COMPETITION ANXIETY, SELF-CONFIDENCE, PERSONALITY AND COMPETITION PEFORMANCE AMERICAN

ELITE AND NON-ELITE (JttJ][~1iff~~32§~

JUDO ATHLETES

3 %1~~)

3fZij!G12 if 3 Jj

David

MATSUMOTO

Masayuki TAKEUCHI Takeshi NAKAJIMA Eio IIDA

(San Francisco State University) (Oaito Bunka University) (Kokushikan University) (Japanese Academy of Budo)

8*JttJ][~~ Japanese

Academy of Budo

OF

,

m:J1!:!J!:JiTf3'1:32-(3)

: 12-21,

2000

COMPETITION ANXIETY, SELF-CONFIDENCE, PERSONALITY AND COMPETITION PEFORMANCE OF AMERICAN ELITE AND NON-ELITE JUDO ATHLETES

David MATSUMOTO

(San Francisco State University)

Masayuki TAKEUCHI

(Daito Bunka University)

Takeshi NAKAJIMA

(Kokushikan

Eio IIDA

(Japanese Academy of Budo)

University)

Abstract Judo is one of the most widely practiced sports in the world. In the US, however, other sports like tennis, golf, or basketball are more popular. Consequently, there is very little judo-related renearch

I

I i

published in the contemporary scholarly literature, particularly in English. Research in other sports has shown that stress, confidence, and personality are important factors in predicting athletic performance, and t this information has been used to help athletes perform better. This line of research is no less important for

J

judo athletes. The prenent study is a first attempt to test whether anxiety, confidenc, and personality are related to performance in judo athletes.

Elite and non-elite judo athleted measures assessing anxiety and!

confidence before competition. Elite athletes also completed a measure of personality and provied competitive performance data. Elite athletes also cfd more confidence than non-elite athletes and normative samples. Several psychological variables predicted performance measures and anxiety was correlated with less confidence in both elite and non-elite athletes. athletes are discussed.

Applications of these results for both coaches and

Key Words: judo, anxiety, self-confidence, personality, performance I

f

Introduction

over 100 countries participated and medal winners

In just over ]OOyears,judo has become an immensely popular international

I

spor.

In the

world, there are more people playing judo than any other sport, with the exception of soccer. Internationally, there are 175 member countries in the International Judo Federation (IJF), the lar-

came from Cuba, France, Germany, Japan, Korea,

.

and Russia. At the 1996 Summer Olympic Games,

medalist came from more countries than any other sport. , I Despite the enormous popularity of judo! around the world, it does not enjoy such popularity i

gest number of countries registered as members in

and recognition in the United State. Consequent-' ~

any international sport federation. In the 1995 World Judo Championships, 625 contestants from

Iy, the research

Department of Psychlolgy San Francisco State University 1600 Holloway Avence San Francisco, CA 94132 USA Tel:+ 1-415-338-1114-1114 Fax:+ 1-603-737-7140 E-mail:[email protected]

-12-

literature

in sport

involving

judo

.

athletes

is almost non-existent. There are, in fact, . . . . some studIes on Judo In Europe and Japan, but I these focus on biomechanics

and exercise physiOI-f

ogy rather than psychology.

Thus, despite the fact'

,

that judo is one of the premier sports. in the world, J there is a serious void in the sport psychology I

j

i

fi

t

,t

,

t r

;

.

,

MATSUMOTO:

liteture

:.

t

"

"i t

I I

I

!

i i!

gymnastics,

swimming,

tennis,

of psychological

growing,

especially

shown that anxiety,

self-efficacy,

these

has

factors

been

"

i ~

"

t~ , .i ~; ,.,

t II

with

produce

rate anxiety

athletes

It is unclear

as more

to help

defined

situations ..

tion;

this

skills

of studies

cable in both coaching

tennis,')

and

In one,"O) eleven judo cyclistis,

and

their training plans, couldo do so as well.

predicting

and categorized

sport

psychological

situations.

many common

factors

factors are the same.

athletes

would be appli-

and training.

Many sport

sport

science findings

and

the judo

confidence,

competitive

-elite American

he found

not

into

community

This stud addresses this void by examining role of the anxiety,

to examine how

analyses

on judo

integrate

were interviewed

measures

the

and personality

performance.

in

Elite and non

judo athletes completed

a series of

assessing competition

iety and sport self-confidence

I I~

Another both (mood,

betwees study'?)

physiological anxiety,

10 weeks

different

tested

and

while

increasing

anx-

prior to actual com-

training

weeks 8 and 10 from baseline;

study23) examined

I

t

consequences adokscent with higher

the physical

of increased

judo

athletes,

overall

f

,

inventory

and collected

data from actual competition. conducted

on

factors over

loads.

As

increased

in

differences

exploratory

With these data, we analyses

examining

between jud athletes and non-athletes,

the relationship performance, chological

a

performance

between psychological and the relationship

factors and

among the psy-

variables.

anxiety decreased

II

mental

strain

and reported

VO2 max scores

Methods

1. Participants The participants

and physiological in 20

included 63 (47 males, 16

females) non-elite and 89 {43 males, 44 females, 2

that those

subjects did not indicate gender) elite judo ath-

and earlier

letes. Athletes were classified as "elite" by criteria

Ii>

. ,~ ~

Also, for elite athlete, we administered

athletes

and personality)

anger and fatigue

petition. personality

of athletes.

psychological

confidence,

increased,

types

15 elite judo

in weeks 4 and6 from baseline; and confidence increased in week 4 from baseline. Another

f

successfully

has even involved

three

psychological

research

or

in other sports is applicable

and

to

whether

Second,

or whether the interrelationships

Third,

among athletes in training and competidid not exam me study however,

differences

training

f

affecting performance

athletes

in a variety

gymnastics/OJ

power--lifters,

Using content

perfor-

in predicting

mance.

among various

judo athletes as participants. three

actual competition

important

perfor-

volleyball,lI)

three triathletes

factors

and psychological

outcomes

Only a handful

the psychological

identify

to judo athletes,

of competition

including

effects of judo.

can

athletes8) and numerous

the demands

of sports

psychological

research

each of

predict

better performance

,

i

J

to

possible

'

ii

f

cope

training

has

and extroversion

have been developed

athletes,

~"

!,$

programs

perforresearch

moreover,

able

than non-elite

examin-

character-

affect

with confidence;

strss management

iJ .', ,

athletes on important psychological variables, and allow us to compare judo athletes with other athletes and even non-athletes to examine the

example,

are correlated

First, it

would help establish national standards for judo

they

how

Basic psychological research with judo athletes is necessary for several reasons.

has been steadily

istics,

and

in Judo Athletes

dcantly less heart reactivity.

and

the impor-

and personality

mance.8)9)1I)13)!4)!6)18)!9) For

and Peformance

to studies

factors

in relation

golf,

track

ing anxiety, confidence,

.facilitative

~

and

field), the wealth of research concerning tance

Personality

heart rate peaks during the stress period had signif-

sports (e. 'g., football,

mance")!2)!3)!63 Elite athletes

f

Confidence,

regard to this sport.

In more recognized

,Ii

,

Anxiety,

-13-

'. JR J1! $ Ii.If~ 32-(3),

approved

by the board

of directors

States Judo, Inc., the sational judo in the US. and accepted

of United

governing

and shown to be both reliable and valid.1)5) Perforrance Anxiety

body of

by the US Olympic

2000

Questionnaire (PAQ).

This scale was originally

designed to measure

for elite

competition anxiety in Japanese participants and

status by placing first, second, or third at various

translated for use in this study.5)6) Accuracy of the

national

translation

Committee.

Essentially,

or international

athletes

qualify

competitions.

All other

athletes were classifid as "non-elite". Data for the non-elite

athletes

was verified using back-translation

procedures. were collected

during the registration period of the 1994 usn

Subjects are required to make scalar

ratings on 50 items.

Scores for each subject are

National Ladder Tournament (September, 1994).

computed by summing the respondent's ratigs across all 50 items with lower scores indicating

This tournament

higher levels of anxiety.

is a national

championship

Sport-Self - Confidence

designed to develop future elite athletes and strict-

Inventory

(SSCI).

ly prohibits currest elite athletes from competing in the division in which they have eamed elite

them to make scalar ratings on various items

staus.

All non-elite athletes participated in this

assessmg

self-confidence

study on a voluntary basis, with no payment or

confident

athlete

compensation. Data for the elite athletes were collected at tce

subject were computed

Trials for the 1995 Pan American Games and

dicating

World Championships (January, 1995). This tournament was limited to the five elite athcetes in each

been used in the sport

weight division.

All athletes completed the SSCI, which requires

s ratings

compared

they

across higher

know.

Scores

for each

by summing the responden',

all items with higher

scores in- 1

self-confidence.

SSCI

The

psychology

proven to be both reliable

All elite athletes paricipated in

to the most

has

literture

and

and valid.24)

The Big Five Inventory-54

(BFI-54).

Elite

this study as part of mandatory sport science test-

athletes

mg.

measure of personality.

Subjects rate 54 statements

on a five point

indicating

2. Psychological Measures State- Trait Anxiety

Inventory (STAI, state

also completed

statement

the BFI-54

scale

is like

them.

The

as a general

how much BFI-54

the

produces

only). This measure requires participants to make

scores for five personality dimensions: conscien-

scalar ratings os 20 items that assess general anxi-

tiousness, openness, neuroticism, extroversion, and

ety at the present time. A score is computed by

agreeableness.

summing all 20 items with higher scores indicao-

measure of personality and is reported to have

ing higher levels of anxiety. The ST AI han been used widely in psychological research and been

good reliability and validity.? 3. Point Status and Performance

shown to be both highly reliable and valde!2) Sporo Competition Anxieoy Test (SCAT).

Varions indices were used to measure actual; performance of the elite athletes. First, elite ath-

The SCAT assesses sports competition anxiety before competition. This measurer consists of 15

ietes were ranked

items that are rated on a three-point scale. A score is computed by summing ten of 15 the items, with

is a widely used

Data

from one to five within

based on the number of qualifying

points

accumulated

they

had

over

the year preced-

ing the tournament.

These data were called "elite, the

higher scores indicating highr levels of anxiety

ranki ng." classification

has also been extensively used in sports research

performance.

Second,

by definition Third,

elite

versus

I

their

weight division

concerning the upcoming competition. The SCA T

-14-

The BFI-54

i

noo-elite

was yet anther index of

we colleted

four types

of

.I

. MATSUMOTO:

Anxiety,

Confidence,

Personality

classified an "placers";

.

athlete point roster at the time of the trials competition.

all other athletes were

classified as "non-placers." ~

III

(b) A win ratio was

Results

computed by taking the number of marches each athlete won and divding that by the total number

1. Descriptive and Preliminary Analyses Means and standard deviations were comput-

of matches competed in. (c) The number of attacks

ed on the STAI, SSCl, PAQ, and SCAT for both

each athlete engaged in during each match was

the elite and non-elite groups and on the BFI and

recorded by two trained members of the usn

performance variables for the elite group (Table I). 2. Do Judo Athletes Differ from Norm Data on

National Coaching Staff.

An attack per match

average was computed for each athlete by dividing

Self-Confidence

the total number of attacks by the number of

against normative means on the SSCI,24)STAI,21)

the opponent before the match is over, either by takedown or surrender) was calculated across the

groups (Table 2). Elite athletes had significantly

and SSCPS) separately for te elite and non-elite

total number of matches competed for each athlete. 4, Procedures

higher scores on the SSCI than the normative

All psychological data for both elite and non

significantly greater scores than the norms on the

-elite athletes were collected the day before compe-

ST AI; but they had significantly lower scores on the SCAT.

tition.

sample.

Data were collected in groups, and the

prepared packets.

or Personality

Athletes were given as much

naires, which generally took 20-30 minutes.

t

Table 1

f

Measure

I I

t,

oi ,.-

STAI SSCI

if

PAQ SCAT Extroversion

t

! ,, I &

I I

,

Agreableness Conscientiouness Neuroticism Openness Attack Frequency Win Ration Ippon Ratio Place/Non -place Elite Ranking

Elite Total

First,

46.26 75.23 181.69 21.37 3.49 4.03 4.05 2.68 3.81 7.20 .19 .19 2.39 2.90

(9.71) (13,65) (32.41) (4.12) (.66) (.57) (.53) (.77) (.55) (5.14) (.26) (.27) (.81) (1.42)

Males

(sd)

49.31 (9.47) 64.65 (15.13) 177.64 (32.14) 22.05 (3.77) 3.38 (.54) 4.02 (.50) 4.01 (.45) 2.69 (.66) 3.72 (.57) 8.86 (5.56) .23 (.25) .16 (.24) 2.38 (.82) 2.97 (1.45)

Competition Anxiety,

Predict Performance?

we first computed

moment correlations

The

Descriptive Statistics (sd)

Both elite and non-elite athletes had

3. Does Self-Confidence,

time as they wished to complete the question,I

scores for the judo athletes

number oftimes a match ended in ippon (defeating

questionnaires were distributed to all athletes in

f

or Anxiety?

We compared

matches the athlete competed in. (d) The average

.

in Judo Athletes

elite ranking data were obtained from the elite

performance data from the trials competition that occurred the day after data collection: (a) The winner of the trials and the runner-up were

J

and Peformance

Pearson product

betwees the elite rankings

for STAI, SSCI, SCAT and PAQ

Females 46.86 71.96 184.90 21.16 3.60 4.04 4.09 2.72 3.86 5.96 .19 .21 2.39 2.89

(sd) (10.17) (14.95) (32.74) (4.38) (.74) (.63) (.56) (.78) (.53) (4.09) (.29) (.28) (.84) (1.41)

Non-Elite Total 47.08 64.31 178.92 21.31

-15-

, -~--'--

-

(sd) (8.84) (13.35) (32.93) (4.24)

Males

(sd)

46.24 (9.17) 64.69 (14.43) 177.20 (34.20) 21.31 (4.24)

Females

(sd)

49.50 (7.55) 63.13 (9.60) 184.07 (29.27) 21.25 (4.28)

I

i]! $ Jiif 5i: 32-(3),

Table

2

Comparison of Normative Scores on the SSCI, STAI, nd SCAT for both Elite and Non-Elite

Measure

Elite

SSCI

(13.65)

correlations male

-confidence

566

ps.OOI

-2.72

228

ps.OI

(4.12)

(4.70) Norm

SSCI

64.31

60.74 (13.78)

STAI

(13.35) 47.08 (8.84) 21.31

(9.46)

(4.24)

(4.70)

For

23.00

however,

negatively ps.05,

self

df

p

1.66

176

os

9.37

544

ps.OOI

- 2.49

201

ps.OI

had more self-confidence

None of the

for the total group or

r(38}=-.36,

t

35.74

for the total group,

females,

was significantly

with elite ranking,

9.15

SCAT

was significant

athletes.

ps.OOI

(9.46) 23.00

variables

p

60.74

46.26

Elite

df 203

(9.71) 21.37

for males and females.

t 7.47

STAI

SCAT

and the psychological

Norm

75.23

(13.78) 35.74

Measure

and separately

2000

Third,

than non-elites.

we computed

t-tests

ney Us on all the psychological total group,

correlated

athletes,

indicating

variable.

and separately

variables

for the

for male and female

using place/non-place Both analyses

~

and Mann-Whit-

as the independent

corroborated

each other,

that those ranked higher had more self-confidence.

and

Neuroticism

None of the effects was statistically

significant

the total

Male placers, j

was also significantly

related with elite ranking,

positively

r(38)=.40,

cor-

ps.05,

in-

dicating

that athletes ranked

higher had less neur-

oticism

than

lower.

anxiety

measures

those

ranked (PAQ)

were also marginally

and

One

of the

correlated

group

Fourth,

indicaoing

r(38)=-.29

and r(38)=-.27,

that higher ranked

more anxiety and consciousness

ps.ID,

female athletes

rations

had

than lower ranked

females athletes. Second, ANOVAs

we

computed

on the athlete'

separate scores

and gender

two-way

varialbes

total

126)=25,25,

ps.DOI,

indicating

on theSSCI,

computed

correlations

with

the t-tests.

Pearson

group,

betwees

and separately

for

thani' ~

product

for the total group

'I

win

for the

of the effects were statistically

was positively

ratios for males, r (41)=.34,

other

athlete's

variables

for male and female

significant

finally,

the

the psychological

None

or

For the ST AI, SCAT, and P AQ no significant effects were found. There was significant main effect of athlete type, however,

we

but, Openness

on the ST AI,

as the independent

or ferale athletes.

athletes.

SCAT, SSCI, and PAQ, using sample (elite v. non -elite)

only

with moment

elite ranking,

we report

however, had lower scores on Agreeableness non-placers, t(40)=-2.02, ps.05.

conscientiousness

negatively

for parsimony

we examined performance

~

or female athletes;: correlated

with win I.

ps.OS. if either psychological

variables

might

.

predict.

attacks during competition. We computed Pear-. son product

moment

correlations

performance

and psychological

on attacks

wtth 'J!

F (I,

that elite athletes

variables

for total

group, and separately for males and females (Table. -16-

f

i '.

A

i

f

' MATSUMOTO:

Anxiety,

Confidence,

Personality

and Peformance

in judo

Athletes

! i

.

f' I,

Table 3

Do the PsychologiCal and Performance Variables Predict Attack Pre-

measures

quency?

predicted

Measure

-.17 .21 + -.06 -.14 -.09 -.01 -.04 -.17 -.12 .30 " .12 -.26 '

STA! SSCI

f .

PAQ SCAT Extroversion Agreab!eness ConscientIOusness Neuroticism Openness Win Ration

.J; I

II

Ippon Elite Ranking + =ps.lO,

f

.

Males

Total Group

'=ps.05,

-.03 .06 -.32 ' .06 -.O! -.05 -.19 -.02 -.17 .16 .36 ' -.26

.

I f

f

,

Alst, conscientious more

athletes

had

I

..

l-

f

more

athlete

athletes had less anxi-

self-confidence.

Conversely.

anxiety

and

neu-

less setf

-confidence.

IV

Discussion Results

showed

self-confidence elite

and

-confidence

than

non-elite than

that elite athletes

had more

non-elite

and both

athletes had

athletes

normative

data.

more

self

Because

we

defined elite status based on how well athletes did in competition,

jt is not surprising in competition

would

that athletes have more

Similary,

top ranking

national

champions,

while normative

with higher ippon ratios and lower anxiety (PAQ).

college

For females, attacks were correlated with higher win ratios, elite ranking, anxiety, self-confidence, and neuroticism.

more confidence than top ranking champions. We also found that both elite and non-elite athletes

intercorrelation

variables,

athletes

4

4).

Non-elite correlations

ST Al norms were based on college undergraduates national tournaments in addition to going to school (or working) and thus would be more

The three

anxiety

of All Psychological

SCAT .73'"

athletes

be less likely to have

non-athletes, while our athletes were competing in

.74'"

PAQ EXT AGR CON NEU OPN

and would

scores were based on

for elite and

Intercorrelations

STAI SCAT SSCI

in our study were

matrices on all

separately

(Table

athletes

athletes

(elite) and local (non-elite)

had more general anxiety on the STAl and lower sports anxiety on th SCAT than norm data. The

4. Relationships Among the Psychological Variables

STAI

! II

groups.

for both

confidence.

non-elite

d

self-confidence

ety and rotic

.35 .2S -.36 -.1 I .OS .27 -.3S' .07 .43 -.06 -.32 '

"=ps.OI

Table

, P

Females -.36 *

less

with higher win ratios, higher ranking, and more confidence. For males, attacks were cosselated

psychological

I j

with each

3). For the total group, attacks were correlated

We computed

. f

correlated

other, and for each measure higher anxiety scores

who do better

i

i

were significantly

mm

SSCI -.46'" .50'"

-.32*"

-.56'"

mu. .45'"

-.19 .01 -.37 " .54'" -.21

-.04 .13 -.22 .29 -.17

.06 .IS .49'" -.41'" .16

correlations

in lower left diagonal,

EXT

PAQ

AGR

for Each Grop CON

NEU

-.51'" -.52'"

.35..

-.52'"

-.72'"

(n=57)

Measures

mm

.22 .OS .37" -.56'" .19

in upper

"=ps.OI,

-17-

.13 .05 -.20 .21 right

"'=ps.OOI

.22 -.15 .04

diagonal,

elite

-.51'"

mm

.41'"

-.17

athletes

{n=74)

I

~ ~

Wf~ 32-(3), 2000

"F

likely to have more general anxiety than the aver-

psychological

age college student. The norms for the SCAT, however, were based on high school athletes who

implemented

be more anxious about their sport performance than top ranked athletes. We found that

psychological

factors

do

indeed predict performance, but a different pattern

ment.

data for judo athletes on that can be in evaluation,

Whith

training,

this information,

athletes can develop

training

ual athletes in determining and weaknesses.

to other types of athletes to

of renults emerged for males and fem.ales. Self

identify specific factors important as general

and

female athlete' ranking agreeableness

predicted

prior to competition

and openness

performance differences

neuroticism

for males.

predicted

while

competitive

revious research has found

between males and females for changes

in cognitive

anxiety, confidence

and rating of opponents

in team outcome,

attributions,

and interaction

personality,

of anxiety, confidence,

ical variables diction

of performance

that

variables

female

neuroticism

and greate

comforable

attacking

formance.

However,

more throughout

athletes

confidence

opponents

possess

less

may be more

and increase per-

since male

athletes

attack

the match, the number of attacks performance

and psy-

in both elite and non-elite

and that both neurotioticism anxiety

conscientiousness

and self-confidence. predicts training

neuroticism

effect on training

Finally,

:,

or early peaking

we need to integrate

into our senior and junior

~

;

devel-

which psychological factors are really predictive of actual showed

competition

performance.

that anxiety,

were indeed

important

factors.

with other

This

factors do indeed

f

competitive

we replicated

types of athletes

demonstrates

1

results,

and personality

in predicting

Additionally,

ous findings

Our

confidence,

that

previ- '

I

on these

psychological

. I

have an impact on competitive

performance for judo athletes just as in other: . . ~ sports. Our results represent a modest beglnmng in understanding

and athletes.

competitive

needed to understand work

performance

the psychological

in competitive

Future

judo

Much further research, however, is performance

apply these results to individual

athletes

~

to understand

studies

processes i> and

then

1

athletes.

need to include

C

other psycho- J

and conscientiousnes

this in turn creates more confidence ety.Similarly,

this information

at

we found that more anxiety predicted

less confidence

predicted

who

variables.

Finally,

before it happens.

psycho-

intervals during the train-

ing process and deteco burnout

performance.

the number of

for females than males.

is less salient in predicting chological

athletes.

more psychological

predicted

attacks during competition Conceivably,

in the pre-

for female judo

we found

and performance

be used to monitor

Future studies need to continue

It is possible that psycholog-

may be more important

For example,

could

logical profles at regular

~ 1

Furthermore.

opment programs so that our athletes get the best I possible training we can give them. ~

may be di fferent for male and

female Judo athletes.

these standards

for judo, as well

performance.

over time before competi-

tionY> Perhaps the process, appraisal,

and performance

athletic

Ii

strengths

these data allow us to

-confidence,

anxiety,

and

plans to aid individ-

psychological

Similarly,

compare judo athletes

and develop-

both coaches

logical cosstructs important in predicting judo: performance. An important aspect of competitive

Possibly

adherence

and

and less anxi-

may have the reverse

and create lower confidence

and

more anxiety.

performance

that our study did nOt include

is the,

stress and coping process of how athletes deal with anxiety, pressure, and emotions that arise durine: trai nine: and P rior to com p otition.

~

-

~

both Bv.

i

-t

including these other constructs the field can exam- -

These results represnt a first step in obtaining

ine both the interrelationships -18-

among the con-

I

f

Ii "

~

I

t 1 'MATSUMOTO:

Anxiety,

Confidence,

Personality

and Peformance

in Judo Athletes

=

structs

.

and

competitive

f

I

examine judo

of how

competitive

performance

gain

models

performance.

the process

athletes

that

psychological we can

factors then

letic performance.

The Sport Psychologist,

7, 221-231,

1993

affect

help

edge, just

applied

predict

By understanding

a competitive

sports do, through

f

causal

our

as other

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