Contents. Chapter 1 Overview... 1

Contents CLAUSE PAGE Chapter 1 Overview................................................................................................................
Author: Molly Martin
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Contents CLAUSE

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Chapter 1 Overview.................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21

Scope and general information .............................................................................. 1 Industrial plants...................................................................................................... 1 Industry Applications Society (IAS)...................................................................... 5 Professional registration......................................................................................... 6 Professional liability .............................................................................................. 7 Codes and standards............................................................................................... 7 Handbooks ........................................................................................................... 10 Periodicals............................................................................................................ 11 ManufacturersÕ Data ............................................................................................ 12 Safety ................................................................................................................... 12 Maintenance......................................................................................................... 15 Design considerations .......................................................................................... 15 Estimating ............................................................................................................ 19 Contracts .............................................................................................................. 20 Access and loading .............................................................................................. 21 Contractor performance ....................................................................................... 21 Environmental considerations.............................................................................. 22 Technical files...................................................................................................... 22 Electronic systems ............................................................................................... 22 Programmable logic controller ............................................................................ 24 Bibliography ........................................................................................................ 24

Chapter 2 System planning..................................................................................................................... 27 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7

Introduction.......................................................................................................... 27 Definitions............................................................................................................ 27 Basic design considerations ................................................................................. 27 Planning guide for the supply and distribution system........................................ 31 Power system modernization and evaluation studies/programs .......................... 56 References............................................................................................................ 58 Bibliography ........................................................................................................ 59

Chapter 3 Voltage considerations........................................................................................................... 61 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

General................................................................................................................. 61 Voltage control in electric power systems ........................................................... 66 Voltage selection.................................................................................................. 78 Voltage ratings for low-voltage utilization equipment ........................................ 81

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3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13

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Effect of voltage variations on low-voltage and medium-voltage utilization equipment ........................................................................................... 82 Voltage drop considerations in locating the low-voltage secondary distribution system power source......................................................................... 86 Improvement of voltage conditions ..................................................................... 87 Phase-voltage unbalance in three-phase systems................................................. 89 Voltage sags and flicker....................................................................................... 91 Harmonics ............................................................................................................ 95 Calculation of voltage drops ................................................................................ 96 References.......................................................................................................... 107 Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 108

Chapter 4 Short-circuit current calculations......................................................................................... 109 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6

Introduction........................................................................................................ 109 Sources of fault current...................................................................................... 109 Fundamentals of short-circuit current calculations............................................ 112 Restraints of simplified calculations.................................................................. 115 Detailed procedure ............................................................................................. 124 Example of short-circuit current calculation for a power system with several voltage levels ......................................................................................... 138 4.7 Example of short-circuit current calculation for a low-voltage system (under 1000 V)................................................................................................... 158 4.8 Calculation of short-circuit currents for dc systems .......................................... 170 4.9 References.......................................................................................................... 170 4.10 Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 171 Annex 4A Typical impedance data for short-circuit studies.......................................................... 173 Chapter 5 Application and coordination of protective devices ............................................................ 185 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10

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Purpose............................................................................................................... 185 Analysis of system behavior and protection needs ............................................ 187 Protective devices and their applications........................................................... 192 Performance limitations ..................................................................................... 222 Principles of protective relay application [38], [40], [50] ................................. 223 Protection requirements ..................................................................................... 238 Use and interpretation of time-current coordination curves .............................. 250 Specific examplesÑapplying the fundamentals................................................ 260 Acceptance testing (commissioning), maintenance, and field testing ............... 281 Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 304

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Chapter 6 Surge voltage protection ...................................................................................................... 311 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9

Nature of the problem ........................................................................................ 311 Traveling-wave behavior ................................................................................... 315 Insulation voltage withstand characteristics ...................................................... 322 Arrester characteristics and ratings.................................................................... 330 Arrester selection ............................................................................................... 336 Selection of arrester class................................................................................... 338 Application concepts.......................................................................................... 340 References.......................................................................................................... 355 Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 357

Chapter 7 Grounding ............................................................................................................................ 363 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8

Introduction........................................................................................................ 363 System grounding .............................................................................................. 363 Equipment grounding......................................................................................... 370 Static and lightning protection grounding.......................................................... 375 Connection to earth ............................................................................................ 379 Ground resistance measurement ........................................................................ 383 References.......................................................................................................... 389 Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 389

Chapter 8 Power factor and related considerations .............................................................................. 393 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17

General scope..................................................................................................... 393 Current and power flow fundamentals............................................................... 394 Benefits of power-factor improvement.............................................................. 397 Typical plant power factor ................................................................................. 402 Instruments and measurements for power-factor studies................................... 404 Techniques to improve the power factor ........................................................... 405 Calculation methods for improving power factor.............................................. 410 Location of reactive power supply..................................................................... 411 Capacitors with induction motors ...................................................................... 412 Capacitor standards and operating characteristics ............................................. 422 Controls for switched capacitors........................................................................ 425 Transients and capacitor switching.................................................................... 427 Protection of capacitors and capacitor banks..................................................... 435 Resonance and harmonics.................................................................................. 437 Inspection and field testing of power capacitors................................................ 438 References.......................................................................................................... 440 Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 442

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Chapter 9 Harmonics in power systems ............................................................................................... 443 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11 9.12

Introduction........................................................................................................ 443 Importance of understanding effects of harmonics............................................ 443 History of harmonic problems and solutions ..................................................... 444 Definition and sources of harmonic currents and voltages................................ 445 Characteristics of harmonics.............................................................................. 447 Static power converter theory ............................................................................ 449 System response characteristics......................................................................... 455 Effects of harmonics .......................................................................................... 458 Harmonic analysis.............................................................................................. 466 Mitigation techniques......................................................................................... 467 Industry standards .............................................................................................. 471 Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 473

Chapter 10 Power switching, transformation, and motor control apparatus .......................................... 475 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8

Introduction........................................................................................................ 475 Switching apparatus for power circuits.............................................................. 478 Switchgear.......................................................................................................... 492 Transformers ...................................................................................................... 503 Unit substations.................................................................................................. 519 Motor control equipment ................................................................................... 521 Adjustable speed drives ..................................................................................... 529 Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 532

Chapter 11 Instruments and meters ........................................................................................................ 537 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 11.10

Introduction........................................................................................................ 537 Basic objectives ................................................................................................. 540 Switchboard and panel instruments ................................................................... 540 Portable instruments........................................................................................... 542 Recording instruments ....................................................................................... 543 Miscellaneous instruments................................................................................. 544 Meters ................................................................................................................ 545 Auxiliary devices ............................................................................................... 549 Typical installations ........................................................................................... 551 Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 552

Chapter 12 Cable systems....................................................................................................................... 553 12.1 Introduction........................................................................................................ 553

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Cable construction ............................................................................................. 554 Cable outer finishes............................................................................................ 566 Cable ratings ...................................................................................................... 570 Installation.......................................................................................................... 579 Connectors ......................................................................................................... 586 Terminations ...................................................................................................... 592 Splicing devices and techniques ........................................................................ 601 Grounding of cable systems............................................................................... 605 Protection from transient overvoltage................................................................ 606 Testing................................................................................................................ 607 Locating cable faults .......................................................................................... 613 Cable specification............................................................................................. 617 References.......................................................................................................... 617 Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 619

Chapter 13 Busways ............................................................................................................................... 621 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 13.10 13.11 13.12 13.13

Origin ................................................................................................................. 621 Busway construction.......................................................................................... 621 Feeder busway ................................................................................................... 623 Plug-in busway................................................................................................... 624 Lighting busway................................................................................................. 626 Trolley busway................................................................................................... 627 Standards............................................................................................................ 627 Selection and application of busways ................................................................ 628 Layout ................................................................................................................ 634 Installation.......................................................................................................... 635 Field testing........................................................................................................ 637 Busways over 600 V (metal-enclosed bus)........................................................ 637 References.......................................................................................................... 639

Chapter 14 Electrical conservation through energy management .......................................................... 641 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 14.10 14.11 14.12

Introduction........................................................................................................ 641 Finding energy conservation opportunities........................................................ 642 The energy management process ....................................................................... 643 Calculating energy savings ................................................................................ 646 Load management.............................................................................................. 653 Efficiencies of electrical equipment................................................................... 655 Metering............................................................................................................. 658 Lighting.............................................................................................................. 660 Cogeneration ...................................................................................................... 669 Peak shaving ...................................................................................................... 670 Summary ............................................................................................................ 670 Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 672

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Chapter 15 Industrial substations: plant-utility interface considerations ............................................... 675 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6

Introduction........................................................................................................ 675 Planning stage .................................................................................................... 678 Design stage ....................................................................................................... 689 Construction stage.............................................................................................. 697 Operating stage .................................................................................................. 699 Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 700

Chapter 16 Cost estimating of industrial power systems ....................................................................... 703 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.9 16.10

Introduction........................................................................................................ 703 Information required .......................................................................................... 703 Factors to be considered..................................................................................... 704 Preparing the cost estimate ................................................................................ 704 Classes of estimates ........................................................................................... 704 Equipment and material costs ............................................................................ 705 installation costs................................................................................................. 705 Other costs ......................................................................................................... 706 Example ............................................................................................................. 706 Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 707

Annex 16A Selected sources for cost-estimating information......................................................... 719 Annex A Power system device function numbers............................................................................... 721 INDEX .................................................................................................................................. 729

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