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CORONARY LESIONS A PRAGMATIC APPROACH

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CORONARY LESIONS A PRAGMATIC APPROACH Downloaded by [37.44.207.80] at 16:15 24 January 2017

Edited by

Patrick W Serruys MD PHD FACC FESC Head, Interventional Cardiology Thoraxcenter Academic Hospital Rotterdam-Dijkzigt Rotterdam The Netherlands

Antonio Colombo MD Director Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory EMO Centro Cuore Columbus Milan Italy

Martin B Leon MD Director and CEO Cardiovascular Research Foundation Lenox Hill Heart and Vascular Institute New York NY USA

Michael JB Kutryk MD Department of Cardiology St Michael’s Hospital Toronto ON Canada

MARTIN DUNITZ

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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2004 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20130415 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-203-21327-8 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. While all reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, neither the author[s] nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publishers wish to make clear that any views or opinions expressed in this book by individual editors, authors or contributors are personal to them and do not necessarily reflect the views/opinions of the publishers. The information or guidance contained in this book is intended for use by medical, scientific or health-care professionals and is provided strictly as a supplement to the medical or other professional’s own judgement, their knowledge of the patient’s medical history, relevant manufacturer’s instructions and the appropriate best practice guidelines. Because of the rapid advances in medical science, any information or advice on dosages, procedures or diagnoses should be independently verified. The reader is strongly urged to consult the drug companies’ printed instructions, and their websites, before administering any of the drugs recommended in this book. This book does not indicate whether a particular treatment is appropriate or suitable for a particular individual. Ultimately it is the sole responsibility of the medical professional to make his or her own professional judgements, so as to advise and treat patients appropriately. The authors and publishers have also attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com

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Contents

Preface Contributors

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1

2

vii ix

Intracoronary brachytherapy: a new treatment for the prevention of restenosis 1 Alexander J Wardeh, Ken Kozuma, Arie HM Knook, Manel Sabaté, I Patrick Kay, Patrick W Serruys Therapeutic angiogenesis for coronary artery disease 21 Michael JB Kutryk, Saleem A Kassam, Duncan J Stewart

3

Spot stenting 43 Antonio Colombo and Takahiro Nishida

4

Ostial and bifurcation disease 67 Alexander JR Black, Jean Fajadet, Jean Marco

5

Left main disease 83 Alexander JR Black, Jean Fajadet, Jean Marco

6

Small vessel stenting 95 Flavio Airoldi, Carlo Di Mario, Remo Albiero, Antonio Colombo

7

Direct stenting 107 Sanjay Prasad, Ameet Bakhai, Ulrich Sigwart

8

9

Treatment of chronic total coronary occlusions Christopher EH Buller, Jaap N Hamburger

121

In-stent restenosis Raluca Arimie, David P Faxon

131

10 Restenosis, a pragmatic approach David R Holmes

141

11 Percutaneous intervention in acute coronary syndromes Michael J Curran, Cindy L Grines

153

12 Pediatric coronary artery abnormalities and interventions 185 Peter R Koenig, Ziyad M Hijazi 13 Post-angioplasty dissection David Antoniucci

197

14 Alternative imaging J Ligthart, Pim J de Feyter

211

15 Calcified and fibrotic lesions 237 Stefan Verheye, Glenn Van Langenhove, Mahomed Y Salame 16 Ablative techniques 255 Glenn Van Langenhove, Stefan Verheye, David P Foley

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CONTENTS

17 Direct myocardial revascularization: surgical and catheter-based approaches 269 Shmuel Fuchs, Ran Kornowski, Martin B Leon

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18 Stent retrieval 283 Antonio Colombo, Goran Stankovic 19 Adjunctive therapies in percutaneous coronary interventions 291 Thaddeus R Tolleson, Eric J Topol, Robert A Harrington

vi

20 Local drug delivery using drug-eluting stents 319 Yanming Huang, Eric Verbeken, Etienne Schacht, Ivan De Scheerder 21 The significance of biochemical markers for myocardial damage in interventional procedures 337 Nicholas M Robinson, Martin T Rothman Index

359

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Preface

Since the first coronary balloon angioplasty was performed in 1977, enormous progress has been made in the field of interventional cardiology. The concerted efforts of the interventional community have advanced our understanding of the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease and restenosis, and have led to the implementation of new invasive technologies, the introduction of adjunct therapies, improvements in the design of interventional devices, and enhanced operator expertise. With the maturation of interventional cardiology into a discipline, advances in the field have progressed at an accelerated rate. This has resulted in an immense amount of new information, and keeping abreast of new developments can be daunting even for the most well read specialist. Coronary Lesions: A Pragmatic Approach was conceived to provide a comprehensive overview of the field of interventional cardiology. Each chapter focuses on a single important interventional subject, and the book is arranged to provide a practical, user-friendly

reference source for the busy specialist. The chapters were designed to provide a concise review of each topic and are written with a distinct how-to flavor. We hope that this unique format will provide the reader with essential background information with necessary practical tips on all facets of interventional cardiology. The editors are indebted to the contributing authors. They are each leading authorities in interventional techniques, and have done an extraordinary job in synthesizing basic science and clinical information to provide balanced reviews on each topic. The editors would also like to thank Mr Alan Burgess, our commissioning editor, and Ms Charlotte Mossop, project editor, at Martin Dunitz Ltd for their patience, encouragement and expertise. Patrick W Serruys Antonio Colombo Martin B Leon Michael JB Kutryk

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Contributors

Flavio Airoldi, MD

Christopher EH Buller, MD

Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory EMO Centro Cuore Columbus 20145 Milan Italy

Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Center Department of Medicine Vancouver BC V5Z 1L8 Canada

Remo Albiero, MD

Antonio Colombo, MD

EMO Centro Cuore Columbus 20145 Milan Italy

Director, Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory EMO Centro Cuore Columbus 20145 Milan Italy

David Antoniucci, MD Division of Cardiology Ospedale di Careggi 85-50134 Florence Italy

Michael J Curran, MD, FACC

Raluca Arimie, MD

Jean Fajadet, MD

University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA

Unité de Cardiologie Interventionelle Clinique Pasteur 31076 Toulouse France

National Naval Medical Center Bethesda MD 20889–5600 USA

Ameet Bakhai, MBBS, MRCP Clinical Trials and Evaluations Unit Imperial College School of Medicine Royal Brompton Hospital London SW3 6NP UK

David P Faxon, MD

Alexander JR Black, MD

Pim J de Feyter, MD

Department of Cardiology The Geelong Hospital Geelong 3220 Australia

University Hospital-Dijkzigt Thoraxcenter 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands

Chief, Section of Cardiology University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA

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CONTRIBUTORS

David P Foley

Yanming Huang, MD

University Hospital-Dijkzigt Thoraxcenter 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands

Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg BE-3000 Leuven Belgium

Shmuel Fuchs, MD

Saleem A Kassam, MD, MCE

Director, Interventional Myocardial Angiogenesis Cardiovascular Research Institute Washington Hospital Center Washington DC 20010 USA

Division of Cardiology Terence Donnelly Heart Center St Michael’s Hospital Toronto ON M5B 2W8 Canada

Cindy L Grines, MD, FACC

Department of Interventional Cardiology Thoraxcenter Academic Hospital Rotterdam-Dijkzigt Rotterdam The Netherlands

Division of Cardiology William Beaumont Hospital Royal Oak MI 48073-6769 USA

Jaap N Hamburger, MD, PhD, FESC Director of Research Interventional Cardiology Program St Paul’s Hospital Vancouver BC V6Z 1L7 Canada

Robert A Harrington, MD

I Patrick Kay, MBChB

Arie HM Knook, MD Department of Interventional Cardiology Thoraxcenter Academic Hospital Rotterdam-Dijkzigt Rotterdam The Netherlands

Peter R Koenig, MD

Duke Clinical Research Institute Durham NC 27707 USA

Assistant Professor of Clinical Pediatrics University of Chicago Children’s Hospital Chicago IL 60637 USA

Ziyad Hijazi, MD

Ran Kornowski, MD, FACC

Chief, Section of Pediatric Cardiology The University of Chicago Children’s Hospital Chicago IL 60637 USA

Director, Interventional Cardiology Rabin Medical Center Petach Tikva 49100 Israel

David R Holmes Jr, MD

Ken Kozuma, MD

Consultant in Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MN 55905 USA

Department of Interventional Cardiology Thoraxcenter Academic Hospital Rotterdam-Dijkzigt Rotterdam The Netherlands

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CONTRIBUTORS

Michael JB Kutryk, MD, PhD

Sanjay Prasad, BSc, MBChB, MRCP, MD

Division of Cardiology Terence Donnelly Heart Center St Michael’s Hospital Toronto ON M5B 2W8 Canada

Royal Brompton Hospital London SW3 6NP UK

Glenn van Langenhove, MD

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Middelheim Hospital 2020 Antwerp Belgium

Martin B Leon, MD

Nicholas M Robinson, MA, MD, MRCP Consultant Cardiologist London Chest Hospital London E2 9JX UK

Martin T Rothman, MB, ChB, FRCP, FACC, FESC

Director and CEO, Cardiovascular Research Foundation Lenox Hill Heart and Vascular Institute New York NY 10021 USA

Consultant Cardiologist London Chest Hospital London E2 9JX UK

J Ligthart

Department of Interventional Cardiology Thoraxcenter Academic Hospital Rotterdam-Dijkzigt Rotterdam The Netherlands

University Hospital-Dijkzigt Thoraxcenter 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands

Jean Marco, MD Unité de Cardiologie Interventionelle Clinique Pasteur 31076 Toulouse France

Carlo Di Mario, MD Director of Research EMO Centro Cuore Columbus 20145 Milan Italy

Manel Sabaté, MD

Mahomed Y Salame, MRCP Andreas Grüntzig Cardiovascular Center Emory University Hospital Atlanta GA 30322 USA

Etienne Schacht, PhD Department of Organic Chemistry University of Ghent BE-9000 Ghent Belgium

Ivan De Scheerder, MD, PhD Takahiro Nishida, MD Research Fellow EMO Centro Cuore Columbus 20145 Milan Italy

Professor, Invasive Cardiology Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg BE-3000 Leuven Belgium

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CONTRIBUTORS

Patrick W Serruys, MD, PhD, FACC, FESC Head, Interventional Cardiology Catheterization Laboratory Thoraxcenter Academic Hospital Rotterdam-Dijkzigt 3015 GD Rotterdam The Netherlands

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Ulrich Sigwart, FRCP, FESC, FACC Consultant Cardiologist Royal Brompton National Heart & Lung Hospital London SW3 6NP UK

Eric J Topol, MD Department of Cardiology The Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland OH 44195-0001 USA

Eric Verbeken, MD, PhD Department of Histopathology Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg BE-3000 Leuven Belgium

Stefan Verheye, MD

Research Fellow EMO Centro Cuore Columbus 20145 Milan Italy

Cardiovascular Translational Research Institute, Middelheim, Antwerp, Belgium and Interventional Cardiology Middelheim Hospital 2020 Antwerp Belgium

Duncan J Stewart, MD

Alexander J Wardeh, MD

Division of Cardiology Terence Donnelly Heart Center St Michael’s Hospital Toronto ON M5B 2W8 Canada

Department of Interventional Cardiology Thoraxcenter Academic Hospital Rotterdam-Dijkzigt Rotterdam The Netherlands

Goran Stankovic

Thaddeus R Tolleson, MD Division of Cardiology Duke University Medical Center Durham NC 27715 USA

xii