand and be able to explicate a qualitative research design(s). Understand the types of research questions for which qualitative research is appropriate. Understand how a conceptual framework is used in the research process. Understand the principles of inference in research and decision making. 1

17. Introduce the tasks of analytic decision making and the potential threats the undermine the validity of decision making. 18. Understand and address the technical issues of sampling, validity and reliability as applied to qualitative research. 19. Become familiar with and acceptably perform the data collection techniques of observation, interviewing and document/archival collection. (Experiencing, Inquiring, and Examining) 20. Become familiar with basic and varied approaches to qualitative data analysis. 21. Develop an in depth understanding of at least one approach to qualitative data analysis. 22. Learn to use computer software as a tool in data analysis. 23. Implement a systematic approach to data logging and recording. 24. Learn how to keep a journal which tracks your field work. The journal will consist of three levels: a.) Description of the event. What happened. Empirical Data; b.) Analysis. Concept Application. Make sense of the event(s); Personal Response to event(s). What that tells you about yourself. 25. Learn to track, process, and reflect on the process of inquiry and decision making. 26. Learn to speak and write as a professional.

Administration The course is designed to be a collaborative effort with each student responsible for their own learning. Students are expected to be actively involved with readings as well as class discussions. The instructor's responsibility is to provide stimulus materials and a structure within which the student is free to learn. To this end, class structures and processes will be based on student and instructor interests and are subject to change.

Each student is responsible for: 1.

The required readings for each class prior to the topic.

2.

Outside readings as assigned and negotiated

3. the as

Participation in class discussions and lab (20% of the grade). You are expected to attend all class sessions, to be on time, and to contribute to the class discussions and the lab. All three of these expectations will provide the basis for participation factor of your final grade. If emergencies arise, you should notify me soon as possible and secure class notes and assignments from fellow classmates.

4.

Seven (7) written assignments (See below). The specific content of the written 2

interest include a

assignments will be assigned and negotiated with each student based on student and professional goals. Each assignment should be between 5-10 pp.and bibliography. (35% of the grade). a. b. c. d. e.

\

Purpose of the research Self as an instrument in social inquiry Moral, legal and ethical issues in qualitative research - HSRC A qualitative research tradition Research Design - Miles & Huberman: Chapter 2 - A, B, C, D & E, 5 mini reports f. Data collection technique(s) and instrumentation g. Validity and Reliability in Social Science Research

5.

Conduct a mock field study research project. Gather, record and analyze data on your phenomena of interest. In this project you should demonstrate an in depth understanding of an approach to qualitative data analysis. As part of this project you should log field notes and keep a journal of your experiences and reactions to your research process. ` The journal will consist of three sections. a. Description of the event. What happened. Empirical Data b. Analysis. Concept Application. Make sense of the event(s). c. Personal Response to event(s). What that tells you about yourself The completed project should be reported in a paper of the appropriate length for the phenomena researched and findings discovered. (35% of the grade). 6.

Class Presentations. Present the findings from your field project to the class. Presentations will be 15 minutes in length and will be scheduled the last day of class. (10% of the grade).

EDLD 681 - Qualitative Research in Educational Leadership Instructor: James E. Barott, Office: 304 Porter, EMU 3

Phone: (734) 487-7120, ext. 2693, Email: [email protected]

REQUIRED READINGS: Becker, H. S. (2007). Writing for social scientists. University of Chicago Press: Chicago Lofland, J., Snow, D. Anderson, L. & Lofland, L. H. (2006). Analyzing social settings: A guide to qualitative observation and analysis, (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Miles, M. B. & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis (2nd ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Spradley, J. P. (1979). The ethnographic interview. Fort Worth, TX: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Spradley, J. P. (1980). Participant observation. Fort Worth, TX: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Stake, R. E. (1995). The Art of Case Study Research. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Course Pack – E-Reserves, EMU Library

SUGGESTED READINGS: Becker, H. S. (1998). Tricks of the Trade. University of Chicago Press: Chicago LeCompte, M. D. & Preissle J. (1993). Ethnography and qualitative design in educational research (2nd ed). San Diego: Academic Press. Patton, M. Q. (2001). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods (3rd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. Yanow, D. (2000). Conducting Interpretive Policy Analysis. Qualitative Research Methods Series 47. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

TOPICS AND READING ASSIGNMENTS

4

Class #1: September 8, 2007 1.

Course Introduction

2.

The Nature of the Scientific Venture

Required Readings: a. Barott/Iannaccone - A Simplified View of the Scientific Venture [handout] b. Iannaccone, L. (1975). Unit II - Practitioners and researchers: The what and why of concepts. Educational Policy Systems: A Study Guide for Educational Administrators. (pp. 11-19). Fort Lauderdale, FL: Nova University. c. Hawkings, S (1993). Chp. 6, My Position, (pp. 41-47). In Black holes and baby universes: And other essays. New York: Bantam Books. d. Homans, G. (1950). Preface - p. 23. In The Human Group. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company. 3.

Getting Started

Required Readings: a. Lofland and Lofland - Introduction, Chapters 1 - 2 b. Spradley, P/O - Chapters 1 - 3 c. Spradley, E/I - Chapters 1 - 3 d. Peshkin, A. (1993). The goodness of qualitative research. Educational Researcher, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 24-30. Suggested Readings: a. Patton, Part I, Chapters 1 & 4 b. Bogdan & Bilkin, Chapter 2, pp. 58-61 Assignments: a. Explicate the area you are interested in researching b. Write a research purpose statement 1. Self 2. Practice 3. Knowledge Base

4.

First Days in the Field - Getting In

Required Readings: a. Lofland & Lofland - Chapter 3 5

Reading,

b. Spradley, P/O - Part 2, Step 1 c. Spradley, E/I - Part 2, Step 1 d. Geer, B. (1969). First days in the field. In G.J. McCall & J.L. Simmons (eds.), Issues in participant observation, pp. 144-162. MA: Addison-Wesley.

Suggested Readings: a. Bogdan & Bilkin, Chapter 3, pp. 79-87 Assignments: a. Select the site for your field work.

Class #2: September 22, 2007 5.

The Self as an Instrument in Social Inquiry

6

Required Readings: a. Lofland & Lofland - Chapter 4 b. Spradley, P/O - Part 2, Step 2 c. Berg, D. N. & Smith K. K (1988). Chapter 1, The clinical demands of research methods, pp. 21-34 in Berg, D. N. & Smith K. K. (eds.) The Self in Social

(eds.) The

Inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage d. Smith K. K (1988). Chapter 5, Epistemological problems in researching human relationships, pp. 123-141 in Berg, D. N. & Smith K. K. Self in Social Inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. e. Simmons, V. M. (1988). Chapter 14, Reconstructing an organization’s history, pp. 287-304 in Berg, D. N. & Smith K. K. (Eds.) The Self in Social Inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage f. Heshusius, L. (1994). Freeing ourselves from objectivity. Educational Researcher, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 15-22. g. Jansen & Peshkin (1992). Chapter 15, Subjectivity in Qualitative Research. In LeCompte, M. D., Millroy, W. L., & Preissle, J. (1992). The handbook of qualitative research in education. San Diego, CA: Academic Press,

Inc.

6.

Moral, Legal and Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research

Required Readings: a. Lofland & Lofland - Chapter 4 b. Spradley, P/O - Chapter 2, pp. 20-25 c. Spradley, E/I - Chapter 3, pp. 34-39 d. Lofland, J. & Lofland, L. H. (1984). Guiding consequences, pp. 155-160 in Analyzing social settings: A guide to qualitative observation and analysis, (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. e. Deyhle, D. L., Hess, G. A., & LeCompte, M. D. (1992). Approaching ethical issues. In LeCompte, Millroy, & Preissle (Eds.), The Handbook of Qualitative Research, (pp. 597-641). San Diego: Academic Press. f. Rainwater & Pittman (1967). Ethical problems in studying an politically sensitive and deviant community. In G. J. McCall & J. L. Simmons (eds.), Issues in participant observation, pp. 276-288. Reading, MA: AddisonWesley. g. Borg, & Gall, (1989). Ethics, legal constraints, and human relations. In Educational research: An introduction. (5th Ed.), pp. 83113. New York: Longman. h. Glesne, C. & Peshkin, A. (1992). But is it ethical? Learning to do right. In Becoming qualitative researchers: An introduction, (pp. 109-125). New York: Longman. i. Miles, M. B. & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis. (2nd ed.). Chp. 11: Ethical Issues. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 7

j. Douvanis & Brown (1995). Privileged communication in educational research. Educational Researcher, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 27-30. k. EMU – Policy on the use of Humans as Subjects in Research and Instructional ` Investigations l. EMU – The Protection of Human Subjects in Research

ed.),

Suggested Readings: a. Bogdan & Bilkin, Chapter 1, pp. 49-55 b. Patton, The power of interviews: Impacts and ethics - pp. 353-359 c. LeCompte, M. D., & Preissle, J. (1993). Ethical issues and political ideology. In Ethnography and qualitative design in educational research, (2nd pp. 105-111. San Diego: Academic Press. Discipline Area Ethics Statements: a. American Educational Research Association, (1992). Ethical Standards. Educational Researcher. October 1992. b. American Anthropological Association, (1990). Principles of Professional Responsibility. c. State Professional Practices Advisory Commission. Standards of Ethical Conduct for Educators. Assignment: a. Begin your field work

Class #3: October 6, 2007 7.

Research Traditions

Required Readings: 8

a. Wolcott, H. (1992). Chapter 1, Posturing in qualitative research. In LeCompte, M. D., Millroy, W. L., & Preissle, J. (1992). The handbook of qualitative research in education. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc. b. Miles, M. B. & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Chapter 1, Introduction. In Qualitative data analysis (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. c. Bogdan, R. C. & Biklin, S. K (1992). Chapter 1, Foundations of Qualitative Research in Education, pp. 1-57. In Bogdan, R. C. & Biklin, S. K, Qualitative Research for Education. Allyn and Bacon, Boston. d. Huber, G. P. & Van de Ven, A. H. (1995). Introduction, pp. vii-ix. In Huber, G. P. & Van de Ven, A. H. (Eds.), Longitudinal Field Research Methods: Studying Processes of Organizational Change. Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA. e. Pettigrew, A. M. (1995). Chapter 4, Longitudinal Field Research on Change, pp. 91-125, In Huber, G. P. & Van de Ven, A. H. (Eds.), Longitudinal Field Research Methods: Studying Processes of Organizational Change. Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA. f. Burrell, G. & Morgan, G (1982). Chps. 1, 2, & 3. In Sociological Paradigms and organizational analysis. London: Heinemann. g. Guba, E. G. & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Chapter 6: Competing paradigms in Qualitative Research. In Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds). Handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. h. Smith, J. K. & Heshusius, L. (1986). Closing down the conversation. Educational Researcher, 15(1), pp. 4-12. i. Jacob, E. (1987). Qualitative research traditions: A review. Review of Educational Research, 57(1), 1-50. Suggested Readings: a. Patton - Part 1, Chapters 2 & 3 b. LeCompte, M. D. & Preissle, J. (1993). Chp. 1: Characteristics and origins of qualitative and ethnographic research in education. In Ethnography and qualitative design in educational research (2nd ed). San Diego: Academic Press. c. Kuhn, T. S. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions (2nd ed). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [Book on reserve, Q121.I5, v.2]

8.

Research Design - Selecting and Sampling

Required Readings: 9

a. Miles, M. & Huberman, (1994). Chapter 2 & 3. In Qualitative data analysis (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. b. Sirkin, R. M (1995). The unit of Analysis, pp. 23-28 In Statistics for the social sciences. Thousand Oaks: Sage. c. Becker, H. S., Geer, B., Hughes, E. C., & Strauss, A. L. (19xx). Chapters 2 & 3 (pp. 17-48). In Boys in white. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Suggested Readings: a. Patton - Part II, Chapter 5 b. Bogdan & Bilkin - Chapter 2, pp. 62-78 c. Marshall, C. & Rossman, G. B. (1989). Designing qualitative research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. [Book on reserve, H62.M277] d. LeCompte, M. D. & Preissle, J. (1993). Chp. 2: Considerations on Selecting a Research Design. In Ethnographic and Qualitative Design in Educational Research. (2nd ed.) San Diego, CA: Academic Press. e. LeCompte, M. D. & Preissle, J. (1993). Chapter 3: Selecting and sampling in qualitative research. In Ethnographic and qualitative design in educational research. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc. 9.

Data Collection: Participant Observation

Required Readings: a. Zelditch, M. Jr. (1962). Some methodological problems of field studies. American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 67, No. 5, March 1962, pp. 566-576. b. Miles and Huberman, Chapter 2, pp. 34-39 c. Lofland & Lofland - Chapter 5 (except pp. 78-89) d. Spradley, P/O - Part 2, Steps 3 & 4 Suggested Readings: a. Patton - Part II, Chapter 6 b. Bogdan & Bilkin - Chapter 3, pp. 88-96 c. Bogdan & Bilkin - Chapter 4, pp. 106-128 d. LeCompte, M. D. & Preissle, J. (1993). Chapter 6: Data collection strategies. In Ethnographic and qualitative design in educational research. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc.

10.

Data Collection: Interviewing, Documents, Unobtrusive Measures, etc.

10

Required Readings: a. Lofland & Lofland - Chapter 5, pp. 78-89 b. Spradley, E/I, Part 2, Steps 2, 3 & 4 c. Berg, B. L. (1995). Chapter 7: Unobtrusive measures in research. In Qualitative Research Methods of the Social Sciences. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Suggested Readings: a. Patton - Part II, Chapter 7 b. Bogdan & Bilkin - Chapter 3, pp. 96-105 c. Bogdan & Bilkin - Chapter 4, pp. 128-152 d. Briggs, C. L. (1989). Learning how to ask. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. e. LeCompte, M. D. & Preissle, J. (1993). Chapter 6: Data collection strategies. In Ethnographic and qualitative design in educational research. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc. f. Webb, E. J., Campbell, D. T., Schwartz, R. D., Sechrest, L. (1965). Unobtrusive measures. Chicago: Rand-McNally.

Class #4: October 20, 2007

11

11.

Beginning Analysis - Sociological and Social Psychological Approaches

Required Readings: a. Miles & Huberman, Chapter 4, Early Steps in Analysis. In Qualitative data analysis (2nd ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. b. Lofland & Lofland, Chapters 6, 7, 8 & 9. In Analyzing social settings (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.

12.

Data Displays - Describing. Sociological and Social Psych. Approaches

Required Readings: a. Miles & Huberman, Chapter 5, Within-Case Displays: Exploring and Describing. In Qualitative data analysis (2nd ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Suggested Readings: a. Bogdan & Biklin, Chapter 5, Data Analysis. In Qualitative research for education: An introduction. Allyn and Bacon.

13.

Data Displays - Explaining & Predicting

Required Readings: a. Miles & Huberman, Chapter 6, Within Case Displays: Explaining and Predicting, and Chapter 9, Matrix Displays. In Qualitative data analysis (2nd ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Suggested Readings: a. Patton, Part III, Chapter 8, Qualitative Analysis and Interpretation. In Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

14.

Ethnographic Analysis

Required Readings:

12

a. Spradley, Steps 5-11. In The ethnographic interview. Fort Worth, TX: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. b. Spradley, Steps 5-10. In Participant observation. Fort Worth, TX: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Suggested Readings: c. LeCompte & Preissle, Chapter 7 - Analysis and Interpretation of Qualitative Data. In Ethnography and qualitative design in educational research (2nd ed). San Diego: Academic Press.

15.

Grounded Theory

Required Readings: a. Strauss, A. & Corbin J. (1990). Open Coding, Chapter 5, pp. 61-74, in Basics of qualitative research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publication. Suggested Readings: a. Strauss, A. & Corbin J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publication. b. Glaser, B. & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory. Chicago: Aldine.

Class #5: November 3, 2007 16.

Validity & Reliability in Qualitative Research 13

Readings: a. Miles & Huberman, Chapter 10, Making Good Sense. In Qualitative data analysis (2nd ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. b. Eisenhart & Howe, Chapter 14, Validity in Educational Research. In LeCompte, M. D., Millroy, W. L., & Preissle, J. (1992). The handbook of qualitative research in education. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc. c. Guba, E. G. & Lincoln, Y. S. (1989). Chapter 8, Judging the Quality of Fourth Generation Evaluation, pp. 228-251. In Guba, E. G. & Lincoln, Y. S., Fourth Generation Evaluation. Sage: Newbury Park. d. Anfara, V. A., Brown, K. M., & Mangione, T. L. (2002). Qualitative Analysis on Stage: Making the Research Process more Public. Educational Researcher, Vol. 31, No. 7, pp. 28-38. American Educational Research Association. Suggested Readings: a. Patton, Part III, Chapter 9 - Enhancing the Quality and Credibility of Qualitative Analysis. In Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. b. LeCompte, M. D. & Preissle, J. (1993). Chap. 9: Evaluating Qualitative Design. In Ethnographic and qualitative design in educational research. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc.

17.

Overviews of Qualitative Research

a. Miles and Huberman - Chapter13, Conclusion and Overview b. Erickson, F. (1986). Qualitative methods in research on teaching. In M. C. Wittrock (Ed.) Handbook of research on teaching (3rd ed.). New York: McMillan. c. Scott, W. R. (1965). Chapter 6, pp. 261-304, Field Methods in the Study of Organizations. In J. G. March (Ed.), Handbook of Organizations. Rand McNally: Chicago.

Class #6: November 17, 2007 18.

Writing and Producing Reports 14

a. Miles & Huberman, Chapter 12, Producing Reports. In Qualitative data analysis (2nd ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. b. Lofland & Lofland, Chapter 10, Writing Reports, & Appendix, Dissecting Field Study Reports, In Analyzing social settings (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company. c. Spradley, Step 12 - Writing an Ethnograpy. In The ethnographic interview. Fort Worth, TX: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. d. Spradley, Steps 11 & 12 - Writing an Ethnograpy. In Participant observation. Fort Worth, TX: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. e. Ely et. al., Chapter 5, Interpreting pp. 167-178. In Doing qualitative research: Circles within circles. London: Falmer Press. Suggested Readings: a. Becker, H. S. (1986). Writing for social scientists. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. b. Bogdan & Biklin, Chapter 5, Writing it up. In Qualitative research for education: An introduction. Allyn and Bacon.

19.

Student Presentations, Review, Processing and Wrap Up

Required Readings: a. Readings as assigned and/or negotiated

REFERENCE LIST Becker, H. S. (1986). Writing for social scientists. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

15

Berg, B. L. (1995). Chapter 7: Unobtrusive measures in research. In Qualitative Research Methods of the Social Sciences. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Berg, B. L. (1995). Chapter 10: Ethical issues. In Qualitative Research Methods of the Social Sciences. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Berg, D. N., & Smith, K. K. (1988). The self in social inquiry. Newbury Park: Sage. Briggs, C. L. (1989). Learning how to ask. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bogdan, R. C. & Bilkin, S. K. (1992). Qualitative research for education: An introduction. Allyn and Bacon. Borg, & Gall, (1989). Ethics, legal constraints, and human relations. In Educational research: An introduction. (5th Ed.), pp. 83-113. New York: Longman. Burrell, G. & Morgan, G (1982). Chps. 1, 2, & 3. In Sociological Paradigms and organizational analysis. London: Heinemann. Brodbeck, M. (1963). Chapter 2 - Logic and scientific method in research on teaching. In N. L. Gage (Ed.) Handbook of Research on Teaching. Chicago: Rand McNally. Campbell & Stanley - Chapter 5: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research on Teaching. In N. L. Gage (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Teaching, Chicago: Rand McNally & Co, 1963. Charters, W.W. (1992). Understanding variables & hypotheses in scientific research. Eugene, Oregon: ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management, College of Education, University of Oregon. Chilcott, J. H. (1987). Where are you coming from. American Educational Research Journal, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 199-218. Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Deyhle, D. L., Hess, G. A., & LeCompte, M. D. (1992). Approaching ethical issues. In LeCompte, Millroy, & Preissle (Eds.), The Handbook of Qualitative Research, (pp. 597-641). San Diego: Academic Press. Douvanis & Brown (1995). Privileged communication in educational research. Educational Researcher, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 27-30. Eisenhart & Howe, Chapter 14, Validity in Educational Research. In LeCompte, M. D., Millroy, W. L., & Preissle, J. (1992). The handbook of qualitative research in education. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc. Ely, M., Anzul, M., Freidman, T., Garner, D., & Steinmetz, A. M. (1991). Doing qualitative research: Circles within circles. London: Falmer Press. Erickson, F. (1986). Qualitative methods in research on teaching. In M. C. Wittrock (Ed.) Handbook of research on teaching (3rd ed.). New York: McMillan. Firestone. W. A. (1987). Meaning in method. Educational Researcher, Oct. 1987, pp. 16-21. Geer, B. (1969). First days in the field. In G.J. McCall & J.L. Simmons (eds.), Issues in participant observation, pp. 144-162. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Glesne, C. & Peshkin, A. (1992). But is it ethical? Learning to do right. In Becoming qualitative researchers: An introduction, (pp. 109-125). New York: Longman. Guba, E. G. & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Chapter 6: Competing paradigms in Qualitative Research. In Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds). Handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Guba, E. G. (1990). pp. 368-378, Carrying on the dialog. In E. G. Guba (Ed.), The paradigm dialog. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

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Hawkings, S (1993). Chp. 6, My Position, (pp. 41-47). In Black holes and baby universes: And other essays. New York: Bantam Books. Heshusius, L. (1994). Freeing ourselves from objectivity. Educational Researcher, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 15-22. Homans, G. (1950). Preface - p. 23. In The Human Group. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company. Howe. K. R. (1985). Two dogmas of educational research. Educational Researcher, October 1985, pp. 10-18. Howe, K. R. (1988). Against the quantitative-qualitative incompatibility thesis or dogmas die hard. Educational Researcher. 17(8), 10-16. Howe & Eisenhart - Standards for Qualitative and Quantitative Research. Educational Researcher, Vol 19, No. 4, pp. 2-9. Huber, G. P. & Van de Ven, G (1995). Longitudinal Field Research Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Iannaccone, L. (1975). Unit II - Practitioners and researchers: The what and why of concepts. Educational Policy Systems: A Study Guide for Educational Administrators. (pp. 11-19). Fort Lauderdale, FL: Nova University. Jacob, E. (1987). Qualitative research traditions: A review. Review of Educational Research, 57(1), 1-50. Jansen & Peshkin (1994). Chapter 15, Subjectivity in Qualitative Research. In LeCompte, M. D., Millroy, W. L., & Preissle, J. (1992). The handbook of qualitative research in education. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc. Kirk, J. & Miller, M. L. (1986). Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research. Sage: Newbury Park. Kuhn, T. S. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions (2nd ed). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. LeCompte, M. D., Millroy, W. L., & Preissle, J. (1992). The handbook of qualitative research in education. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc. LeCompte, M. D. & Preissle J. (1993). Ethnography and qualitative design in educational research (2nd ed). San Diego: Academic Press. Lofland, J. & Lofland, L. H. (1995). Analyzing social settings: A guide to qualitative observation and analysis, (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Marshall, C. & Rossman, G. B. (1989). Designing qualitative research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. McCall, G. L. & Simmons J. L. (1969). Issues in participant observation. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Miles, M. B. & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis (2nd ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Nielsen, H. B. (1995). Seductive texts with serious intentions. Educational Researcher, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 4-12. Nisbett, R., & Ross, L. (1980). Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc. Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. Peshkin, A. (1993). The goodness of qualitative research. Educational Researcher, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 24-30. Philips (1983). Postpositivism. Educational Researcher, 12(5), 4-12. 17

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