Contents Vorwort des Herausgebers ................................................................................................................ xiii Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................................

xv

I. The Eråema: An Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1. Foreword .................................................................................................................................... 2. Past and present research on Eråemas ....................................................................................... 3. Typology of Eråemas ................................................................................................................. 4. The content of Eråemas ............................................................................................................. 5. Features unique to Eråemas ....................................................................................................... 5.1. The heart pacification unit .................................................................................................. 5.2. A unique sequence of gods ................................................................................................. 5.3. Unique literary structures ................................................................................................... 6. The gods to whom Eråemas are dedicated ................................................................................ 7. The cultic context and performance of Eråemas ....................................................................... Excursus 1: Two previously unpublished ritual texts mentioning Balaœs and Eråemas ............... Excursus 2: Score transliteration of the Nineveh kalÿtu catalogues .............................................

1 1 1 3 4 5 5 9 10 11 12 14 15

II. Eråemas Paired with Balaœs......................................................................................................... 1. Eråemas paired with the group of “Enlil (and Aååur) Balaœs” in the Nineveh Catalogue ....... No. 1: Eråema dilmunki niœin-na 1, “Important one, turn!” (Marduk) ...................................... No. 2: Eråema åà sud-ra e-ne-èœ-zu, “It is of unfathomable meaning! Your Word” (Marduk) .... No. 3: Eråema uåum gùd nú-a 1, “A snake lying in the nest” (Enki) ........................................ No. 4: Eråema ù-li-li en zu sá mar-mar, “Alas! Wise lord, counselor!” (Enlil) ......................... No. 5: Eråema umun bára kù-ga 1, “Lord of the holy dais” ....................................................... No. 6: Eråema ur-saœ abzu-ta, “Hero, from the Abzu” .............................................................. No. 7: Eråema úru ér i-si-iå, “The city—crying, sorrow” .......................................................... No. 8: Eråema a åe-eb é-kur-ra, “Oh, brickwork of Ekur!” (Enlil) ........................................... No. 9: Eråema ù-u‰ a-ba mu-un-ñul, “Oh, who has destroyed?”................................................ No. 10: Eråema me-er-ra-œu¡ˆ-NE, “In my rage” (Nintinuga) ................................................... No. 11: Eråema é zi … gul, “The good House … destroyed” .................................................... No. 12: Eråema a mu-un-GA-œu¡ˆ, “Oh, my treasures!” (Nintinuga) ........................................ No. 13: Eråema umun-œu¡ˆ za-e, “My lord! You are (lord of my city)” (Marduk) .................... No. 14: Eråema alim-ma umun œìr-ra, “Honored one, powerful lord!” (Enlil) ......................... No. 15: Eråema gu®-sún e-lum gu®-sún, “Wild bull! Honored one, wild bull!” (Enlil) .................... No. 16: Eråema gakkul-àm-ma-al-åú 1, “It is a covered gakkul-vessel!” ................................... No. 17: Eråema u®?-dam kur-ra mú-a, “It is a Day rising in the mountain!” .............................. No. 18: Eråema [(x) I]Å? e-ne-èœ-œá-ni gakkul-àm-ma-al-åú, “… his Word is a covered gakkul-vessel!” ....................................................................................................... No. 19: Eråema åà-ba-ni ga-an-ñuœ 1, “May I calm his heart!” ................................................. No. 20: Eråema a-ab-ba ñu-luñ-ña åe åa®, “Raging, roaring sea” .............................................. No. 21: Eråema uåum gùd nú-a 1a, “A Snake lying in the nest” ................................................ No. 22: Eråema nam-mu-un-åub-bé-en 1, “Do not abandon me!” (Marduk) ............................

21 21 21 34 43 55 64 65 66 67 71 72 81 81 86 93 99 103 105 106 106 107 108 108

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Contents

Excursus: The phrase nam-mu-un-åub-bé-en......................................................................... No. 23: Eråema dilmun ki níœin-na-àm 1a, “Important one, turn!”............................................. No. 24: Eråema dilmunº níœin-na 7-àm, “Important one, turn! Seven times?”......................... No. 25: Eråema umun aga kù-ga, “Lord of the holy crown”...................................................... No. 26: Eråema ªutu è-ma-ra, “Utu! Rise out!” ......................................................................... No. 27: Eråema gu® mañ pa è-a, “Manifest great bull!” (Iåkur) ................................................ Excursus: The manuscripts of the Old Babylonian versions of Eråema gu® mañ pa è-a ........ No. 28: Eråema ù-ma gul-gul-e 1, “Devastating combat-impulse” (Ninurta) ........................... No. 29: Eråema ur-saœ zà-zu-ta, “Hero, beside you”.................................................................. No. 30: Eråema umun úru-œu¡ˆ in-di-bi mañ-a, “Lord! My city—its course is exalted!” (Ninurta) ................................................................................................................ No. 31: Eråema åubur-œen åubur-œen, “I am the maiden! I am the maiden!” (Ninurta?) ........... No. 32: Eråema ur-saœ a-má-ru¡ˆ ñu-luñ-ña, “Hero, raging flood” (Nabÿ) ............................... No. 33: Eråema paired with the Balaœ uåum gùd nú-a............................................................... No. 34: Eråema ur-saœ a-má-ru¡ˆ gal, “Hero, great flood”......................................................... No. 35: Eråema nam-mu-un-åub-bé-en 1a, “Do not abandon me!” ........................................... No. 36: Eråema IM kur-ra åèœ-œá, “Rain falling on the mountain” ........................................... No. 37: Eråema åà-ba-ni ga-an-ñuœ 1a, “May I calm his heart!” ............................................... No. 38: Eråema dilmunº níœin-na 1b, “Important one, turn!”................................................... No. 39: Eråema umun-ra a-ra-zu-a, “To the lord in prayer” ...................................................... 2. Eråemas paired with the group of “Inana Balaœs” in the Nineveh Catalogue .......................... No. 40: Eråema a é-an-na a œi^-pàr kù, “Oh, Eana! Oh, holy Œipar!” ....................................... No. 41: Eråema me-e gaåan-œu¡ˆ, “I, My-lady”.......................................................................... No. 42: Eråema an sù-ud-ᜠizi-gin¢, “Shining heaven, like fire” (Inana) ................................ No. 43: Eråema gakkul-àm-ma-al-åú 2, “It is a covered gakkul-vessel!”................................... 3. Eråemas paired with Balaœs that are not listed in the Nineveh Catalogue ............................... No. 44: Eråema ur-saœ ªut-u¡‰-lu 1, “Hero Utulu” ...................................................................... No. 45: Eråema an-na za-e mañ-me-en 1, “In heaven you are exalted” .................................... No. 46: Eråema kur-gal a-a ªmu-ul-líl 1, “Great Mountain, father Mullil” ............................... No. 47: Eråema a abzu-œu¡ˆ mu-un-ñul-àm, “Oh, my Abzu which he destroyed!” ................... No. 48: Eråema [ ] x (x) ñu-luñ-ña, “Raging …” .................................................................... No. 49: Eråema umun bára kù-ga 2, “Lord of the holy dais” ....................................................

121 123 124 125 125 126 128 129 137

III. Ritual Eråemas (kidudë) ............................................................................................................. 1. Ritual Eråemas to male gods in the Nineveh catalogue ............................................................ No. 50: Eråema úru a-åe-er-ra èn-åè ba-an-gul-e, “The city is in sighs! How long will it stay destroyed?” (Enlil) ......................................................................................... No. 51: Eråema lugal nam-ta-è, “The king came out!” .............................................................. No. 52: Eråema ur-saœ úru ur®-ur®, “Hero, engulfing flood!” .................................................... No. 53: Eråema in-di in-di, “The way, the way” ........................................................................ No. 54: Eråema nir-œál lú è-NE, “Prince, appearing” (Enlil) ................................................... No. 55: Eråema umun úru ku®-ku®, “(When) the lord enters the city” ...................................... No. 56: Eråema umun nir úru in-ga-te, “The lord, prince, proceeded into the city” (Enki and Marduk) ................................................................................................ No. 57: Eråema umun àm-di-di, “The lord is wandering” ......................................................... No. 58: Eråema é-abzu-ta, “From the E-Abzu”..........................................................................

169 169

138 139 144 148 148 148 148 149 149 149 149 149 150 150 163 165 165 166 167 167 168 168

169 176 176 177 177 185 185 187 188

Contents No. 59: Eråema é åà-ab ñuœ-œe™^-ta, “House, so that the heart be calmed” ............................... No. 60: Eråema ur-saœ (ª)ut-u18-lu 2 and 3, “Hero Utulu” (Ninurta) .......................................... No. 61: Eråema ur-saœ è-ni-ta, “When the hero goes out” ......................................................... No. 62: Eråema an-na za-e mañ-me-en 2, “In heaven you are exalted!” ................................... No. 63: Eråema e-lum za-e mañ-me-en, “Honored one! You are exalted!”............................... No. 64: Eråema ªutu-gin¢ è-ta, “Appear like the Sun” ............................................................... No. 65: Eråema ur-saœ gal me-ni åe-er-ma-al-la íl-la, “Great hero whose rites are princely (and) lofty!”............................................................................................................ No. 66: Eråema me-ni åe-er-ma-al-la e-ne-èœ-œá-ni gú è, “His rites are princely! His Word is covered!”............................................................................................................. No. 67: Eråema ur-saœ gal me-ni åe-er-ma-al-la e-ne-èœ-œá-ni mañ-àm, “Great hero! His rites are princely! His Word is exalted!”................................................................ No. 68: Eråema ù-ma gul-gul-e 2, “Devastating combat-impulse”............................................ No. 69: Eråema gakkul-àm-ma-al-åú e-ne-èœ ªmu-ul-líl-lá, “It is a covered gakkul-vessel! The Word of Mullil” .............................................................................................. No. 70: Eråema dilmun ki niœin-na 2, “Important one, turn!” (Enlil) ........................................ No. 71: Eråema kur-gal a-a ªmu-ul-líl 2, “Great Mountain, father Mullil” (Enlil) ................... No. 72: Eråema umun mu-e-åi-in-DU, “Lord, he brought to you” ............................................ No. 73: Eråema dé-a-na-ni dé-a-na-ni, “Pour for him there! Pour for him there!” ................... No. 74: Eråema umun é àm-di-di-ni-ta, “When the lord marches (out of) the House” ............. 2. Ritual Eråemas to goddesses in the Nineveh catalogue ............................................................ No. 75: Eråema égi mañ dìm-me-er an ki-a, “Exalted princess, goddess of heaven and earth” ............................................................................................................... No. 76: Eråema gakkul-àm-ma-al-åú 3, “It is a covered gakkul-vessel!”................................... No. 77: Eråema gaåan mañ kèåº-àm-ta, “Exalted lady from Keå” ............................................ No. 78: Eråema i-lu-ke® i-lu-ke® 1 and 2, “She of ‘Alas!’ She of ‘Alas!’ ” (Inana)..................... No. 79: Eråema am mur-ra nu-un-ti, “The wild bull was beaten, he lives no more!” ............... No. 80: Eråema a-a-zu eden-na ér pà-da-zu, “Your father, when you cry in the steppe” .......... No. 81: Eråema égi-œen DU-a-œu¡ˆ te-e-a, “I am the princess! My proceeding is approaching” ......................................................................................................... No. 82: Eråema égi in-di-di úru a-åe-er-ra, “The princess is wandering! The city is in sighs!”..................................................................................................................... No. 83: Eråema i-lu-ke® i-lu-ke® 2a, “She of ‘Alas!’ She of ‘Alas!’ ” .......................................... No. 84: Eråema an-na mu-un-dúb, “She made heaven shake” ................................................... No. 85: Eråema úru gaåan-zu-åè, “City, to your lady” (Inana) .................................................. No. 86: Eråema in-di tu-ra, “The course is afflicted!” .............................................................. No. 87: Eråema åà-ba-a-ni dè-èœ-œe™^-ñuœ-œe™^, “May her heart be pacified!” ......................... No. 88: Eråema égi mañ ªa-ru-ru, “Exalted princess Aruru” .................................................... No. 89: Eråema égi mañ gaåan an ki-a, “Exalted princess, lady of heaven and earth!” ............ 3. Ritual Eråemas not mentioned in the Nineveh Catalogue......................................................... No. 90: Eråema ªutu lugal-àm, “Utu is king!” ........................................................................... No. 91: Eråema(?) é-zi gul-gul-lu-NE ní-bi-åè ér im-åe‰-åe‰, “When the wall is being destroyed, it itself cries”.........................................................................................

ix 188 190 197 203 205 205 208 212 213 213 213 213 219 224 225 225 225 225 226 226 226 232 233 233 233 233 233 235 237 238 239 239 242 242 243

IV. Unidentified Eråemas.................................................................................................................. 245 No. 92: KAR 99+ rev. iv // SBH 42 rev. (Ninurta/ Nergal) ....................................................... 245

x

Contents Excursus: The literary structure and motifs of the Eråema.................................................... No. 93: K.5831: Eråema to Marduk............................................................................................ No. 94: K.9249: Eråema to Marduk ........................................................................................... No. 95: K.10170: Catchline to Eråema of Nintinuga(?) ............................................................. No. 96: K.19499: Eråema to Nintinuga(?) .................................................................................. No. 97: TIM 9, 34: Eråema to Nanna(?).....................................................................................

250 252 253 254 255 256

V. Fragments of Emesal Prayers That Are Possibly Eråemas .......................................................... No. 98: K.2382 ........................................................................................................................... No. 99: K.3130 ........................................................................................................................... No. 100: K.4608 ......................................................................................................................... No. 101: K.4952 .......................................................................................................................... No. 102: K.5063 ......................................................................................................................... No. 103: K.6017 .......................................................................................................................... No. 104: K.9279 ......................................................................................................................... No. 105: K.9407 ......................................................................................................................... No. 106: K.10533 ........................................................................................................................ No. 107: K.11988 ........................................................................................................................ No. 108: K.16961 ........................................................................................................................ No. 109: K.19635 ........................................................................................................................ No. 110: K.20367........................................................................................................................ No. 111: 80-7-19, 169 .................................................................................................................. No. 112: 80-7-19, 279.................................................................................................................. No. 113: BM 83026 .................................................................................................................... No. 114: LKA 21 ........................................................................................................................

261 261 261 264 266 268 269 270 272 272 273 274 274 275 275 276 276 278

VI. Synoptic Transliterations of First-Milllennium Eråemas and Their Parallels ........................... Synopsis No. I: Parallel lines of the Eråema a åe-eb é-kur-ra (no. 8) and the Balaœ section a åe-eb é-kur-ra .......................................................................................................... Synopsis No. II: Parallel lines of the Eråema umun-œu¡ˆ za-e (no. 13) and the OB section ù-mu-un-œu¡ˆ za-e ................................................................................... Synopsis No. III: Parallel lines of the Eråema gu®-sún e-lum gu®-sún (no. 15) and other (gu®-sún) e-lum gu®-sún Balaœ sections .................................................................... Synopsis No. IV: Parallel lines of the Eråema gakkul-àm-ma-al-åú 1 (no. 16) and other e-ne-èœ-œá-a-ni gakkul-àm-ma-al-åú Balaœ sections ................................................ Synopsis No. V: Parallel lines of the Eråema an sù-ud-ᜠizi-gin¢ (no. 42) and the OB section an su-da-áœ! zi-gi-œe^-en ......................................................................... Synopsis No. VI: Parallel lines of the Eråema úru a-åe-er-ra (no. 50) and other úru a-åe-er-ra sections ............................................................................................... Synopsis No. VII: Parallel lines of the Eråema nir-œál lú è-NE (no. 54) and other sections ........ Synopsis No. VIII: Parallel lines of the Ritual Eråema ªutu-gin¢ è-ta (no. 64) and other sections ...................................................................................................................... Synopsis No. IX: Parallel lines of the Ritual Eråema ur-saœ gal me-ni åe-er-ma-al-la íl-la (no. 65) and other sections ................................................................................. Synopsis No. X: Parallel lines of the Ritual Eråema dilmunº niœin-na 2 (no. 70) and other dilmunº niœin-na sections .........................................................................................

281 281 286 289 296 302 304 310 324 328 331

Contents

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Synopsis No. XI: Parallel lines of TIM 9, 34 (no. 97) and other OB sections ............................. 342 Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................... 345 References ......................................................................................................................................... 347 Indexes .............................................................................................................................................. 1. Edited, partially edited, and unpublished texts according to museum number ........................ 2. Edited and partially edited texts according to publication ....................................................... 3. Sumerian words ......................................................................................................................... 4. Divine names ............................................................................................................................. 5. Place names (lands, cities, temples) .......................................................................................... 6. Akkadian-Sumerian correspondences in indexes 3–5 ..............................................................

351 351 354 356 368 370 372

Plates .................................................................................................................................................

1