Concentrating Solar Power Alliance
CSP Overview SEPA Webinar
Frank (Tex) Wilkins Executive Director CSP Alliance
January 31, 2013 CSP Alliance
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http://www.csp-alliance.org
Concentrating Solar Power Alliance • CSP Alliance - an advocacy group formed in March 2012 whose goal is to increase the deployment of CSP
• Mission – inform utilities, grid operators, and regulators of the benefits of CSP with its ability to store thermal energy and provide dispatchable power
• Members - membership includes Abengoa, BrightSource, Torresol Energy, Lointek, Cone Drive, and Wilson Solarpower
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Agenda • • • • • • •
Introduction Plant characteristics Storage Solar collection Projects Cost and future developments Question and answer
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CSP Storage & Power Block
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Solana: photos courtesy of Abengoa .
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Plant Characteristics • Project start up – if the turbine is warm it takes 10 minutes from start to full power. If the plant is operating as spinning reserve, full capacity can be reached in 4 minutes. The plant can be started and increased to full load in 10 minutes or less. • Off-design operation - CSP plants can operate efficiently at off-design conditions. For example, the efficiency of a steam turbine at 50% load is about 95% of the design efficiency. • Power quality – same as power from fossil plants providing reactive power support, dynamic voltage support, and primary frequency control. • Dispatch of stored energy – power can be put onto the grid at any time, day or night.
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Dispatch Examples 1.6
800
1.4
700
1.2
600
1.0
500
0.8
400
0.6
300
0.4
200
0.2 0.0
Summer: dispatch power to meet afternoon & early evening peak demand
January
100
1.6
800
0
1.4
700
1.2
600
1.0
500
0.8
400
0.6
300
0.4
200
0.2
100
Hour Ending Relative Value of Generation
Trough Plant w/6hrs TES
Solar Radiation
Winter: dispatch power to meet morning and evening periods of peak demand
Utility Load, Trough Plant Output
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Hour Ending Relative Value of Generation
Trough Plant w/6hrs TES
Solar Radiation
*Graphs courtesy of Arizona Public Service CSP Alliance
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Solar Resource (W/m2)
900
Solar Resource (W/m2)
Utility Load, Trough Plant Output
July 1.8
CSP (trough) Water Requirements • Cooling – Wet Cooling – Dry Cooling • Mirror washing • Steam cycle cleaning
700-900 gal / MWh 70-90 gal / MWh ~ 50 gal / MWh ~ 50 gal / MWh
Impact of Dry Cooling: ~90% less water with: • 4-7% cost increase in hot climates (e.g. Las Vegas, NV) • 3-5% cost increase in cooler climates (e.g. Alamosa, CO)
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Thermal Energy Storage
Typical CSP storage is heating a mixture of nitrate salts from 390°C (troughs) to 560°C (towers). Salt heated in the solar field is placed in the hot tank. Salt coming from the turbine goes to the cold tank.
*Photos courtesy Abengoa CSP Alliance
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Trough Power Plant w/ 2-Tank Molten Salt Thermal Storage Solar Field
Storage
Power Block Steam Turbine
Hot Tank
Heat Exchanger
Cold Tank
Pump
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Trough Power Plant: Power Generation Solar Field
Power Block
Storage
Steam Turbine
Hot Tank
Heat Exchanger
Cold Tank
Pump
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Trough Power Plant Power Generation and Charging Storage Solar Field
Power Block
Storage
Steam Turbine
Hot Tank
Heat Exchanger
Cold Tank
Pump
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Trough Power Plant Power from Thermal Storage Solar Field
Power Block
Storage
Steam Turbine
Hot Tank
Heat Exchanger
Cold Tank
Pump
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Storage Provides Intraday System Stability 1000
300
900 250
700 200 600 150
500 400
100
Power Output (MWhe)
Direct Normal Irradiance DNI (W/m2)
800
300 200 50 100 0 0:00
0 1:40
3:20
5:00
6:40
8:20
10:00 11:40 13:20 15:00 16:40 18:20 20:00 21:40 23:20
April 12, 2012 (Time of Day)
*Chart courtesy of Solar Reserve CSP Alliance
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Storage Promoting Flexibility • Use of storage can lessen grid ramps (the rate of increase/decrease in grid system power) and reduce operator uncertainty due to solar forecast errors. • High capacity value helps meet resource adequacy requirements • Plant can provide spinning or non spinning reserves • Importance of storage increases as grid penetration increases of wind and solar without storage* – Little value of storage at low grid penetration of renewable energy – The benefits of storage at higher renewable penetration can be in the range of $30-40/MWh relative to renewables w/o storage due to energy, ancillary services, capacity, power quality and avoided system costs of integration in recent studies by LBNL and NREL
• CSP with storage enables greater use of PV * Ref: “The Economic and Reliability Benefits of CSP with Thermal Storage: Recent Studies and Research Needs”, CSP Alliance Report, Dec 2012. CSP Alliance
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Categories of Value Energy Ancillary services (for secondary frequency control) Power quality and other ancillary services Capacity Integration and curtailment costs compared to solar PV and wind
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Hourly optimization of energy schedules Subhourly energy dispatch Ramping reserves Regulation 10-minute spinning reserves 10-min non-spinning reserves Operating reserves on greater than 10 minute timeframes Voltage control Frequency response Blackstart Generic MW shifted to meet evolving system needs Operational attributes Reduced production forecast error and associated reserve requirements Reduced curtailment due to greater dispatch flexibility without production losses Ramp mitigation 15
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Solar Collection: Trough Technology
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Parabolic trough technology uses long parabolic mirrors, with an absorber tube running each mirror’s length at the focal point. Sunlight is reflected by the mirror and concentrated on the absorber tube.
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Heat transfer fluid, comprised of oil or molten salts, runs through the tube to absorb the concentrated sunlight. The heat transfer fluid is then used to heat steam for a turbine/generator or heat storage.
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Trough systems are sensitive to economies of scale and estimated to be most cost effective at 100 MW or greater.
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Solar concentration: 75 suns | Operating temp: 390°C |
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Solar Collection: Power Towers
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Power towers use an array of flat, moveable mirrors, called heliostats, to focus the sun's rays onto a receiver at the top of a central tower. The energy in the receiver is transferred to a heat transfer fluid (salt or steam) which is used to heat steam for a turbine/generator or storage media (salt).
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Molten salt allows solar energy from daylight hours to be stored to generate steam throughout the evening. The high operating temperature enables less expensive storage.
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Due to power block requirements, power towers are sensitive to economies of scale and are typically most economical at 100 MW or more.
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Solar concentration: 800 suns | Operating temperature: 560°C
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CSP Plants Under Construction in the U.S. Solana
Mojave
Genesis
Crescent Dunes
Ivanpah
Technology
Trough w/6 hrs storage
Trough
Trough
SaltTower w/10 hrs storage
Steam Towers
Capacity (MW)
280
280
250
110
392
Jobsconstruction
1,600
800
600
1,000
Jobspermanent
85
47
45
86
Location
Arizona
California
California
Nevada
California
DOE Loan Guarantee
$1.45B
$1.2B
$0.85B
$0.74B
$1.6B
Completion
2013
2014
2013
2013
2013
Developer
Abengoa
Abengoa
NextEra
Solar Reserve
BrightSource
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1,000 and 80
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Solana: trough 280 MW with 6 hrs Storage
Photos courtesy Abengoa CSP Alliance
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Ivanpah: 3 towers totaling 392 MW *photos courtesy BrightSource
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Ivanpah
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Crescent Dunes: 110 MW with 10 hrs storage *photos courtesy Solar Reserve
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Solar Collection Direct normal, diffuse, and global solar radiation CSP can use only the direct because diffuse can not be effectively focused or concentrated
SOURCE: Status Report on Solar Thermal Power Plants, Pilkinton Solar International, 1996.
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Solar Resource in U.S. Southwest
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DOE & BLM: identifying land for CSP deployment Approach: a programmatic environmental impact statement (PEIS)
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BLM manages 119 million acres in the 6 Southwestern states where the solar resource is most intense (CA, NV, NM, AZ, CO, and UT)
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Identification of land that is appropriate for solar deployment from technical and environmental perspectives
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Streamline evaluation and processing of solar projects
• Identification of additional transmission corridors crossing BLM-managed land
• 17 solar zones proposed totaling about 285,000 acres CSP Alliance
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Cost Reduction: R&D and Deployment • Sargent & Lundy’s due-diligence
study* evaluated the potential cost reductions of CSP. • Cost reductions for CSP
technology will result from R&D and deployment.
*
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Sargent and Lundy (2003). Assessment of Parabolic Trough and Power Tower Solar Technology Cost and Performance Impacts. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/34440.pdf
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Importance of Deployment on Cost
Deployment is as more important in reducing cost as R&D advancements
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DOE’s SunShot Goal* Reduce the installed cost of solar energy systems to about 6¢kWh w/o tax incentives, driving widespread, large-scale adoption of this renewable energy technology
*SunShot Vision Study, Feb 2012, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/sunshot/vision_study.html CSP Alliance
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Paths to SunShot Goal – DOE R&D
• High Temperature Systems – higher operating temperature increases system efficiency. – Existing steam systems operate at 390oC – 565oC with 37-42% efficiency. – Research focused on supercritical CO2 Brayton operating at 600oC800oC with 50-55% efficiency
• Storage – two tank salt the standard to beat but explore other options like higher temp storage/heat transfer fluid materials, phase change and solid materials, including direct steam • Solar Field – reduce collector cost while maintaining or improving optical performance • Receivers – develop selective coatings for high temperature receivers
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Thank You
Frank “Tex” Wilkins Executive Director Concentrating Solar Power Alliance Phone: (410) 960-4126
[email protected]
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