CONTENTS. Voltage Gain 35

MODERN COMMUNICATION CIRCUITS JACK SMITH CONTENTS Preface xvii Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Chapter 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Introductio...
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MODERN COMMUNICATION CIRCUITS JACK SMITH

CONTENTS

Preface

xvii

Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Chapter 2 2.1 2.2

2.3

2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7

Introduction to Radio Communication Systems Introduction Network Theorv Methods of Modulation Receivers A Modern Communications Receiver An Integrated-Circuit FM Receiver Transmitters Problems Additional Reading

1 1 2 4 6 10 10 11 12 14

Small-Signal Amplifiers Introduction Bipolar Transistor Amplifiers Equivalent Circuits The Common-Emitter Amplifier The Common-Base Amplifier The Emitter-Follower Field-Effect Transistor Amplifiers Equivalent Circuits The Common-Source Amplifier The Source-Follower The Common-Gate Amplifier Input Impedance

15 15 15 15 17 19 23 26 26 28 31 33 35

Voltage Gain

35

Output Impedance Multistage Amplifiers The Dual-Gate FET Push-Pull Amplifiers The Differentiai Amplifier

35 36 38 39 41

2.7

2.8

Chapter 3 3.1 3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

Chapter 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4

4.5 4.6

Chapter 5 5.1 5.2

The Differentiai Amplifier The Common-Mode Rejection Ratio The FET Differential Amplifier The BJT Differential Amplifier The Operational Amplifier Op Amp Characteristics The Ideal Inverting Amplifier The Nonideal Inverting Amplifier: The Effect of Finite Loop Gain The Gain-Bandwidth Product The Effect of Finite Input Impedance The Effect of Finite Input and Output Impedance The Noninverting Amplifier Problems References

41 42 44 48 49 50 50 53 54 55 56 58 59 65

Network Noise and Intermodulation Distortion Introduction Noise Thermal Noise Active Device Noise Noise in Transistor Amplifiers Noise Figure, Noise Factor, and Sensitivity Average Noise Factor Noise Figure Noise Factor of Cascaded Networks Noise Temperature Sensitivity Design of Low-Noise Networks Network Noise Representation Equivalent Noise Representatiov of a BJT Amplifier Network Noise Factors Low-Noise Design A Low -Noise Amplifier Optimization of BJT Bias Current Intermodulation Distortion Gain Compression Second Harmonic Distortion Intermodulation Distortion Ratio Dynamic Range SINAD Problems References Additional Reading

66 66 67 68 72 74 76 79 79 79 81 82 85 85 86 87 90 91 94 94 95 96 96 98 100 101 102 103

Frequency-Selective Networks and Transformers Introduction Series Resonant Circuits The Effect of Source Resistance Voltage Application Parallel Resonant Circuits. Branch Currents ParaUel Resonant Circuits Including Transformers Transformers with Tuned Secondaries Double -Tuned Circuits Autotransformers Capacitive Transformers Impedance Matching and Harmonie Filtering Using Reactive Networks Filter Delay and Signal Distortion Problems References Additional Reading

104 104 104 112 113 113 116 117 121 123 125 127 130 135 139 143 143

High-Frequency Amplifiers and Automatic Gain Control Introduction

144 144

High-Frequency Performance of Bipolar and Field-Effect Transistor Amplifiers The BIT High-Frequency Model The Current Gain-Bandwidth Product The FET High-Frequency Model Miller's Theorem High-Frequency Response of FET Amplifiers High-Frequency Response of BJT Amplifiers Common-Base Amplifiers Emitter-Followers Cascade of Identical Stages

144 144 147 147 148 150 156 159 164 167

5.3

5.4

Chapter 6 6.1 6.2

6.3

Chapter 7 7.1 7.2

7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9

Chapter 8 8.1 8.2 8.3

8.4 8.5 8.6

8.7

Cascade of Identical Stages Broadbanding Techniques Input Compensation Feedback Current-to-Voltage Feedback Voltage-to-Current Feedback Lossless Feedback Amplifiers Neutralization Cascode Amplifiers Automatic Gain Control Theory of Automatic Gain Control Another AGC Model AGC System Components Problems References Additional Fteading

167 167 169 171 173 176 180 184 186 188 190 193 197 198 202 202

Hybrid and Transmission-Line Transformers Introduction Three-Winding Transformers Asymmetrical Three-Winding Transformers Power Transfer in Hybrid Transformers Phase Distribution in Hybrid Transformers The Nonideal Three- Winding Transformer Transmission-Line Transformers The Step-Up Transformer The Hybrid Transformer A Power-Output Stage Problems Fteferences Additional Fteading

203 203 203 208 213 214 215 217 223 224 225 227 230 230

Oscillators Introduction Conditions for Oscillation Nyquist Stability Criteria Circuit Analysis Another Interpretation of the Oscillator Circuit The Pierce Oscillator Amplitude Stability Phase Stability Crystal Oscillator Characteristics Parallel -Mode Crystal Oscillators Series-Mode Crystal Oscillators Voltage-Controlled Oscillators and Voltage-Controlled Crystal Oscillators Field-Eflect Transistor Oscillators The FET Pierce Oscillator Oscillator Control Using Delay Lines Integrated-Circuit Oscillators Problems Fteferences Additional Fteading

231 231 232 232 238 243 247 249 250 252 258 263 269 276 277 278 280 288 293 294

Phase-Locked Loops Introduction Linear Model of the Phase-Locked Loop Phase Detectors (PDs) Digital Phase Detectors Exclusive-OFt Detectors

295 295 297 302 302 302

Flip-Flop Detectors Dual-D Flip-Flops Phase-Frequency Detectors Mixers Sampling Detectors Phase Detector Comparisons Voltage-Controlled Oscillators (VCOS) Loop Filters Phase-Locked Loop Applications Tracking Filters Angle Modulation Frequency Demodulation Amplitude Demodulation Phase Shifters Signal Synchronizers Digital Phase-Locked Loops

303 305 307 309 310 315 316 316 317 318 318 319 320 321 322 324

8.7

Chapter 9 9.1 9.2 9.3

9.4

Chapter 10 10.1 10.2 10.3

10.4 10.5 10.6

Chapter 11 11.1 11.2

11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7

Chapter 12 12.1 12.2

Digital Phase-Locked Loops Problems References Additional Reading

324 326 327 327

Phase-Locked Loop Analysis Introduction Steady-State Error Analysis Stability Analysis Type 1 Systems The pole-Zero Filter Control of Loop Bandwidth Type II Systems Type II Third-Order Systems Loops Including a Time Delay Loops Containing a Sample-and-Hold Phase Detector PLL Transient Performance Transient Analysis of the Linearized PLL Type I Systems: Phase Step Response Type I Systems: Frequency Step Response Type II Loops Ramp Inputs Comparison of Type I and Type II Loops Large-Signal Behavior Digital Phase Detectors First-Order Systems Type I Loop Including a Low-Pass Filter Sinusoidal Phase Detection Numerical Example Problems References Additional Reading

328 328 328 330 333 337 338 340 349 355 357 359 360 360 362 364 366 367 369 369 369 372 378 380 380 382 382

Frequency Synthesizers Introduction Direct Frequency Synthesis Frequency Synthesis by Phase Lock Effects of Reference Frequency on Loop Performance Variable-Modulus Dividers Down Conversion Methods for Reducing Switching Time Direct Digital Synthesis Synthesizer Design Example Phase Noise A Model for Oscillator Phase Noise Phase Noise in Phase-Locked Loops Effect of Frequency Division and Multiplication on Phase Noise Problems References Bibliography

383 383 384 387 388 390 393 393 400 403 407 407 412 413 415 417 417

Power Amplifiers Introduction Class A Amplifiers Transformer-Coupled Class A Amplifiers Class A Push-Pull Amplifiers Square-Wave Input Class B Amplifiers Push-Pull Amplification with Complementary Transistors Power Relations in the Direct-Coupled Class B Push-Pull Amplifier Class C Amplifiers Class C Power-Amplifier Design Frequency Multiplication Class D Amplification Nonideal Performance Class S Power Amplifiers Pulse-Width Modulators Class E Tuned Power Amplifiers Problems References Additional Reading

420 420 421 425 427 429 431 434 436 437 440 444 446 448 449 450 451 452 454 454

Modulators and Demodulators Introduction Frequency Mixers

455 455 456

12.2

12.3

12.4

12.5

Appendixes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Index TOP

Frequency Mixers Switching-Type Mixers Conversion Loss Distortion Intermodulation Distortion in Diode-Ring Mixers Square-Law Mixers BJT Mixers FET Mixers Amplitude and Phase Modulation and Demodulation Amplitude Modulation Amplitude Modulators: Standard AM Demodulators Average Envelope Detectors. Synchronous Detection Angle Modulation Angle Modulators FM Demodulators FM Detectors Pulse Discriminators Digital Modulation Digital Modulation and Demodulation of Analog Data Amplitude Modulation Frequency Modulation Phase Modulation Integrated Circuit Techniques Problems References Additional Reading

456 457 464 465 466 468 469 471 476 476 477 481 481 484 485 485 486 487 489 491 495 495 496 496 497 499 501 502

Siliconix 1260T U310-Siliconix 2N 5394 Noise Characteristics Harris 5190 Burr-Brown 3554 Motorola 390 RC A CD 4046 CM 860 Teledyne CP 640 Teledyne Crystallonics LM 194 National Semiconductor TI Digital Phase-Locked-Loop Filters

503 503 507 508 509 517 525 527 537 539 545 547 553