Preface ............................................................................................................... v
I.
II.
THE FRAMEWORK OF THE HANDBOOK
1.
Violence: The Difficulties of a Systematic International Review ........ 3 Wilhelm Heitmeyer and John Hagan
2.
The Concept of Violence ..................................................................... 13 Peter Imbusch
3.
The Long-Term Development of Violence: Empirical Findings and Theoretical Approaches to Interpretation ..................................... 41 Manuel Eisner
RESEARCH ON VIOLENCE: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH WITH A FOCUS ON SOCIAL SCIENCES
1. Societal Structures and Institutions: Social Conditions and State Agents 1.1. Social Structures and Inequalities 1.1.1 Poverty and Violence .......................................................................... 67 Robert D. Crutchfield and Tim Wadsworth 1.1.2 Ethnic Segregation and Violence ........................................................ 83 James F. Short, Jr. 1.1.3 A Comparative Examination of Gender Perspectives on Violence .... 97 Carol Hagemann-White 1.2. Violence in and by State Institutions 1.2.1 Violence and the Rise of the State .................................................... 121 Michael Hanagan vii
viii
CONTENTS
1.2.2 Holocaust ........................................................................................... 139 Peter Longerich 1.2.3 Violence within the Military ............................................................. 171 Gerhard Kümmel and Paul Klein 1.2.4 Violence in Prisons/Torture ............................................................... 189 Ronald D. Crelinsten 1.2.5 Violence and the Police ..................................................................... 207 Jean-Paul Brodeur
2. Groups and Collectivities: Political and Ideological Violence 2.1
Ethnopolitical Conflict and Separatist Violence ............................... 227 Ted Robert Gurr and Anne Pitsch
2.2
Ethnic Violence ................................................................................. 247 Andreas Wimmer and Conrad Schetter
2.3
The Socio-Anthropological Interpretation of Violence .................... 261 Georg Elwert
2.4
Civil Wars .......................................................................................... 291 Peter Waldmann
2.5
Terrorism ........................................................................................... 309 Fernando Reinares
2.6
Violence from Religious Groups ...................................................... 323 Jon Pahl
2.7
Vigilantism ........................................................................................ 339 David Kowalewski
2.8
Pogroms ............................................................................................. 351 Werner Bergmann
2.9
Violence and New Social Movements .............................................. 369 Dieter Rucht
2.10
Violence and the New Left ................................................................ 383 Donatella della Porta
2.11
Right-Wing Extremist Violence ........................................................ 399 Wilhelm Heitmeyer
2.12
Large-Scale Violence as Contentious Politics .................................. 437 Charles Tilly
CONTENTS
3.
ix
Violent Individuals: Perpetrators and Motives 3.1
Processes of Learning and Socialization 3.1.1 The Social Psychology of Aggression and Violence ........................ 459 James T. Tedeschi 3.1.2 Emotions and Aggressiveness ........................................................... 479 Roy F. Baumeister and Brad J. Bushman 3.1.3 Learning of Aggression in the Home and the Peer Group ............... 495 Ernest V.E. Hodges, Noel A. Card, and Jenny Isaacs 3.1.4 Violence and the Media ..................................................................... 511 Helmut Lukesch 3.1.5 Patterns and Explanations of Direct Physical and Indirect Nonphysical Aggression in Childhood ............................................. 543 Holly Foster and John Hagan
3.2. Evolutionary and Social Biological Approaches 3.2.1 Evolutionary Psychology of Lethal Interpersonal Violence ............. 569 Martin Daly and Margo Wilson 3.2.2 The Nature–Nurture Problem in Violence ........................................ 589 Laura Baker
3.3
Violent Individuals 3.3.1 Sociological Approaches to Individual Violence and Their Empirical Evaluation ......................................................................... 611 Günter Albrecht 3.3.2 Youth Violence and Guns .................................................................. 657 Alfred Blumstein 3.3.3 Organised Crime and Violence ......................................................... 679 Dick Hobbs 3.3.4 Understanding Cross-National Variation in Criminal Violence ....... 701 Steven Messner
4. Victims of Violence: Individuals and Groups 4.1
Violence against Children ................................................................. 719 James Garbarino and Catherine P. Bradshaw
4.2
Violence in Intimate Relationships ................................................... 737 Russell P. Dobash and R. Emerson Dobash
x
CONTENTS
4.3
Suicide ............................................................................................... 753 David Lester
4.4
Violence against the Socially Expendable ........................................ 767 Ezzat A. Fattah
4.5
Violence against Ethnic and Religious Minorities ........................... 785 Tore Bjørgo
4.6
Hate Crimes Directed at Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgendered Victims ...................................................................... 801 Jack McDevitt and Jennifer Williamson
4.7
Trauma and Violence in Children and Adolescents: A Developmental Perspective ........................................................... 817 Bessel A. van der Kolk and Annette Streeck-Fischer
5. Social Opportunity Structures: Institutions and Social Spaces 5.1
Violence in Social Institutions 5.1.1 Violence in the Family ...................................................................... 837 Richard J. Gelles 5.1.2 Violence in School ............................................................................ 863 Gabriele Klewin, Klaus-Jürgen Tillmann and Gail Weingart 5.1.3 Work-Related Violence ..................................................................... 885 Vittorio di Martino 5.1.4 Violence and Sport ............................................................................ 903 Eric Dunning
5.2
Violence in the Public Space 5.2.1 Violence on the Roads ....................................................................... 923 Ralf Kölbel 5.2.2 Juvenile and Urban Violence ............................................................ 937 François Dubet
6. Violence Discourses: Ideologies and Justifications 6.1
Discourses and Ideologies 6.1.1 Political Cultural Studies and Violence ............................................ 957 Thomas Meyer 6.1.2 The Role of Elites in Legitimizing Violence .................................... 973 Herfried Münkler and Marcus Llanque
CONTENTS
xi
6.1.3 Violence in Contemporary Analytic Philosophy .............................. 989 Keith Burgess-Jackson 6.1.4 Sacrifice and Holy War: A Study of Religion and Violence ........... 1005 Volkhard Krech 6.1.5 Violence and the Glorification of Violence in the Literature of the Twentieth Century ................................................................. 1023 Jürgen Nieraad 6.2
Justification Strategies 6.2.1 The State Monopoly of Force ......................................................... 1043 Dieter Grimm 6.2.2 The Monopoly of Legitimate Violence and Criminal Policy ......... 1057 Albrecht Funk 6.2.3 Freedom to Demonstrate and the Use of Force: Criminal Law as a Threat to Basic Political Rights ........................ 1079 Otto Backes and Peter Reichenbach 6.2.4 The Right to Resist .......................................................................... 1097 Heiner Bielefeldt 6.2.5 Individual Violence Justification Strategies ................................... 1113 Siegfried Lamnek
7. Processes and Dynamics: Escalation and De-Escalation 7.1
Fear of Violent Crime ...................................................................... 1131 Klaus Boers
7.2
Public Opinion and Violence .......................................................... 1151 Hans Mathias Kepplinger
7.3
Groups, Gangs and Violence ........................................................... 1167 Wolfgang Kühnel
7.4
Escalation and De-Escalation of Social Conflicts: The Road to Violence ....................................................................................... 1181 Roland Eckert and Helmut Willems
III.
1.
THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES IN RESEARCH ON VIOLENCE
Potentials and Limits of Qualitative Methods for Research on Violence ...................................................................................... 1203 Andreas Böttger and Rainer Strobl
xii
CONTENTS
2.
Strategies and Problems in Quantitative Research on Aggression and Violence ................................................................. 1219 Rainer Dollase and Matthias Ulbrich-Herrmann
IV.
SUBJECT INDEX ........................................................................... 1239
V.
AUTHOR INDEX ........................................................................... 1245
VI.
THE AUTHORS .............................................................................. 1257
