Condensed Encyclopedia of Polymer Engineering Terms

Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Ph.D.

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INDEX ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene), 1 Accelerators, 2 Acrylic Resin, 6 Acrylic (Polyacrylate), 7 Activators, 7 Additive, 7 Adhesives, 7 Air Cooled Heat Exchanger, 10 Alcohol, 11 Alkali, 13 Alkyl, 15 Ambient, 16 American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 16 American Society for Testing and Materials, 16 Amorphous, 18 ANSI, 19 Antioxidants, 19 Antiozonant, 22 Apparent Viscosity, 23 Aromatic, 23 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, 26 Auto-ignition Temperature, 27 Banbury Mixer, 262 Batch Intensive Mixing, 32 Base, 32 Benzene, 32 Birefringence, 32 Bock Copolymers, 33 Boiling Point, 34 Bulk Polymerization, 34 Blown-film Extrusion, 34 Blow Molding, 35 Boiling Mixer, 262 Brookfield Viscosity, 38 Butane, 38 Butyl (IIR), 38

353

354

INDEX

Calendering, 39, 187 Calorie, 40 Capillary Viscometer, 41 Carbon Black, 42 Carbon Type Analysis, 44 CAS Registry Numbers, 44 Casting, 44 Cavitation, 45 Cellular Plastics, 45 Cellulose Acetate Propionate, 47 Chemical Antiozonants, 48 Chemical Resistance, 50 Chemical Transportation Emergency Center, 54 Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC ), 55 Chloroprene or Cr or Neoprene, 56 Chlorosulphonated Polyethylene or Hypalon, 56 Chromatography, 57 Cleveland Open Cup (COC), 58 Closed Cup Method, 58 Cloud Point Temperature, 58 Coating, 58 Code of Federal Regulations, 58 Cokneader, 59 Cold-flow Improver, 59 Cold Molding, 59 Collette Rheometer, 60 Colorants, 60 Composites, 61 Compounded Oil, 61 Compounding, 61 Compression Set, 62 Condensers, 62 Cone-plate Rheometer, 66 Congealing Point, 67 Control Charts, 67 Copolymers, 69 Coextrusion, 70 Compression Molding, 71 Compression Molds, 72 Corotating Screws, 182 Counterrotating Screws, 179 Cracking, 73 Cross-linked Polymers, 74 Creep Rupture, 75

INDEX

Crystalline Polymer, 76 Crystallization, 76 Cure Rheometer, 78 Cure Time, 79 CUSUM Chart, 80 Degradable Plastics, 82 Demulsibility, 82 Demulsifier, 82 Denaturing Oil, 82 De-oiling, 82 Department of Transportation (DOT), 82 Dewaxing, 82 Detergent, 83 Dicumyl Peroxide, 341 Die Swell, 83 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), 84 Diluent, 84 Distillate, 84 Distillation, 85 Distillation Test, 85 Distributive Mixing, 86 Drawing Compound, 87 Dry Spinning, 87 Dynamic Demulsibility, 88 Dynamic Door Sealing, 266 Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA), 88 Elasto-hydrodynamic (EHD) Lubrication, 89 Elasticoviscous Fluids, 89 Elastomers, 90 Embossing, 91 Emulsion Polymerization, 91 Emulsion, 91 EWMA Control Chart, 91 Energy, 95 EP Additive, 95 Epoxy Resins, 96 EP Rubbers, 98 EP Terpolymer, 99 Ester, 100 EVA (Ethylene Vinyl Acetate), 100 Evaporation, 102 Extensional Rheometry, 102

355

356

INDEX

Extrusion, 102 Extrusion Coating, 155 Fabrication Processes, 104 Fatigue Testing, 104 FDA (Food And Drug Administration), 106 Fiberglass, 106 Fiber Orientation, 106 Fiber Reinforcement, 107 Fire Point, 107 Flame Ionization, 108 Flammable Limits, 108 Flammabilty Range, 108 Flash Point, 108 Foaming, 108 Foamed Thermoplastics, 109 Foamed Thermosets, 109 Food Additive, 110 Four-ball Method, 110 Freezing Point, 110 Fretting, 111 Friction, 111 Gas Chromatography, 112 Gas-phase Polymerization, 112, 122 Gel Permeation Chromatography, 112 Glass-Filled Polypropylene, 235 Grafting (Radiation Type), 115 Half-life, 116 Halogen, 117 Halogenated Hydrocarbons, 117 Hand Lay-up Technique, 120 HDPE (High Density Polyethylene), 120,125 HMWDPE (High Molecular Weight Polyethylene), 126 Heat of Combustion, 127 Heat of Decomposition, 127 Heat of Solution, 127 Heat of Polymerization, 128 Heptane, 128 Hexamethylene Diamine, 340 Hexane, 128 High-pressure Polymerization, 128 High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS), 130

INDEX

Homogenization, 131 Humidity, 131 Hydrocarbon, 131 Hydrocarbon Waxes, 132 Ignition Temperature, 134 ICP Atomic Emission Spectroscopy, 134 Impact Strength, 135 Injection Molding, 137 Injection Stretch Blow Molding, 139 In-line Screw Injection Molds, 141 Internal Batch Mixers, 141 Internal Mixing Procedures, 144 Intrinsic Viscosity, 177 Ion Chromatography (Ic), 144 Ionomers (Surlyn), 146,147 Ion Selective Electrodes (ISE), 147 ISO (International Organization For Standardization), 148 ISO Standards, 150 Jelly, White Petroleum, 152 Jetness, 152 Joule, 152 Joule's Law, 153 Joule-Thomson Effect, 153 Kinematic Viscosity, 153 Kinetic Energy, 153 Knit Line, 154 Lamination, 155 Latent Heat of Vaporization, 156 Late Toxicity, 156 LC50,156 LD50, 156 Lethal Concentration, 156 Lethal Dose, 156 LDPE (Low Density Polyethylene), 157, 158 Liquid Chromatography, 159 Liquid Crystal Polymers, 160 Liquid Heat Capacity, 162 Liquid Slurry Polymerization, 120 Liquid Viscosity, 163 Low Linear Density Polyethylene (LLDPE), 163 Long Chain Branching, 164

357

358

INDEX

Machining, 165 Magnesium Oxide, 346 Mark-Houwink relation, 177 Mastic, 165 Mass Spectrometry (MS and GC/MS), 165 Matched Mold Forming, 166 MBS (Polymethacrylate Butadiene Styrene), 167 Melamines, 167 Melting Point of Wax, 168 Melt Phase Thermoforming, 168 Melt Flow Indexer, 168 Melt Fracture, 168 Melt Spinning, 169 Metric System, 329 Microscopy, 170 Mill Mixing, 171 Mineral Spirits, 172 Mixing Practices, 172 Molds, 174 Molecular Weight, 175 Mooney Viscosity, 177 Multiple-screw Extruders, 178 National Bureau of Standards (NBS), 183 National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), 183 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 183 National Sanitation Foundation (NSF), 184 Natural Rubber (NBR), 184 NFPA Hazard Classifications, 185 Nitrile (NBR), 186, 187 No volac Resins, 191 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer, 192 Oil Content of Petroleum Wax, 193 Organic Peroxide Mixture, 346 Organosols, 213 Oscillating Disc Rheometer (ODR), 193 Ozone Cracking, 196 Ozonides, 198 Packing Group, 200 PAEK (Polyaryletherketone), 200 PBT (Polybutylene Terephtalate), 201 PEEK (Polyetheretherketone), 202 PEI (Polyetherimide), 203

INDEX

PEKEKK (Polyetherketoneetherketoneketone), 203 Penetrometer, 204 Peroxides, 204 Peroxide Crosslinking, 206 Personal Protective Equipment, 208 PES (Polyethersulfone), 208 PET (Polyethylene Terephtalate), 209 PETG (Polyethylene Terephtalate Glycol), 211 Phase Contrast, 170 Phenolics, 212 Pipe Extrusion, 212 Plasma Polymerization, 213 Plastics Technical Evaluation Center (PLASTEC), 213 Plasticity, 214 Plasticizers ,214 Plastisols, 214 Plate-and-frame Heat Exchangers , 214 Plunger-type Transfer Molding, 216 PMMA (Polymethylmethacrylate (Acrylic)), 217 Polar Compound, 218 Polarized light, 170 Poly aery lonitrile, 219 Polyamide - PA6 - (Nylon 6), 221 Polyamide - PA66 - (Nylon 66), 222 Polyamide -PA11 - (Nylon 11), 223 Polyamide- PA12G - 12, 30% Glass Filled, 224 Polyamide 66 - PA66m - , 40% Mineral Filled, 225 Polyarylsulfone (PAS), 225 Polyblends, 226 Polybutylene (PB), 228 Poly(Butylene Terephthalate) (PBT), 228 Polycarbonate (PQ/ABS Blends, 228 Poly(Cyclohexanedimethylene Terephthalate) (PCT), 231 Polyethylene, 231 Polyethylene 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylate) (PEN), 235 Poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK), 235 Polyimide (TPI), 235 Poly(methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA), 236 Polypropylene (PP), 236 Polyoxymethylene (POM), 240 Polystyrene Crystal (XPS), 240 Polysulfone (PSO), 242 Polysulphides, 243 Polyurethanes, 243 Poly(vinyl Alcohol), 245

360

INDEX

Poly(vinyl Chloride) (PVC), 189,245 Polyvinylidene Chloride (PVDC), 247 Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF), 247 POM (Acetal), 248 Postcuring, 249 Potential Energy, 250 PPA (Polyphthalamide), 251 PPE (Phenylene Ether Co-polymer), 252 PPS (Polyphenylene Sulfide), 252 Preforming, 253 Preplasticating Equipment, 253 Pressure Forming, 255 Process Oil, 255 Profiling, 255 Reaction Injection Molding, 255 Recycling, 256 Refined Wax, 258 Refractive Index, 258 Reinforcements, 260 Relative Thermal Index, 260 Resin, 260 Resin Transfer Molding, 260 Resole Formation, 261 Rheology, 261 Rotational Molding, 261 Rubber Compounding, 261 Rubber Oil, 265 Rubber Oxidation, 265 SAN (Styrene Acrylonitrile Copolymer), 268 Scanning Electron Microscopy, 170,268 Scorch, 270 Sealing Components, 270 Seal Swell (Rubber Swell), 272 Semi-crystalline Thermoplastics, 273 Screw Configurations, 273 Screw Transfer Molding, 276 Sealants, 277 Shear Stress, 277 Sheet Extrusion, 278 Shell And Tube Type Heat Exchangers, 280 Shellac, 282 Shewhart Control Chart, 282 Short-term Inhalation Limits, 284

INDEX

Silicone, 284 Society of Plastics Engineers (SPE), 284 Society of Plastics Industry (SPI), 284 Solubility, 285 Solution Polymerization, 122, 286 Solvent, 286 Specific Gravity, 287 Specific Heat, 288 Spiral-plate Heat Exchangers, 288 Stabilizers, 292 Stepwise SPC Chart, 292 Stoddard Solvent, 293 Stress Strain Behavior, 293 Styrene-butadiene Rubber, 294 Styrene Maleic Anhydride, 294 Sulfur, 347 Sulfur Vulcanization, 294 Surface Grafting, 297 Suspension Polymerization, 298 Swell And Shrinkage Tests, 298 Synthetic Rubber, 300 System International (SI), 331 TEMA Standards, 281 Thermal Analysis, 301 Thermoforming, 302 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), 304 Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA), 305 Thermoplastics, 305 Thermosetting Resins, 306 Time-dependent Fluids, 307 Titanium Catalyst Systems, 309 Toxicity by Ingestion, 309 Toxicity by Inhalation (Threshold Limit Value), 310 TP (Thermoplastic Elastomer Polyester), 310 TPE (Thermoplastic Elastomers), 311 TPO (Thermoplastic Elastomer Polyolefin), 316 TPU (Thermoplastic Polyurethane), 317 Trade Names, 318 Transfer Molding, 324 Transmission Electron Microscopy, 325 Twin Screw Extruders, 178 Ultrasonic Parts Assembly, 326 Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 327 Units of Measurement, 328

361

362

INDEX

UN Hazard Classes And Divisions, 338 U S System of Measurements, 337 U-tube Heat Exchanger, 339 Ureas, 340 Vacuum Forming, 340 Vanadium Catalyst, 340 Vapor (Gas) Specific Gravity, 341 Varnish, 341 Viscoelastic Behavior, 341 Viscosity Index (V.l.) Improver, 343 Viscosity-temperature Relationship, 343 Volatility, 343 Vulcanization, 343 Vulcanizing Agents, 345 Wax (Petroleum), 347 Wax Appearance Point (WAP), 348 Welding, 348 White Oil, 349 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, 349 Xylene, 349 Yield, 350 Ziegler Natta Catalysts, 352 Ziegler Polymerization Process, 352 Zinc Oxide, 346