^COMMUNISM, FASCISM, AND DEMOCRACY

^COMMUNISM, FASCISM, AND DEMOCRACY THE THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS THIRD EDITION Edited by Carl Cohen The University of Michigan THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPAN...
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^COMMUNISM, FASCISM, AND DEMOCRACY THE THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS THIRD EDITION

Edited by

Carl Cohen The University of Michigan

THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC. New York

St. Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogota Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto

CONTENTS

PREFACE INTRODUCTION

PART 1

XIX

xxiii

COMMUNISM

Section 1 Utopian Socialism 1

Section 2

Friedrich Engels Socialism, Utopian and Scientific Part I The Utopians Henri Comte de Saint-Simon Selected Writings The New Christianity A World Upside Down The Plan of a New Society The Golden Age F. M. Charles Fourier Selected Writings Of Association Evils of Individual Action in Industry Robert Owen The Book of the New Moral World To the Nations of the World From the Old World to the New The Development of Superior Human Character The Irrational Society The New Moral World

5 5 14 14 15 18 18 19 19 20 21 21 22 26 27 28

Dialectics

30

Friedrich Engels Socialism, Utopian and Scientific Part II Dialectical Philosophy Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Lectures on the Philosophy of History

32 32 38 ix

CONTENTS

Section 3 9 10

11 12 Section 4 13 14 15

16

Section 5 17 18

Dialectical History Friedrich Engels Letter to Conrad Schmidt On Understanding Hegel Karl Marx Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts Alienated Labor Communism: Crude and Refined The Supersession of Private Property Needs, Production, and the Division of Labor Money

38 45 45 46 47 53 55 56 58

Materialism

61

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels The Germany Ideology The Premises of Materialism Friedrich Engels Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy Feuerbach and Hegel Idealism and Materialism Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach The Essence of Christianity Materialism and Atheism Karl Marx Theses on Feuerbach

62 62

The Theory of Dialectical and Historical Materialism

74

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Manifesto of the Communist Party Vladimir I. Lenin The Teachings of Karl Marx Marx's Economic Doctrine Karl Marx Capital The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret Thereof The Composition of Capital The Law of Capitalist Accumulation The Law of the Concentration of Capital The Law of Increasing Misery Friedrich Engels Socialism, Utopian, and Scientific Part III Scientific Socialism

76 92

93 96 97 106 106 108 110 112 112

Imperialism

127

Josef Stalin The Foundations of Leninism What Is Leninism? V. I. Lenin Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism Concentration of Production and Monopolies The Export of Capital The Division of the World Among Capitalist Combines Imperialism as a Special Stage of Capitalism The Place of Imperialism in History

129 129 130 130 132 134 135 136

64 64 65 68 69 71

CONTENTS

19 20

Section 6 21

22

23

24 25 26 27 28 29

Section 7 30

31

32

Xi

Mao Tse-tung Selected Writings Western Bourgeois Civilization Is Bankrupt Kwame Nkrumah Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism

139 139

Revolution

145

V. I. Lenin State and Revolution The State as the Product of the Irreconcilability of Class Antagonisms The State as a Relic of Antiquity The "Withering Away" of the State and Violent Revolution Eduard Bernstein Evolutionary Socialism Dogmatism and Scientific Socialism Legislation Versus Revolution Josef Stalin The Foundations of Leninism Revolution Where? Revolution in One Country Leon Trotsky The Permanent Revolution What Is the Permanent Revolution? Mao Tse-tung Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung Revolution Is Made by a Disciplined Revolutionary Party W. E. B. DuBois Pan Africa Nikita S. Khrushchev "We Will Bury You" Daniel and Gabriel Cohn-Bendit Obsolete Communism It Is for Yourself that You Make the Revolution Fidel Castro Those Who Are Not Revolutionary Fighters Cannot Be Called Communists

147 147 148 149 152 152 154 155 155 157 158 158 161 161 163 166 168 168

The Dictatorship of the Proletariat

174

V. I. Lenin State and Revolution The Transition from Capitalism to Communism First Phase of Communist Society Higher Phase of Communist Society V.I.Lenin "Left Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder "Left Wing" Communism Compromises Communism and Trade Unions Communism and Parliaments The Task of the Communist Parties On Communist Morality [from The Tasks of the Youth Leagues] Josef Stalin The Foundations of Leninism The Dictatorship of the Proletariat as the Instrument of the Proletarian Revolution

176 176 180 182 187 187 188 190 193 194 195 197

141

171

197

Xii

CONTENTS

33

34 35

PART 2 Section 1 36 37

38

Section 2 39

40

41

42

Section 3 43

The Dictatorship of the Proletariat as the Domination of the Proletariat over the Bourgeoisie Mao Tse-tung Selected Writings The People's Democratic Dictatorship Centralized Democracy Karl Kautsky The Dictatorship of the Proletariat Democracy and the Dictatorship of the Proletariat Programme of the Communist International The Ultimate Aim of the Communist International— World Communism

198 201 202 207 209 209 211 211

FASCISM

215

Absolutism

217

Niccolo Machiavelli The Prince Jean Bodin Six Books of the Commonwealth Concerning Sovereignty The True Attributes of Sovereignty Thomas Hobbes Leviathan The Origin and Nature of the State

219 226 226 229 230 230

Organicism

223

Georg W. F. Hegel The Philosophy of Law Idea and Aim of the State The Constitution The Power of the Prince The Meaning of War International Relations Johann G. Fichte Addresses to the German Nation The Unity of the German Nation The Love of Fatherland Heinrich von Treitschke Politics The State Idea The State as Person The State as Power The State as Sovereign Mario Palmieri The Philosophy of Fascism Fascism and Liberty The Fascist State

235 235 237 238 239 240 241 241 242 245 245 248 249 251 252 252 254

Irrationalism

257

Georges Sore! Letter to Daniel Halevy The Social Myth

259 259

CONTENTS

44 45

46

47 48

Section 4 49 50

51 52

53

54 Section 5 55 56

57

Xiii

Richard Wagner Writings on Politics Rebirth of the German Spirit Friedrich Nietzsche Beyond Good and Evil The Will to Power Master-Morality and Slave-Morality The Need for Struggle Instinct for Rank Houston S. Chamberlain Foundations of the Nineteenth Century The Entrance of the Germanic People into the History of the World Freedom and Loyalty A Forward Glance Alfredo Rocco The Political Doctrine of Fascism Alfred Rosenberg The Myth of the Twentieth Century The Myth of Nordic Blood

263 263 265 266 267 269 269 270

Fascist Philosophy in Italy

276

Alfredo Rocco The Political Doctrine of Fascism Benito Mussolini The Doctrine of Fascism Fundamental Ideas Political and Social Doctrine Giovanni Gentile 777© Philosophic Basis of Fascism Mario Palmieri The Philosophy of Fascism Fascism and the Meaning of Life Fascism and the Conduct of Life The Corporative Idea The Legacy of Rome The Hero as Leader The National Fascist Party and The Charter of Labor The National Fascist Party The Charter of Labor The Fascist Decalogue

279 289 289 293 299 303 303 305 307 310 312 315 315 316 316

Fascist Philosophy in Germany

318

Hermann Goring Germany Reborn Swastika Versus Star Alfred Rosenberg The Myth of the Twentieth Century German National Honor State and Folk Nordic Europe Ernst R. Huber Constitutional Law of the Greater German Reich The People The Fuhrer The National Socialist Party

320 320 321 321 321 322 323 323 324 325

270 271 273 273 275 275

XJV

CONTENTS

58

PART 3 Section 1 59 60

61 62

63 64

65

Section 2 A

The Individual and the Reich Adolph Hitler Mein Kampf, and Selected Speeches The Importance of Racial Purity The Aryan Race State and Race Clothes and Bodies Serve the Nation Citizens and Subjects Organization and Hierarchy The Army as the School of the German Nation The Jew The Jewish Threat Might Makes Right Nationalism vs. Internationalism To the German Youth

326 327 327 328 330 331 331 332 333 333 335 336 339 341

DEMOCRACY

343

What Is Democracy?

345

Pericles Funeral Oration Our City Is Thrown Open to the World Aristotle Politics The Varieties of Democracy The Vital Role of the Middle Class The Attributes of Democracy Carl Cohen Democracy What Democracy Is A. D. Lindsay The Essentials of Democracy Democratic Problems and Paradoxes Discussion as the Essential Element in Democratic Participation Voting Joseph A. Schumpeter Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy Democracy as Competition for Political Leadership Henry B. Mayo An Introduction to Democratic Theory The Theory of Democracy Outlined Distinguishing Principles of a Democratic System John Dewey from Intelligence in the Modern World and from The Philosopher of the Common Man The Foundation of Democracy Creative Democracy

347 347 349 349 350 352 355 355 359 359 362 363 365 365 369 369 371

The Justification of Democracy

384

JUSTIFICATION OF DEMOCRACY UNDER THE LAWS OF NATURE

386

377 378 380

CONTENTS

66

67

68

69

B 70 71

72 73

XV

John Locke Second Treatise of Government Of the State of Nature Of the State of War Of Political or Civil Society Of the Beginning of Political Societies Of the Ends of Political Society and Government Of the Extent of the Legislative Power Of the Legislative, Executive, and Federative Power of the Commonwealth Of the Subordination of the Powers of the Commonwealth Of the Dissolution of Government Jean Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract The Social Contract Of the Right of the Strongest Of Slavery That We Must Always Go Back to an Original Compact Of the Social Pact Of the Civil State Of the Limits of the Sovereign Power Thomas Jefferson The Declaration of Independence and Selected Letters The Declaration of Independence On Rebellion On Monarchy and America On Government by the People On Education Carl Cohen Democracy The Argument Outlined The Justification of Democracy in General The Justification of Democracy in the Body Politic Objections and Replies Equality as an Hypothesis

387 387 388 390 392 396 398

JUSTIFICATION OF DEMOCRACY BY ITS CONSEQUENCES John Stuart Mill Considerations on Representative Government The Ideally Best Polity Alexis de Tocqueville Democracy in America The Real Advantages of a Democracy General Survey of the Subject Ernest Barker Principles of Social and Political Theory Democracy and the Plurality of Ideas Charles Frankel The Democratic Prospect Why Choose Democracy? The Significance of the Democratic Political Method The Uses of Democracy

442 444 444 449 449 458 460 460 464 464 464 467

402 403 406 412 413 413 414 415 415 417 417 419 420 421 421 422 423 424 424 425 429 434 438

XVi

CONTENTS

Section 3 74

75 76 77

78

79

80 A

B

Democracy, Representation, and Majority Rule

473

James Madison The Federalist Papers (#10, and #51) How Retain a Popular Government while Guarding Against the Dangers of Faction? How Balance the Powers of Government? Edmund Burke Speech to the Electors of Bristol A Parliamentary Representative Is Not a Mere Delegate J. Ramsay MacDonald Parliament and Democracy The Parliamentary Idea John C. Calhoun A Disquisition on Government Man and Government Government and Constitution The Concurrent Majority Numerical and Concurrent Majorities Distinguished The Concurrent Majority and Constitutional Government Objections and Replies The Supreme Court of the United States Baker v. Carr Just Representation Must Protect the Equality of Citizens Lani Guinier "No Two Seats: The Elusive Quest for Political Equality" and 'The Triumph of Tokenism" The Elusive Quest for Equality of Participation When Is a Representative System Fair? Black Political Empowerment Proportionate Interest Representation Criticism of Proportionate Interest Representation Proportionate Interest Representation as a Democratic Ideal Carl Cohen Democracy

475 475 477 478 479 480 480 484 484 485 491 492 494 496 499 499 502 502 503 504 505 507 510 510

DECISION-MAKING RULES AS THE INSTRUMENTS OF DEMOCRACY The Need for Decision-Making Rules Efficient Rules and Protective Rules Majority Rule and Its Varieties Majority Rule as the Special Instrument of Democracy Rule by Fluctuating Majorities The Misuse of Majority Power

511 511 511 513 516 517 519

REPRESENTATION AS THE INSTRUMENT OF DEMOCRACY Direct and Indirect Democracy The Elements of Every Representative System Degrees of Representation Decision-making Rules and Representative Bodies Bases of Representation Geographical and Proportional Representation

520 520 522 523 524 525 527

CONTENTS

Section 4 A 81 82

B 83

84

85

86

87

88 89 90

XVii

Levels of Representation Representation Between Elections The Dilemma of the Representative

529 530 531

The Ideals of Democracy

535

FRATERNITY George Washington Farewell Address Union as the Bulwark of American Aspirations Abraham Lincoln First Inaugural Address The American Union Is Perpetual

537 537 537 538 538

LIBERTY John Stuart Mill On Liberty The Tyranny of the Majority The Domain of Human Liberty Of the Liberty of Thought and Discussion The Supreme Court of the United States Cases on the Freedom of Speech Schenck v. United States (1919) Abrams v. United States (1919) Gitlow v. New York (1925) Whitney v. California (1927) West Virginia State Board of Education v. Bamette (1943) United States v. Dennis (1951) Yates v. United States (1959) Barenblatt v. United States (1959) Alexander Meiklejohn Political Freedom How Is the First Amendment to Be Understood? The "Clear and Present Danger" Test Rejected Milton Friedman Capitalism and Freedom Political and Economic Freedom Economic Freedom Supports Political Freedom A Free Society Requires a Market Economy Norman Thomas Democratic Socialism Planning and Democracy Planning and Liberty Socialist Planning for America Social, Private, and Cooperative Ownership Friedrich A. Hayek The Road to Serfdom Planning and Democracy Thomas Hill Green Liberal Legislation and Freedom of Contract Negative and Positive Freedom John Rawls A Theory of Justice The System of Liberty

542 543 543 544 546 558 559 559 561 563 565 567 570 571 581 581 585 590 590 592 595 599 599 600 600 601 602 602 609 609 614 614

xviii

CONTENTS

The The The The The C 91 92 93 94

95 96 97

98 99

D 100

Principle of Equal Participation Meaning of Equal Political Liberty Extent of Equal Political Liberty Worth of Political Liberty Ideally Just Constitution

616 617 618 618 620

EQUALITY Immanuel Kant Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals All Humans Are Equal in Being Ends in Themselves Thomas Paine The Rights of Man The Unity of Man Alexis de Tocqueville Democracy in America Equality and Liberty Compared The Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments The History of Repeated Injuries and Usurpations on the Part of Man Toward Women Harold J. Laski A Grammar of Politics How Is Equality to Be Understood? Ralph Barton Perry Puritanism and Democracy Human Equality and the Maxim of Equal Opportunity The Supreme Court of the United States Cases on Equality Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Brown v. Board of Education (1954) University of California Regents v. Bakke (1978) Martin Luther King, Jr. Letter from Birmingham City Jail, 1963 Civil Disobedience in Defense of God-Given Rights Nelson Mandela Statement at Trial, Rivonia, South Africa, 1964 Political Division Based on Color Is Entirely Artificial

621 622 622 623 623 625 625 628

AUTONOMY Carl Cohen Democracy Democracy as Autonomy Autonomy and Heteronomy Contrasted

660 660 660 662

Name and Title Index

665

629 631 631 637 637 643 643 646 647 652 652 657 657