Comparison of Lithium-Ion Recycling Processes for Electric Vehicle Batteries Jan Engel, and Gretchen A. Macht, Ph.D. University of Rhode Island, Kingston (RI) Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering

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*Source: International Energy Agency (2014) 5/20/16

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Rising Demand of Automotive LIB

Billion USD

60

50

Portable LIB

40

Automotive LIB

30

Portable NiMH Automotive NiMH

20

NiCd

10

0

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Calender Year 5/20/16

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2016

2017

2018

*Source: Takeshita (2010) 3

Agenda Overview

Industrialized Recycling Processes

Recycling EV LIBs

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Value Theory

4

Reasons for EV Battery Recycling

Legislations

Lithium Shortage

*Source: teslamotors.com (2016) 5/20/16

© SIS Lab, 2016.

*Source: Argonne national Laboratory (2009) Recycling Processes for EV LIBs

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Agenda Overview

Industrialized Recycling Processes

Recycling EV LIBs

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Value Theory

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Overview – Batteries Lithium-Ion Batteries

Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries

Tesla Model S

Specific Energy Working Voltage Life Cycles Self-Discharge Reliability

160 Wh/kg 3.6 V 2000 2-8 % High

Lead-Acid Batteries

Lexus IS

90 Wh/kg 1.2 V 1000 30-50 % Low

Combustion Cars

40 Wh/kg 2.1 V 800 2-5 % High *Source: ledwatcher.com (2016)

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Components of Battery Systems

*Source: Hanisch et al. (2014) 5/20/16

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Agenda Overview

Industrialized Recycling Processes

Recycling EV LIBs

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Value Theory

9

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Recycling Process – Unit Operations Hydrometallurgical Treatment Pyrometallurgical Treatment Mechanical Treatment Pre – Treatment (Deactivation)

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Valuable Materials

*Source: Hanisch et al. (2014)

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Agenda Overview

Industrialized Recycling Processes

Recycling EV LIBs

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Value Theory

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Industrialized Recycling Processes

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Company 1, 2 & 3

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Company 1, 2 & 3

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Company 4

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Company 5

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Industrialized Recycling Processes Hydrometallurgical Treatment Pyrometallurgical Treatment Mechanical Treatment Pre – Treatment (Deactivation)

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Agenda Overview

Industrialized Recycling Processes

Recycling EV LIBs

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Value Theory

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Value Theory

Value Theory

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The purpose of establishing value for a particular process was to see if one process was either more powerful than another or more generalizable

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Value Theory

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Conclusion Currently it is difficult to find a standardized industrial recycling process for EV LIBs Currently it is difficult to rate industrial recycling processes for EV LIBs

Development

Information

Continuous development in the area of design or materials Amount of information is not enough to completely describe Companies are currently facing constant competition in order to maintain a leading role in the global competitive market

Market

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References 1. DOE, U.S., 2013, “One Million Electric Vehicles By 2015: February 2011 Status Report,” United States Department of Energy, Accessed December 5. 2. Trigg, T., Telleen, P., Boyd, R., Cuenot, F., D’Ambrosio, D., Gaghen, R., and Kaneko, H., 2013, “Global EV Outlook: Understanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to 2020,” Int. Energy Agency, 1-40. 3. Zhou, Yingjie, et al., 2014, “The Fair Distribution of Power to Electric Vehicles: An Alternative to Pricing,” 2014 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm), IEEE, 2014. 4. Directive 2000/53/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 September 2000 end-of-life vehicles – Commission Statements. 5. Roper, L., 2015, [Online], Available: www.roperld.com/science/TeslaModelS.htm 6. Kampker, A., Vallée, D., and Schnettler, A., eds., 2013, Elektromobilität: Grundlagen einer Zukunftstechnologie, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 7. Zeng, X., and Li, J., 2013, “Implications for the Carrying Capacity of Lithium Reserve in China,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 80, 58–63.

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References 8. Hoyer, C., 2015, “Strategische Planung des Recyclings von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien aus Elektrofahrzeugen in Deutschland,” appears in Elektromobilität: Grundlagen einer Zukunftstechnologie, Kampker, A., Vallée, D., and Schnettler, A. (eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1-252. 9. Gaines, L., 2014, “The Future of Automotive Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling: Charting a Sustainable Course,” Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 1, 2-7. 10. Korthauer, R., 2013, Handbuch Lithium-Ionen-Batterien, Springer Vieweg, Berlin. 11. Zeng, X., Li, J., and Singh, N., 2014, “Recycling of Spent Lithium-ion Battery: A Critical Review,” Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 44(10), 1129-1165. 12. Alper, J., 2002, “The Battery: Not Yet a Terminal Case,” Science, 296, 1224–1226. 13. Fleischmann, M., Krikke, H.R, Dekker, R., and Flapper, S.D.P., 2000, “A Characterization of Logistics Networks for Product Recovery,” Omega, 28 (6), S. 653–666. 14. Bernardes, A. M., Espinosa, D. C. R., and Tenório, J. S., 2004, “Recycling of Batteries: A Review of Current Processes and Technologies" Journal of Power Sources, 130(1), 291-298. 15. Espinosa, D. C. R., Bernardes, A. M., and Tenório, J. A. S., 2004, “An Overview on the Current Processes for the Recycling of Batteries,” Journal of Power Sources, 135(1), 311-319. 5/20/16

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References 16. Weyhe, R., 2012, “Recycling von Lithium-Ion-Batterien,” appears in Recycling und Rohstoffe, Vivis Verlag, Neuruppin, 505-525. 17. Weyhe, R., 2012, “Stoffliche Verwertung moderner Batteriesysteme,” appears in Recycling und Rohstoffe, 3, Thomé-Kozmiensky, K.J., and Goldmann, D. (eds.), Vivis Verlag, Neuruppin, 663-674 18. Hanisch, C., Haselrieder, W., and Kwade, A., 2011, “Recovery of Active Materials from Spent Lithium-ion Electrodes and Electrode Production Rejects,” appears in Globalized Solutions for Sustainability in Manufacturing, Hesselbach, J., and Herrmann, C. (eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 85-89. 19. Georgi-Maschler, T., Friedrich, B., Weyhe, R., Heegn, H., and Rutz, M., 2012, “Development of a Recycling Process for Li-ion Batteries,” Journal of Power Sources, 207, 173-182. 20. Vezzini, A., 2014, “Manufacturers, Materials and Recycling Technologies, appears in Lithium-Ion Batteries: Advances and Applications, Pistoia, G., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 529-551. 21. Hanisch, C., Diekmann, J., Stieger, A., Haselrieder, W., and Kwade, A, 2015, “Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries,” appears in Handbook of Clean Energy Systems, Yan, J. (ed.), Wiley, Chichester, 1-24.

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A future shortage of lithium is predicted within the next 100 years, if recycling processes cannot regain 90% of used lithium. [7,8]

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