Dr. Donn Johnson, Professor, Fruit & Nut Entomology Research/Extension Office: 479-575-2501; E-Mail: [email protected]

Fruit & Nut Pest Management Website: http://comp.uark.edu/~dtjohnso/ Lecture: http://comp.uark.edu/~dtjohnso/Fruit_IPM_Lect_2015.pdf HORT 4013 Fruit Class Lab March 5, 2015 Fayetteville, AR

Dr. Donn Johnson, Cooperative Extension Service Fruit Entomology

1. Define: Key pest, secondary pest, IPM, & name 5 tasks of PM 2. What can you find on the UA Fruit/ Nut PM website? 3. How to identify a fruit pest? 4. When and How do you monitor (scout) for pests/ damage? 5. What is crop and pest phenology? 6. What is ET? How is ET used to make PM decision? 7. How can temperature be used to predict insect growth? 8. Where do you get insecticide recommendations and efficacy? 9. PHI, REI and IRAC Code (delay development of resistance) 10. What is OMRI? Is product OMRI approved? 11.What good are fruit bags? Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

• Pest – an organism interferes with humans or competes for their resources • Key pest – cause economic loss to production every year • Secondary pest – non-pest species, like mites or scales or aphids, that increases in numbers to pest level after insecticide was used against key pest that eliminated biological control agents

Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

Pest management uses science-based knowledge of crop and pest ecology and biology (phenology) to aid producers make decisions - if and when to use a management tactic(s) to reduce risks of economic damage from pests: Name 5 tasks of PM? • Identify pests • Monitor for pests, make decision if > economic threshold (ET) • Economic threshold (ET) and economic injury level (EIL) – used to make decisions if economical to use a tactic(s) • Tactic(s) compatible with conserving natural enemies and safe for environment • Follow-up monitoring to make sure tactic(s) reduced pest density below ET Modified from: http://www.sripmc.org/Docs/IPMRoadMap.pdf Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

1. Do nothing or wait and see - Density usually < ET: but sample to monitor density changes 2. Reduce pest density with pesticide 3. Reduce pest density with resistant host or modify environment 4. Combine 2 or more tactics

Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

IPM - Prevent Loss On graph, what are insect numbers, GEP, ET, EIL, and CC? What is an occasional pest (pest density sometimes > ET)? Goal: reduce peak density to < ET Occasional Pest

Normally subeconomic pest

http://comp.uark.edu/~dtjohnso/ Find PDF copy of this Lecture Under Articles & Talks

Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Oriental fruit moth (OFM) OFM larval entry stem end OFM larva OFM flagged terminal Raspberry crown borer (RCB) pupal skin RCB adult RCB larva in cane RCB tunneling kills cane Strawberry clipper (SC) weevil SC clipped flower buds San Jose scale (SJS) on peach SJS male adult SJS on limb

14. Rednecked can borer (RNCB) galled cane 15. RNCB adult 16. Plum curculio (PC) feeding damage (disturbed fuzz) 17. PC adult weevil 18. PC egg in feeding scar of apple 19. PC tunnel in apple PC legless larva 20. Grape berry moth (GBM) damaged berry (purple w/hole) 21. GBM adult moth 22. Spotted wing drosophila (new pest introduced in 2012)

Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

Link: http://comp.uark.edu/~dtjohn so/PM_Suppliers.html

Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

Plum curculio trap, new PC damage, pheromone trap,raspberry crown borer, mites Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

• Insects are poikilothermic - Air temperature governs rate of development • Physiological time = cumulative degree-days = DD DD = (Max. + Min. daily temperature) / 2 – lower development ⁰F = (81 + 51) / 2 – 51 = 66 – 51 = 15 DD • Phenology model predicts events in an organism's development • Online Phenology and Degree-Day Models: http://uspest.org/cgi-bin/ddmodel.us  Pests: CM, OFM, GBM, SJS, SWD  Diseases: apple scab, fire blight

Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

• Set out traps • Weekly, check traps & record pest #s • Set biofix date = 1st consistent trap catch or pest appearance – Example: • 1st codling moth trap catch was 16 Apr. • 1st consistent trap catch was on 23 Apr. = biofix date

Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

Phenology

Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

Online Phenology and Degree-Day Model Example: San Jose Scale http://uspest.org/cgi-bin/ddmodel.us

SJS lower development threshold = 51⁰F 1. Biofix = 15 March or 1st male in trap 2. 405 DD later = 1st crawlers begin emerging (limb sticky tape trap) 3. 605 DD = apply crawler treatment Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

Biofix = 1st male

Biofix = 1st male

SJS crawler treatment on 5/24 in Average Year (2014)

SJS crawler treatment on 5/2 in Hot Year (2012)

Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

Spotted wing drosophila (NEW)

GJB JB

Larva

Pupa

JB---------- GJB-------JB---- --GJB

Spotted Wing Drosophila (SWD) Damage to Ripe Fruits • • • •

From late-June into October east of Rockies: Blackberry and raspberry in AR = 100% Blueberry in FL < 40%; AR & MI < 10% Strawberry < 20%; low in AR Grape and peach < 20%; only damaged fruit in AR

Map by H. Burrack (NCSU; 2014)

SWD-Infested Ripe Fruits in Arkansas SWD egg

SWD Larvae on Wild Blackberry (11 July, 2014)

SWD Eggs on Raspberry and Wye Berry

D. melanogaster egg SWD Eggs on Blackberry

SWD Eggs/Larvae on Nectarine in phomopsis lesions

Most Attractive Baits for SWD Baits: • Yeast bait mixture = 32 oz water + 2 tbsp yeast + 4 tbsp sugar – Ferment bait 1 day, then pour 4 fl oz into trap, change bait weekly

• SWD dual-lure held with plastic coated paper clip over apple cider vinegar - change monthly (Great Lakes IPM or Scentry) (1 year in refrigerator; DO NOT STORE IN FREEZER)

Numbers of SWD flies trapped in berry plots either sprayed ( - - - - ) or unsprayed ( ) and % SWD-infested berries (Fruit Station in Clarksville, AR 2014)

93%

40%

88%

92%

45% 20%

72% 16%

What is IRAC Code? What is residual efficacy of pesticides on SWD? VanSteenwyk (UCB) and Shearer (OSU) (2012)

IRAC # 1B

5

1A 4A

3

Best Management Practices 1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Thin or open up canopy to improve spray coverage Monitor traps for flies starting 3 wks before ripening Check traps weekly for trapped SWD flies If SWD found and fruit are ripening, apply alternate row sprays every 5 to 7 days of recommended insecticide (re-apply after 1” rain) and rotate mode of action to delay resistance development Evaluate spray effectiveness = look for SWD eggs and larvae in fruit Exclude SWD using screen or row cover (mesh < 1 mm holes) Pick daily and refrigerate (kills eggs in 2 days) Sanitation: pick leftover or damaged fruit and solarize in black bags or under black plastic sheet to reduce SWD food source Stay informed – visit SWD web sites

Where will you find insecticide/ miticide efficacy tables? http://comp.uark.edu/~dtjohnso/Spray_Efficacy_Tables.html

Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

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Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

• ET improves timing of insecticides  Sample: do not spray if < ET • Rotate insecticides to different IRAC # (mode of action) • Increase days between applications (less frequent) • Use less persistent compounds • Treat hot spots so pests/ natural enemies have untreated refuges • Integrate tactics: resistant plants, mating disruption, use insecticides that conserve natural enemies, provide ground cover for natural enemies, keep plants healthy

Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

• OMRI publishes generic & specific (brand name) lists of materials allowed & prohibited for use in the production, processing, and handling of organic food and fiber

Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

• OMRI materials approved for organic production: – Minerals/clay/oils – Soaps – Microbials (Bt) – Nematodes – Botanicals – Pheromones

Surround clay

Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

Procedure: Access online database, select pest type/ pest name/ ingredient, click Submit Search http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/biorationals/biorationals_main_srch.php

Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

Arkansas Codling Moth 2010 (Base 50° F/ Upper 88° F) Spray: 1st generation = 250 to 700 DD (hatch); 2nd generation = 1250 to 1700 DD; 3rd & 4th generations = 2250 & 3250 DD to harvest Weekly check for new fruit damage through harvest Fayetteville

5000

Cum. Degree-days .

4500 4000 3500 3000

4th hatch 1st CM trap catch when evening temperature exceeded 62 F in April

2500

3rd hatch

2000 1500

2nd hatch

1000 500

1st hatch

0

Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

• Damage by CM and OFM prevented by Entrust, Cyd-X, Bt and Isomate CM/OFM ties • Damage by SJS prevented by 4 JMS Stylet Oil sprays in 2011 • Surface damage by plum curculio reduced by Surround white wash compared to 100% damage in untreated orchards Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

Undergraduate, Spencer Fiser, determined effect of date of fruit bag placement on percent fruit damage • 25 fruit bag wrapped over fruit on several dates • Aug. 28, assessed fruit damage at harvest

Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

Source of Japanese Fruit Bags: Wilson Irrigation & Orchard Supplies, 1902 S. 11th St., Union Gap, WA 98903; (800) 232-1174 ($0.14 ea. Or $140/1000 bags) Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

Wt. grams % of bags retained

200

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

150 100

50 0

% hail or % plum curculio damage

< 2% damage SJS - No bag Wt grams % of bags retained % Hail % Plum curculio

Hail - No bag

8 bag placement dates

Bagged Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

Discussion

Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

Extra Slides

Vineyard Sustainability Assessment Workbook

Donn Johnson (editor), Keith Striegler, Andy Allen, Reid Smeda, Eli Bergmeier, Jackie Harris, and Joe Cotta

Tailgate Meetings (2005-2010) Altus, AR

Les Bourgeois, MO

St. James, MO

Crown Valley, MO

Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

Using Workbook to Assess Sustainability

• Evaluation sheets of 84 issues – grower identifies practices used by response clicker:  Past practice  BMP practice being adopted or its the same

• Action Plan (future changes in practices) • Growers Agree on issues for use in “Vineyard Sustainability Certification Program” Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

Summary: Increased sustainability ranking for BMP used in past to BMP being adopted (1 = least to 4 = most) Management issues

Past BMP

Adopting a BMP

Site preparation Cultivars Canopy

2.7 2.9 2.7

3.2 3.3 3.2

Crop load Irrigation (if used) Weeds

3.0 2.4 2.7

3.6 2.9 3.1

Insects Diseases Overall

2.5 2.9 2.83

3.2 3.5 3.25 Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

Growers identified these standard issues to be peer reviewed in creating a Voluntary Sustainable

Vineyard Certification Program

3 - air drainage 4 - air movement 11 - prevent erosion 13 - yearly petiole analysis 14 - soil analysis (every 3 yrs) 15 - need, rate, timing of N application 16 - source of N 17-19: how to apply N, macro& micro-nutrients 20 - market for cultivar? 27 - trellis

28-33: shoot thinning/positioning, leaf removal, vine architecture, vine balance 34-37: crop load 40-45: if you need/have irrigation 46-54: weed PM 55-61: insect PM 62-71: disease PM 72-84: pesticide safety, application, equipment

Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

1st

New and old PC damage on apple

After day in late March > 70° F: • Set out four pyramid traps • PC bait (benzaldehyde + plum essence) • Tied next to perimeter peach or apple trees adjacent to woods • Check traps twice weekly for PC • Check 100 fruit for damage weekly Economic threshold (spray): ET > 1 PC/trap/week or ET > 1% new damage

New PC damage on peach (lighter fuzz spots) Time to spray Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

No. PC / trap

Plum curculio/trap % PC eggs 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

% new PC damage % PC tunneling 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

% Damage (new feeding, eggs, tunnels)

Clarksville 2011

ET = 1 PC/trap/week

Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

CM

– April 1, set out Pherocon IV trap: • Oriental fruit moth (OFM) L2 = long life lure • Codling moth (CM) L2 – Check twice weekly for 1st moths in traps = biofix – At 250 DD, check for CM entries – At 400 DD, check for OFM entries or terminal flagging – Spray if you detect new fruit entries

Pherocon IV

OFM

Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

Set pheromone trap out at pre-bloom, check for moths weekly

After 1st trap catch, check for newly hatched larval entries on stem end

Mature larva with silk webbing and excreted frass on several damaged berries

MSU: http://web1.msue.msu.edu/fruit/bbfrtwm.pdf http://www.blueberries.msu.edu/crnbryfrtwrm.htm Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

• Adults lay eggs on leaves in October • Larvae overwinter under cane bark below soil surface • April to August - larva tunnels in root crown then in pith of lower cane • Over several years, tunneling weakens crown, kills canes, reduces yield and crown produces fewer primocanes

Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

• High risk = history of high GBM injury & woods adjacent to > 25 % vineyard perimeter • Low-risk = low historical incidence & < 25% of vineyard perimeter adjacent to woods Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

Set traps in wooded edge Weekly: • Record # GBMoths per traps • 300 clusters in perimeter & record % larval damaged clusters

Accumulate DD after 1st trap catch to predict: • 1st hatch = 400-800 DD, if > 1% cluster damage, then spray perimeter rows • 2nd hatch > 1300 DD, if > 1% damaged clusters, then spray full vineyard Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology

Two-spotted Spider mite: weekly, check for mite presence on leaves and/or bronzing of leaves

Strawberry clipper: at 1st flower, check 100 flower buds along planting perimeter and in the interior for severed flower buds or adult strawberry clipper

Dr. Donn Johnson, Fruit Entomology