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COMPRESSED STABILIZED EARTH BLOCKS (CSEB)
TO BUILT A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE
WHAT ARE CSEB? 2
CSEB are a mix of soil, sand, a stabilizer (often 5% of cement), and water.
They are compressed in a press (manual or motorised) and cured during 28 days.
They can reach a dry compressive strength of 9 MPa (in Auroville).
Top soil is removed and only the deeper soil is extracted.
CSEB are used on all continents.
CSEB have been a major tool for the renaissance of earth architecture worldwide.
It is today the earth technology which is used the most worldwide and in Auroville.
The Auroville Earth Institute became one of the world leader for the research and development of CSEB technology.
MACHINERY FOR CSEB – WORLDWIDE 3
Many manual or motorised presses have been researched and developed worldwide.
Cinvaram
Auram 240
Brepak Unata
Auram 3000
Altec Pact 500
Terrablock
Elson block Master
Terstaram
Hydraform
MACHINERY FOR CSEB – AUROVILLE WITH AURAM EQUIPMENT 4
Auram press 3000. Productivity: 125 B/h – Production of ~ 70 blocks with 18 moulds.
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MACHINERY FOR CSEB – AUROVILLE WITH AURAM EQUIPMENT 5
Auram Press 4000 and Auramix 5000: Productivity: 300 B/h
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MACHINERY FOR CSEB – AUROVILLE WITH AURAM EQUIPMENT 6
Auram Press 6000: Productivity: 600 B/h
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VERSATILITY OF BLOCK TYPES 7
The Auram press 3000 can produce about 70 different blocks with 18 moulds
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Several series of blocks have been developed for various uses: ¾Hollow blocks for load bearing masonry ¾ Solid blocks for load bearing masonry ¾ Hollow interlocking blocks for disaster resistance ¾ Hourdi for floors & roofs ¾ Round blocks for columns ¾ Tiles and special blocks Variety of blocks produced by the Auram Press 3000
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TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CSEB WITH 5% CEMENT 9
Dry compressive strength σc (After 28 days curing)
5 to 9 MPa
Wet compressive strength σc (After 28 days curing)
3 to 4 MPa (after 24 h. immersion)
Dry bending strength σb (After 28 days curing)
0.5 to 1 MPa
Dry shear strength (After 28 days curing)
0.4 to 0.6 MPa
Water absorption by weight (After 28 days curing)
8 to 12 % (after 24 h. immersion)
Apparent bulk density (dry)
1,800 to 2,000 kg/m3 572.58 MJ / m3 = 10.7 less than country fired bricks 51.53 Kg / m3 = 12.5 less than country fired bricks
Embodied energy per m3 of raw material Pollution emission (CO2)
1 MPa = 10.197 Kg/cm2 All data with Auroville soil, after 28 days curing. These mechanical characteristics are influenced by: - The soil quality, the compression ratio and the force applied by the press. - The quality of manufacturing and especially curing – The quality and percentage of stabilizer.
CSEB PROMOTE ENDOGENOUS DEVELOPMENT 10
NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Local authorities and people can manage their own natural resources
Quarries resulting from sourcing soil on site can be rehabilitated into:
Underground rainwater harvesting tanks, reservoirs
Surface rainwater harvesting by percolation and Landscaping features.
Wastewater treatment systems
Basement floors
They are beneficial to the development to the place if well planned.
But they can be disastrous if unplanned.
Indispensable to foresee first a rehabilitation plan for the quarry.
CSEB PROMOTE ENDOGENOUS DEVELOPMENT 11
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Production of CSEB is a job creation opportunities
This technology allows unskilled and/or unemployed people to learn a skill.
Therefore to get a job and rise in the social values.
CSEB production is a labour intensive technology.
Labour cost is ~ 40 to 45 % of the block production (manual process).
Labour cost is ~ 65% of the building cost (using vaults and domes). Ö Proper human resource management is the first key to sustainable development.
CSEB ARE ECO-FRIENDLY 12
ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF CSEB
CSEB 240 Concrete Solid Blocks
CARBON EMISSIONS OF CSEB
572 1,156 ⇒ x2
Kiln (Wire Cut)
2,247 ⇒ x4
Country Fired Brick
643 6,122
Embodied Energy (Mj/m3 of building units)
CSEB limit deforestation ⇒ Firewood is not required to produce CSEB.
51.5
CSEB ARE COST EFFECTIVE 13
CSEB ARE CHEAPER THAN COUNTRY FIRED BRICKS
15 Rs. per block 24 x 24 x 9 cm (2,893 RS./m3) 5 Rs. per fired brick 23 x 10 x 7 cm (3,416 RS./m3) Less and cheaper mortar is needed (1: 4: 8 instead of 1: 4) No need of plaster: saving material and labour The labor is including: preparing the mortar / plaster and laying the bricks / blocks Cost comparison of a fired brick and CSEB wall of 1m2
1m2 of wall with Fired Bricks
351.1
1m2 of wall with CSEB 240
192.4
416 0
200
41 400
107.4
Material Mortar Plaster Labor
426.5
205.8 600
Cost in Rs/m3 Value Auroville, September 2012
800
1000
1200
CSEB CAN BE USED FOR DISASTER RESISTANCE 14
DISASTER RESISTANCE
Reinforced masonry with CSEB “MINE” house – Istanbul Æ Built in a week during the City Summit Habitat 1996 Aum House , built in 66 hours with 18 men at New Delhi in 1999 Æ Gold Medal by ITPO Aum House, built in 62 hours with 20 men in Gujarat in 2001 Æ Starting point of the rehabilitation after the earthquake “Tsunami” house – Tamil Nadu built after the tsunami in 2004 Æ First prize of a national contest
CSEB CAN BE USED FOR DISASTER RESISTANCE 15
DISASTER RESISTANCE
GOVERNMENT APPROVAL
The hollow interlocking blocks technology for disaster resistance, developed by the Auroville Earth Institute, has been approved by:
The government of Gujarat (GSDMA), India, for the rehabilitation of the zones affected by the January 2001 earthquake in Kutch district. Æ 2 floors buildings are allowed.
The government of Iran (Housing Foundation) for the rehabilitation of the zones affected by the December 2003 earthquake in Bam. Æ 2 floors buildings are allowed (8 m).
The government of Tamil Nadu (Tsunami Relief and Rehabilitation), India, for the reconstruction of the zones affected by the December 2004 Indonesian tsunami.
EARTH BASED BUILDING TECHNIQUES 16
RESEARCH ON STABILISED EARTH TECHNOLOGIES
Composite column
Stabilised earth waterproofing
Stabilised rammed earth walls
Composite beams
Composite beams
Stabilised rammed earth foundation
Auroville, Visitors Centre – 1989 to 1992 1992 Hassan Fathy International Award for Architecture for the Poor
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Pondicherry, Shakti Vihar School – 1992 to 1994 School for day and night classes for 700 children
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Pondicherry, Shakti Vihar School – 1992 to 1994 School for day and night classes for 700 children
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Near Auroville, Sri Karneshwar Nataraja Temple – 2006 Pointed cloister dome 6 m span and pyramid
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Sri Karneshwar Nataraja Temple 21
First prize “2010 Award For Urban Heritage” Al-Turath Foundation, Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia, Riyadh – Al Medy Mosque – 2004 420 m2, 18.05 m high minaret, built in 7 weeks
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CSEB CAN BE USED FOR VAULTED STRUCTURES 23
BUILDING WITH ARCHES, VAULTS AND DOMES (AVD)
Egyptian vault
Segmental vault, 10.35 m span
Equilateral vault
Catenary vault
Bucket pointed vault
House
Groined dome
Pointed groined vault
Dome ∅ 22.16 m
Semicircular vault at the Auroville Earth Institute 6 m span, 11 m long, 36.5 to 7 cm thick ~ 40 tons, built in 37 days by 4 masons
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House at the Auroville Earth Institute, with the equilateral vault 3.6 m span, 3.12 m rise, 34 to 7 cm thick, built in 36 days by 4 masons
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Segmental vault at Deepanam School, Auroville 10.35 m span, 2.25 m rise, 17.7 & 14 cm thick, ~ 30 tons, built in 3 weeks by 4 masons
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CSEB ARE LOAD BEARING TO BUILD MULTI-FLOOR BUILDINGS 27
BUILDING MULTI FLOORS WITH CSEB (ENTIRELY LOAD BEARING)
Vikas apartments on 4 floors – Walls: 24 cm thick, maximum 13.4 m high – No concrete columns
Floors and roofs are built with CSEB vaults and domes
Vikas community was a finalist for the “2000 World Habitat Award” (Building and Social Housing Foundation, UK)
Auroville, Realization apartments – 2010 & 2011 8 Apartments on three floors
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Auroville, 13 apartments on 4 floors at Vikas Community – 1997 & 1998 Vikas Community was a finalist for the “2000 World Habitat Award”
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AUROVILLE EARTH INSTITUTE UNESCO Chair "Earthen Architecture" BASIN South Asia
Auroshilpam, 605 101 Auroville, TN India Tel.: +91 (0) 413 - 262 3064 / 262 3330 Fax: +91 (0) 413 - 262 2886 Email:
[email protected] Website: www.earth-auroville.com
