The Solar Universe
Confidence in Reliability
Mike Silverman Managing Partner Ops A La Carte LLC
Thomas Ortman President Concurrent Design , Inc.
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe AGENDA – Introduction/Registration Review – 5 minutes – Overview of Webinar/Set the Stage – 5 minutes – Webinar – 90 minutes – Q&A – 20 minutes
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe INTRODUCTION – Who Are We? – Responses to Registration Questions – Reliability vs. Regulatory Compliance Standards
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Who Are We? – Ops A La Carte HQ Q in Santa Clara,, CA Presenter: Mike Silverman, Managing Partner Moderator: Bob Baker, Program Manager
– Concurrent Design HQ in Austin, TX Presenter: Tom Ortman, President/CEO
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Ops p A La Carte – Founded in 2001 – Named top 10 fastest growing growing, privatelyprivately-held companies in the Silicon Valley in 2006 and 2009 by the San Jose Business Journal. Journal. – Over 500 Customers in over 30 countries – Over 100 different industries,, 6 main verticals CleanTech CleanTech,, MedTech MedTech,, Telecom, Defense, Oil/Gas, Consumer
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Ops p Solar Reliability y Division – We are the industry leader in reliability solutions in the Solar market. We are committed to Highly Reliability S t Systems to t help h l save our planet. l t – We provide Confidence in Reliability. – We offer a flexible method of engagement: – End-to-end reliability solutions, solving specific problems, or providing individual services. – We consult in every life cycle phase, train in every aspect of reliability, and test in our state-of-the-art HALT and HASS LabsTM Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Ops Solar Related Projects
Armageddon Energy - FMEA for residential solar product
C Carmanah h - Accelerated A l d Lif Life T Test ffor marine i solar l product d
Energy Innovations - Reliability Program Plan and ALT Plan for solar tracker
Konarka - Accelerated Life Test for p portable solar p product
Semiconductor - Reliability program for a solar optimizer
OptiSolar - Reliability Test Plan for solar inverter
S l El Solar Electric t i Solutions S l ti - Warranty W t Analysis A l i for f solar l product d t
Solar Junction - Reliability program for solar product
SolFocus - HALT for solar tracker controller
SunPower - On-Going Reliability Test for solar product
Thompson Technology – Root Cause Analysis for solar tracker
X d - Reliability Xandex R li bilit program ffor a solar l optimizer ti i
Xantrex - HALT, FMEA, and Prediction for inverter for wind and solar Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Concurrent Design, g , Inc. – Founded in 1994 – Commercial Product Design – Industrial Product Design – Prototyping and Manufacturing Solutions – Over 1580 Projects in 17 years – Clients in US US, Europe Europe, Asia – Strategic Focus: Electronics / Semiconductor / Clean Energy / Solar Energy Product Design Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Concurrent Design Expertise – Mechanical Engineering Industrial Design / Conceptual Layout Mechanical M h i lD Design i /M Machine hi D Design i / E/M Pkg Pk Design D i – Electrical Engineering Power Distribution & Instrumentation and Control Human Interface Design / HMI / PC / PLC – Thermal e a Engineering g ee g Analysis a ys s & Design es g – Structural Analysis (FEM/FEA) – Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) – Prototype Build & Engineering Verification Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Concurrent Solar Related Projects
CPV – 500 X Optical Concentration – System Design – Structures PV – Flat Plate – Utility Scale – Emerging Applications PV – Flat Plate – Commercial Scale – Cost Reduction Application Racking System - High volume custom Utility Scale application Racking System – Custom Solar Panel Shock and Vibration Analysis Tracker – HelioStat - Solar Structures Engineering Analysis Tracker – Two Axis – Low Cost Cost, High Volume Commercial / Residential Scale Inverter – Electro-Mechanical Packaging Design Emerging Technology – R&D level activities focused on future generation Test Equipment - Thin Film - Current Density and Voltage Voltage, Quantum Efficiency Test Equipment - Thin Film - Solar Spectrum Light Soaker Test Equipment Test Equipment - Monocrystalline - Flash Test Equipment Manufacturing Tools – Vacuum Process Chamber Analysis and Design Manufacturing Systems – Manufacturing Plant Line Layout, Custom Equipmt Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Presenter 1: Mike Silverman – – – –
Founder and managing partner at Ops A La Carte 25 years of experience in Reliability/Quality World expert on HALT/HASS/ALT Author of “How Reliable Is Your Product: 50 Ways to Improve I Product P d t Reliability”, R li bilit ” D Dec 2010 – International speaker in 8 different countries – BSEE, BSEE CRE – IEEE Reliability Society Silicon Valley Chapter Chair
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Presenter 2: Tom Ortman – Founder and managing partner at Concurrent Design – 35 years of experience Commercial and Industrial Product Development Manufacturing Process Technologies Manufacturing Solutions
– – – –
BS Mechanical Engineering Speaker on Solar Products and Technologies SEMI Central Texas Chapter Chair Founding Partner – CleanTX Foundation
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Moderator: Bob Baker – Program Manager at Ops A La Carte – 40 years of highhigh-tech product development experience – Track record of global impact in manufacturing, manufacturing engineering, business, and project management roles – Expertise p in telecommunications electronics, a pioneering role in the development of milmil-spec qualified SMT PCB assembly processes, electronics manufacturing factory activations, activations and advanced microprocessor device packaging technology – BSME, MBA – Officer positions in SMTA, IMAPS, IEEE Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Registration g Demographics g p – 130+ people signed up for Webinar – 13 different countries; 83% from USA – 14 different U.S. states; 44% 44%--TX, 22% 22%--CA – 39% from the Austin TX area – 12+ different industries; Energy Energy--23%, Mfg Mfg--18% – Very diverse mix of companies represented – 48% in Management roles; 44% Engineering
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Registration Question Responses – Does your company currently build products for the solar industry? 36% IInterest; t t 31% Y Yes; 17% L Looking; ki 13% Fi Firstt P Prod d
– If Photovoltaics, Photovoltaics, are you mostly involved with... 50% None; 36% Modules; 7% Inverters
– If Solar thermal, are you mostly involved with... 84% None; 12% Other; 3% Linear Fresnel Reflector
– What type of Solar Products or Services are you providing? 53% None; 47% PV Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Reliabilityy vs. Regulatory g y Compliance p Standards – Reliability ensures product performance over life – Regulatory Compliance Standards ensure safety and compliance to industry standards – There is a big overlap between the two – There are big differences between the two – In this seminar we will focus on Reliability – Assess confidence in the warranty you are providing Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Regulatory g y Compliance p Standards – Before we move on, one slide on standards IEC 61215 – “Crystalline y silicon terrestrial photovoltaic p ((PV)) modules - Design qualification and type approval” IEC 61646 – “Thin-film terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules Design qualification and type approval approval” IEC 62108 – “Concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) modules and assemblies - Design qualification and type approval” IEC 61730 – “Photovoltaic (PV) module safety qualification” IEEE 1503-2001 “CPV Qualifications for Sections and Modules” Flat Plate Photovoltaic Modules and Panels” Panels UL 1703 – “Flat-Plate
– This list is not a complete list Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe
“What What is the universe of solar p products?” Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe
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The Solar Universe
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The Solar Universe
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The Solar Universe
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The Solar Universe
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The Solar Universe
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe
“What What is the universe of solar p products?” Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe EXTRA EXTRA--TERRESTRIAL INSOLATION (SOLAR CONSTANT) ~1366W/M^2 VISIBLE LIGHT 46% 46%, INFRARED 47% 47%, ULTRAVIOLET 6% TERRESTRIAL INSOLATION ~1000W/M^2 1000W/M 2 (MAXIMUM - DNI)
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe
“What What is the universe of solar p products?” Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe In today’s presentation, we will cover the following o o ga areas eas o of the e so solar a u universe. e se
PhotoVoltaic Technology (PV) Concentrated PhotoVoltaic Technology (CPV) Built-In PhotoVoltaic Technology (BIPV) Concentrating Solar Power Technology (CSP) Solar Thermal Technologies General Solar Technology F Future Solar S l T Technology h l Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Reliability in the Solar Universe Reliability is going to play an important role for all of these industries because these industries are usually ll ttrying i tto ttake k the th place l off an iincumbent. b t Some of the reliability challenges are: ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾
Higher Reliability Demands Higher g Availability y Demands Higher Warranty Requirements New Materials/New Risks P Pressure on reducing d i power Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Reliability in the Solar Universe Reliability Techniques in Each Product Life Cycle Phase
CONCEPT PHASE DESIGN/DEVELOPMENT PHASE PROTOTYPE PHASE MANUFACTURING PHASE
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Reliability in the Solar Universe CONCEPT PHASE RELIABILITY TECHNIQUES ○ Assessment / Goal Setting / Gap Analysis ○ Competitive Analysis / Benchmarking ○ Reliability R li bili P Program Pl Plan D Development l DESIGN/DEVEL. PHASE RELIABILITY TECHNIQUES ○ RoHS Conversion / Material Selection ○ Risk Analysis/FMEA ○ Reliability Modeling ○ Thermal Analysis ○ Derating Analysis ○ PM/Warranty PM/W t P Predictions di ti Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Reliability in the Solar Universe PROTOTYPE PHASE RELIABILITY TECHNIQUES ○ HALT ○ Reliability Demonstration Test / Accelerated Life Test MANUFACTURING PHASE RELIABILITY TECHNIQUES ○ HASS ○ ORT/OLT ○ Field Data Analysis/Warranty Review
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe For each type of system that we cover, we will describe the technology and then point out some of the reliability p y risks and what we are doing to mitigate these risks.
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe
PhotoVoltaic Technology PV Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe PhotoVoltaic Technology gy ((PV)) – Cells/Modules (Panels) – Racking/Trackers g – Inverters/Converters – Storage
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
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The Solar Universe
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The Solar Universe
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The Solar Universe Reliability Risks of Panels Failure Modes Temperature Cycling Voltage Mismatch Humidity enters panel Poor soldering joints Panels get dirty q Earthquake Hail/Bad Weather Walking on Birds pecking at panels Premature Aging UV Exposure Vibration Failure Manufacturing f i Defects f Installation Failure
Failure Effects Seal Loss/Cell Degradation Pulls down all the voltages Corrosion/Loss of Efficiency Early failures Loss of efficiency Breakingg Breaking Breaking Damage to panels, wiring Warranty Concerns Embrittlement/Seal Loss Broken Connections Various i (many ( cases off fires) fi ) Various (many cases of fires)
Reliability Technique Environmental testing Derating Analysis/Electr. Char. Environmental testing HASS Preventive maintenance Environmental testingg Environmental testing HALT (using increasing weight) HALT (using increasing pressure) Matl/Warranty Analysis/ALT UV ALT Environmental testing HASS/ORT/OLT ASS/O /O High voltage HALT
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe CASE STUDY 1: Vibration Failure on Module
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe CASE STUDY 2: ALT on Flexible Panel – Customer C t had h d 5 year requirement i t – First we characterized stresses with HALT – Then we created ALT plan to prove 5 years – We used stresses that exhibited behavior change d i HALT during – Weakest part of design was not solar material but with ith packaging k i around d material t i l Breach of package would allow moisture to enter
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Do you have any reliability concerns, questions or experiences you want to ask questions, about regarding solar panels? Please type in your questions now
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe POLLING QUESTION 1: Are you familiar with the following environmental techniques used to characterize/mitigate failures? Temperature Cycling HALT HASS OLT/ORT
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe
PhotoVoltaic Technology Racking/Trackers g Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe
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The Solar Universe
SPG Solar
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Tracker Reliability
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Reliability Trade Trade--offs with Trackers
Do D you ttrackk by b minute i t or once an hour or a few times a day? –Minute by minute will give you higher efficiency ffi i b but llower reliability li bili –You You must optimize this for your application Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Reliability Risks of Trackers Failure Modes Mechanical Failures Hi h winds High i d Installation Failure Faulty Algorithm
Failure Effects
Rel. Technique
Lose efficiency S t Failure System F il Weakens tracker, reduces life Tracker over-adjusts & breaks
ALT Wi d Loading Wind L di Analysis A l i Design for Installation Software FMEA
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe CASE STUDY: RCA on Tracker Failure – Customer C t Failure F il D During i Wi Windstorm d t – We went to site and reviewed evidence – Tools: Material Analysis, Wind-loading Analysis – Conclusions: Change in Design after Windloading Analysis Installation Error caused weak member Software Bug caused overtracking
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Do you have any reliability concerns, questions or experiences you want to ask questions, about solar trackers? Please type in your questions now
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe POLLING QUESTION 2: Are you familiar with reliability techniques used to characterize life of trackers? Mechanical loading analysis Prognostics P ti tto detect d t t early l failure f il signs i Accelerated life testing Weibull field data analysis
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe
PhotoVoltaic Technology Inverters/Converters Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe
Conversion Inverters DC-AC –String level (Scale) –Micro Micro Inverters
DC DC Converters DC-DC Optimizers p Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Inverters
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Inverters
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Micro-inverters
Enphase p Micro-Inverters
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Optimizers
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe “In In addition to rigorous internal testing, Santa Clara, Calif.- based Ops a La Carte provided reliability testing of National National's s SolarMagic power optimizer at its HALT & HASS Labs in Santa Clara. Ops a La Carte has had a long long-term term presence in the reliability field, conducting extensive reliability testing for the aerospace, automotive, medical, telecom, defense & energy (including fuel cell, oil and solar) industries industries” - - National Semiconductor PR Department. Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe “The reliability modeling for the SunMizer(TM), a solar product manufactured by Xandex Solar, has an expected t d Mean M Ti Time B t Between F il Failures (MTBF) of more than 500 years. Xandex has leveraged their experience in designing high quality, quality high technology products by utilizing Ops A La Carte for Highly Accelerated Life Testing (HALT) and Highly Accelerated Stress Screening (HASS) to produce the SunMizer(TM) SunMizer(TM)” - - - Xandex PR Department. Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Reliability TradeTrade-off with Inverters
Is I it better b tt to t use DC-DC DC DC or DC DC-AC? AC? Is it better to have one large inverter or many micro-inverters? Is it better to place the inverter on the back of the panel or away from the elements? Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Reliability TradeTrade-offs with Inverters
Currently C tl th the reliability li bilit off llarge inverters is 7-10 7 10 years while panels are pushing 25 years. Big single point i t ffailure il h here. Micro Micro-inverter inverter companies are starting to claim 25 years. Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Reliability Risks of Inverters/Converters F il Failure Modes M d Electronics degradation ECapp Failures Solder Joints Connector contacts wear Seal integrity broken Lightning Voltage spikes from grid W Wrong Phase Ph Match M h
F il Failure Effects Eff t Rel. R l T Technique h i Won’t meet long life Won’t meet longg life Won’t meet long life Won’t meet long life Won’tt meet long life Won Early/Catastrophic Failure Early/Catastrophic Failure E l /C Early/Catastrophic hi Failure F il
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
HALT ALT HASS ALT ALT Environmental testing Electrical testing El Electrical i l testing i
The Solar Universe CASE STUDY: Availability Analysis on Inverter – Customer C t needed d d tto maximize i i availability il bilit – We performed FMEA to identify key risks – Design Analyses – Prediction, FMEA, Derating, Thermal Analyses – Conclusions: C l i Reducing stresses in key areas increased availability
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Do you have any reliability concerns, questions or experiences you want to ask questions, about solar inverters? Please type in your questions now
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe POLLING QUESTION 3: Are you familiar with reliability techniques used during design characterization for inverters/converters? FMEA Derating D ti Analysis A l i Thermal Analysis Finite Element Analysis
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe
Concentrated PhotoVoltaic Technology gy CPV Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
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The Solar Universe
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The Solar Universe
Emcore Corporation 500X 2 Axis CPV Array Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Reliability Risks of CPV Failure Modes
Failure Effects Rel. Technique
Degradation of Optics Degradation of Glues/Mounts Optics Get Dirty Optical Tolerancing Thermal Issues
Less Concentrated Energy Less Concentrated Energy Less Concentrated Energy Less Concentrated Energy Loss of Productivity
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
Life Testing on Optics Life Testing on Glues Envir Test on Sealing DFSS Thermal Analysis
The Solar Universe
Built in PhotoVoltaic Technology gy BIPV Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
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The Solar Universe Sanyo Solar Arc
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The Solar Universe Reliability Implications with BIPV
If infrastructure i f t t then th more expensive i to change. Becomes a critical system. New age of building material that must be very reliable. reliable Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Reliability Risks of BIPV Failure Modes Failure resulting in replacement Failure of critical element
Failure Effects Tear into building Power loss to whole system
Mitigations Design so that systems can be maintained Build in redundancy
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe
Concentrating Solar Power Po er Technology gy CSP Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Solar Trough
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) vs. PhotoVoltaic (PV) collector. Photovoltaic collectors use electronics (chips) to convert sunlight into electricity, while thermal solar collectors (CSP) concentrate heat and directly or indirectly convert this to electricity. Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
Source csposi.org
The Solar Universe Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) – Mojave Desert, California, USA
Th Largest The L Solar S l Energy E Power P Plant Pl in i the h W World ld Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Solar Power Tower (Solucar PS10, Spain)
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Linear Fresnel Reflector
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Odeillo Solar Furnace DNI = 1000W/cm2. The maximum temperature that can be obtained is the stagnation t ti temperature t t 3400°C, 3400°C general experiments may be conducted in a temperature range of 800°C to 2500°C
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Reliability Risks of CSP Failure Modes
Failure Effects
Tracker Failures Mirror Alignment Turbine Failure High Temperatures (>400C)
Loses Efficiency Loses Efficiency Unforeseen failure modes Degradation
Mitigations ALT Vibration ALT High Temperature ALT
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe
Solar Thermal Technologies Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Stirling Engine (Stirling Energy Systems, Inc.)
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Solar Updraft Tower
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
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The Solar Universe
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Reliability Risks of Solar Thermal - Stirling System S stem Failure Modes Tracker Failure Lens Misalignment Compressor Failure
Failure Effects Same as PV Tracker Loses Efficiency System Down
Mitigations Same as PV Tracker Vibration Testing ALT
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Reliability Risks of Solar Thermal – Updraft Tower To er Failure Modes Windd Turbine Wi T bi Failure F il Glass Gets Dirty Earthquake/Windstorm
Failure Effects Reduces R d Efficiency Effi i Reduces Efficiency Tower Could Crack
Mitigations ALT Self-Cleaning Glass Re-inforced Construction
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Reliability Risks of Solar Thermal for Water Heating Failure Modes Leakk L Thermostat Failure Water pH Level Imbalance
Failure Effects Flooding Fl di Water Gets Too Hot Wears Equipment
Mitigations Leakk Testing/Seal L T ti /S l Life Lif Testing T ti Redundant Thermostats Balance Water/Design to Withstand
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The Solar Universe
General Solar T h l gy Technology Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Zephyr Drone
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Solar Impulse
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The Solar Universe
TÛRANOR PlanetSolar Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
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Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
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Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Reliability Challenges with General Solar Often expanded environmental requirements
– temperature – mechanical stress
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe
Future Solar T h l gy? Technology? Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Solar Clothing
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Hybrid Solar
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Nanotechnology based Solar Nanocolumns a oco u s o of hematite, e a e, one of the iron oxide compounds that Professors Allen Bard and Buddie Mullins are testing in their efforts to convert sunlight to fuel. Professor Allen Bard University of Texas at Austin
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Hybrid Solar
MTPV Corporation
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Reliability Challenges with Future Solar Technologies Often new materials that have not yet been proven
Often expanded environmental requirements – temperature – mechanical h i l stress t Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe
Confidence in Reliability
Mike Silverman Managing Partner Ops A La Carte LLC
Thomas Ortman President Concurrent Design , Inc.
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
The Solar Universe Thank You Please type in your questions now
All Photographic images were obtained in the public domain and are the property of their respective owners.
Ops A La Carte and Concurrent Design
