Collection and Recycling Rechargeable Batteries in Japan 6th World Rechargeable Battery Regulatory Forum
‐ WRBRF 2015 ‐
Berlin, March 23 ‐ 24, 2015
Shinya Nakajima Japan Portable Rechargeable Battery Recycling Center
JBRC in Brief
Japan Portable Rechargeable Battery Recycling Center
In 1978 the former entity of BAJ had started collecting Ni‐Cd batteries voluntarily in cooperation with Japan Lighting Manufacturers Association and Japan Fire Alarms Manufacturers Association Established in 2004 310 members as of March 1st 2015 ‐ Manufacturers of portable rechargeable battery ‐ Manufacturers of equipment ‐ Importers of either battery or equipment Approx. 33,000 collection sites nationwide JBRC collects and recycles the portable rechargeable batteries that members put on the market, complying with Resources Effective Utilization Law and Waste Management Law under Wide‐Area Treatment Approval.
Copyright (C) 2015 JBRC.
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Agenda
‐ Law for Collection and Recycling in Japan ‐ Collection and Recycling Program ‐ Collection Update ‐ Recycling Efficiency (RE) ‐ Safety Activities ‐ Summary
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Law for Collection and Recycling in Japan
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Law Structure in Establishing a Sound Material‐Cycle Society The Basic Environmental Law Fundamental Law for Establishing a Sound Material‐Cycle Society For Proper Treatment of Waste
For Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
Waste Management and Public Cleaning Law
Law for the Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources
“Waste Management Law”
“Resources Effective Utilization Law” Portable Rechargeable Batteries
Regulations of individual articles Law for the promotion of sorted collection and recycling of containers and packaging
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Law for the recycling of specified kinds of home appliances
Law for the promotion of the utilization of recyclable food resources
Contraction materials recycling law
Law for the recycling of end‐of‐life vehicles
Act on promotion of recycling of small waste electrical and electronic equipment
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What does the law require?
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What kind of portable rechargeable battery does the law apply ? ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Ni‐Cd battery Ni‐MH battery Li‐ion battery Sealed‐lead‐acid battery
What does the law require the manufactures? 1.
Indicate the recycle mark on the battery for the purpose of identification to facilitate separate mixed batteries.
2.
Design the rechargeable battery easily removable.
3.
Indicate that equipment uses portable rechargeable battery and how to remove them.
4.
Secure safety.
5.
Collect the batteries in cooperation with companies, retailers and municipalities.
6.
Recycle the batteries to the recycled resources.
7.
Promote public relations for collection and recycling.
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Recycle Mark the Law Requires
JBRC collect Ni‐Cd, Ni‐MH, and Li‐ion, but not Sealed Lead Acid batteries.
BAJ recommends the battery manufactures add 2 digits on the Li‐ion recycle label. Metal that hinder recycling Most contained metal in positive electrode in weight 0 : Cobalt 2 : Nickel
1 : Manganese 3 : Iron
Li‐ion
LiCoO2 LiMn2O4 LiNiO2 LiFeP4 Li(NixMnyCo1‐x‐y)O2 Copyright (C) 2015 JBRC.
00 00 1 0 2 0 3 0
0 : None 1 : Tin (Sn) 1wt% and more per cell 2 : Phosphorous (P) 0.5wt% and more per cell
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Collection and Recycling Program
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JBRC Collection & Recycling Program Operation under Wide‐Area Treatment Approval by Ministry of the Environment. Collection sites
Retailers Request for collection
PR
Transporter picks up at collection sites and deliver to recyclers. Sending to the recycler directly by a collection site is not allowed.
(Approx. 21,000 sites)
Business
Parcel Deliver Service
(Approx. 12,000 sites)
Enlightening consumers and business entities to collect battery.
Report results
Municipalities (Approx. 200 sites)
310 members
Publications Publicize the activities, collection weight, and RE, etc.
Request for collection & delivery
Transporter Report results Request for recycling
Recyclers Report results
Refinery, Smelters Copyright (C) 2015 JBRC.
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Public Relations ‐ Exhibitions in 2014 ‐
International Industrial Fair (Kobe)
Biwako Environment Business Exhibition (Nagahama)
Ishikawa Environmental Fare (kanazawa)
Saitama‐City Consumer Exhibition (Saitama) New Environmental Exposition (Tokyo)
Eco‐Technology Exhibition (Kita‐Kyushu)
Messe Nagoya (Nagoya) Copyright (C) 2015 JBRC.
Eco‐Products (Tokyo)
Public Relations ‐ Permanent Exhibition‐
Asia & Pacific Trade Center, Osaka
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Collecting & Recycling of S‐WEEE and Battery Small WEEE Recycling Act Users
Municipality, Retailer, Distributor, etc.
Designated S‐WEEE Recycler
S‐WEEE
Collect S‐WEEE
Dismantle S‐WEEE Plastics Metals PCB Other components
Recycler / Refinery
Waste battery Remove battery
Recycled resources
Waste battery Shops, Retailer, Distributor, etc. Companies Companies TV, Air‐conditioner, Refrigerator and Washer‐dryer are subjected to Home Appliance Recycling Law. Copyright (C) 2015 JBRC.
Recycler / Refinery
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Various Collecting Entities in Japan
Collection of portable rechargeable batteries, Ni‐Cd, Ni‐MH, and Li‐ion, except for Sealed‐lead‐acid battery. e.g. S‐WEEE recyclers
For‐profit entities JBRC Total collection collection In Japan
Complying with Resources Effective Utilization Law.
JBRC MRN PC‐3R Manufacturers’ individual system
Total P.O.M. In Japan
In‐use Hoarding etc.
‐ MRN (Mobile Recycle Network) : Collect and recycle mobile phones, batteries, and other relevant components. Copyright (C) 2015 JBRC.
‐ PC‐3R (PC3R Promotion Association) : Collect and recycle PC, batteries, and other relevant components.
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Collection Update
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Collection Weight by JBRC Ni‐Cd
Ni‐MH
Li‐ion
ton
FY 2013 Total 1,160 ton
Ni‐Cd 793 ton Ni‐MH 183 ton Li‐ion 184 ton
Factors influence collection weight : 1. Transition of the battery chemistry 2. Transition of the battery applied equipment 3. Various players collecting batteries 4. Value of the battery depends on metal market price Copyright (C) 2015 JBRC.
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Metal Price Co Indonesia bans ore export in push for domestic metal smelting in January 2014.
Ni
Cd
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?
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JBRC Collection Weight Share by Application (1) FY2013 total Walkie‐Talkie
Others & unknown
* Home appliance
Bicycle PC
Emergency & Security Power tool
* Home appliance : Codeless phone, Handy cleaner, Toy, Headphone stereo Copyright (C) 2015 JBRC.
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JBRC collection weight share by application (2) Chemistry basis in FY2013 Others Walkie‐Talkie HA Bicycle PC PT ES Others Walkie‐Talkie HA Bicycle PC PT ES Ni-Cd
Ni-MH
Emergency & Security PC Home appliance Others Copyright (C) 2015 JBRC.
Li-ion
Power tool Bicycle Walkie‐Talkie
Others Walkie‐Talkie HA Bicycle PC PT ES
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Recycling Efficiency (RE)
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Recycling Efficiency (RE) (1) Formula of Recycling Efficiency (RE) RE (%) =
Weight of the recycled metals Weight of the collected waste batteries in bare‐cell basis
× 100
‐ Formula is defined for each chemistry, Ni‐Cd, Ni‐MH, Li‐ion. ‐ Formula was theoretically and experimentally defined in consideration of the percentage of metal contained and recycling yield. Also technological and economic factors are taken into consideration.
e.g. Ni‐Cd battery Treatment Process
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Recycling Efficiency (RE) (2) Manufacturers are required to achieve the legal target and make public the results on annual basis. Legal RE target
RE 2013
Ni‐Cd
60%
72%
Ni‐MH
65%
77%
Li‐ion
30%
44%
Collection of less valuable Li‐ion battery such as LiMn2O4, LiNiO2, and LiFeP4, rather than LiCoO2, is increasing. More efficient recycling method is needed.
A new recycling process for Li‐ion battery is under development. Copyright (C) 2015 JBRC.
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Safety Activities
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Activities for Safe Collection (1) Activities for Safe Collection Following batteries are subject to rejection unless proper insulation is undertaken.
Damaged battery Disassembled, Broken, crashed, dented, swelled, … etc.
Non insulated battery
Li‐ion Pouch cell
Ni‐Cd
Disassembled Li‐ion cell and Li‐ion Pouch cell Swelling Li‐ion Pouch cell Copyright (C) 2015 JBRC.
Activities for Safe Collection (2) Activities for Safe Collection Feedback to collection sites : Upon receipt of damaged battery or non‐insulated battery, we notify the collection sites and ask for improvement.
Safety instruction :
We periodically release safety information to collection sites.
‐ Insulation
‐ Packing
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Pack in a strong enough corrugated box with adequate cushion filled into the space.
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Power Pack Issue Explosion incidents of Li‐ion Power Pack occur from time to time when they are collected as general waste by municipalities. Power Pack belongs to a new product category, it’s market is growing very fast.
‐ Power Pack is interpreted as Power Supply Equipment by government. ‐ JBRC can collect the rechargeable battery removed from equipment. ‐ But actually Li‐ion battery in Power Pack can not be removed.
This issue is under consideration by BAJ and JBRC being instructed by the government.
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Summary
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Summary ‐
Safety issue is our first concern. >>> Secure safety by enlightening proper handling of rechargeable batteries in terms of insulation, packaging, transportation, and storage. >>> Secure safety especially of Li‐ion battery. >>> Recycling Committee of BAJ is discussing about the safety collection of Li‐ion Pouch Cell.
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Collection Rate is still subject of concern. >>> We will continue to discuss.
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Collection of less valuable Li‐ion battery such as LiMn2O4 , LiNiO2 , and LiFeP4 , rather than LiCoO2, is increasing. More efficient recycling method is needed. >>> A new recycling process for Li‐ion battery is under development. >>> We can expect the increase the value of recycled resources and RE.
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Thank you for your attention Questions or Comments ?
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