Cognitive Rehabilitation Last Review Date: March 11, 2016
Number: MG.MM.ME.58
Medical Guideline Disclaimer Property of EmblemHealth. All rights reserved. The treating physician or primary care provider must submit to EmblemHealth the clinical evidence that the patient meets the criteria for the treatment or surgical procedure. Without this documentation and information, EmblemHealth will not be able to properly review the request for prior authorization. The clinical review criteria expressed below reflects how EmblemHealth determines whether certain services or supplies are medically necessary. EmblemHealth established the clinical review criteria based upon a review of currently available clinical information (including clinical outcome studies in the peer-reviewed published medical literature, regulatory status of the technology, evidence-based guidelines of public health and health research agencies, evidence-based guidelines and positions of leading national health professional organizations, views of physicians practicing in relevant clinical areas, and other relevant factors). EmblemHealth expressly reserves the right to revise these conclusions as clinical information changes, and welcomes further relevant information. Each benefit program defines which services are covered. The conclusion that a particular service or supply is medically necessary does not constitute a representation or warranty that this service or supply is covered and/or paid for by EmblemHealth, as some programs exclude coverage for services or supplies that EmblemHealth considers medically necessary. If there is a discrepancy between this guideline and a member's benefits program, the benefits program will govern. In addition, coverage may be mandated by applicable legal requirements of a state, the Federal Government or the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) for Medicare and Medicaid members. All coding and web site links are accurate at time of publication. EmblemHealth Services Company LLC, (“EmblemHealth”) has adopted the herein policy in providing management, administrative and other services to HIP Health Plan of New York, HIP Insurance Company of New York, Group Health Incorporated and GHI HMO Select, related to health benefit plans offered by these entities. All of the aforementioned entities are affiliated companies under common control of EmblemHealth Inc.
Definitions Cognitive function
The ability to selectively focus on information, obtain knowledge, and properly apply knowledge; the conscious intellectual activity of knowing, thinking, learning, judging, reasoning and remembering.
Cognitive deficits
Impacts to attention, language, memory, reasoning, executive functions, problem solving, and visual processing.
Cognitive rehabilitation therapy
Cognitive rehabilitation, which may be provided in the inpatient or outpatient setting, offers retraining in the ability to think, use judgment and make decisions. The focus is on correcting deficits in memory, concentration and attention, perception, learning, planning, sequencing, and judgment. The goals of treatment are to enhance the person's capacity to process and interpret information and to improve functional ability. There are two basic approaches to cognitive rehabilitation: Restorative — where intellectual deficits are bolstered by various repetitive exercises Compensatory — where adaptive devices and strategies and modification of the environment are used to restore functioning despite ongoing deficits. These two techniques can be used in combination and can be components of a comprehensive multidisciplinary rehabilitation program that involves other forms of remediation and psychosocial therapy. A single strategy program can target either an isolated cognitive function or multiple functions concurrently. Note: Cognitive rehabilitation should not be confused with cognitive behavior therapy. Cognitive behavior therapy (also known as cognitive therapy) is a form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the role of thought patterns in moods and behaviors.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Damage to the brain caused by a bump, blow or jolt to the head or a penetrating head injury that disrupts the normal function of the brain. Most instances of traumatic brain injury are the result of motor vehicle accidents, violence, sports injuries and falls.
Related Medical Guidelines Neuropsychological Testing
Cognitive Rehabilitation Last review: March 11, 2016 Page 2 of 16
Guideline EmblemHealth considers cognitive rehabilitation therapy (as an adjunct to multidisciplinary rehabilitation [e.g., physical, occupational or speech therapy]) to be medically necessary for significantly impaired cognitive function secondary to aneurysm, brain tumors, traumatic brain injury (TBI), brain injury due to cerebrovascular accident (CVA [stroke]), brain injury due to systemic toxin or metabolic derangement1, or HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment when the all of the following criteria are met: 1. Onset of injury/clinical condition within ≤ 6 months of service request 2. Member was active and responsive to verbal or visual stimuli prior to service request and has an ability to follow commands and process and retain information 3. Member has been evaluated by a neuropsychiatrist or neuropsychologist2 4. Member has completed neuropsychological testing (NPT) and results demonstrate applicability to treatment-planning and implementation of rehabilitation strategies 5. Expectation of significant cognitive improvement; i.e.: a. Mental and physical condition prior to injury indicates significant potential for improvement b. Member is able to actively participate in therapy [e.g., not in a vegetative state, receiving custodial, etc.) 6. Symptoms cannot be attributed to: a. direct effects of a substance b. be better explained by active and poorly controlled symptoms of psychiatric illness in the setting of lack of treatment (such as distractibility due to internal stimuli due to untreated psychosis or poor concentration secondary to severe untreated depressive illness). Psychiatric symptoms should be assessed and appropriately clinically managed prior or concurrently with cognitive rehabilitation therapy for the original traumatic brain injury. Note: When the injury is one affecting the central nervous system, concomitant cognitive and physical issues may exist. When physical rehabilitation needs no longer exist, the cognitive issues may be addressed either as part of a formal cognitive rehabilitation program, or if there are continuing speech therapy or occupational therapy needs, with the continuation of these services.
Care Plan Documentation Cognitive rehabilitation may be performed by an occupational therapist, physical therapist, speech/language pathologist, neuropsychologist or physician. A written Care Plan, which includes all of the following components, must be submitted to the plan upon request: 1. Diagnosis and date of onset of the condition 2. Reasonable time-frame estimate for when goals are achievable 1
Examples of systemic toxin brain injury include resolving hepatic encephalopathy, resolving uremic encephalopathy, etc. 2 While EmblemHealth requires a neuropsychiatrist or neuropsychologist to perform the evaluation for cognitive rehabilitation therapy, the performance of NPT may be completed by any of following types of providers (as commensurate with NYS licensure): Developmental-behavioral/neurodevelopmental specialist, psychiatrist (MD or DO), clinical psychologist (CP), clinical social worker (CSW), psychiatric nurse practitioner (NP), clinical nurse specialist (CNS) and physician assistant (PA).
Cognitive Rehabilitation Last review: March 11, 2016 Page 3 of 16
3. 4. 5. 6.
Specification of long and short-term goals that are quantitative and objective Cognitive therapy evaluation (completed by neuropsychiatrist or neuropsychologist) Frequency and duration of treatment Specific cognitive rehabilitation therapy techniques to be utilized
The Care Plan should be ongoing and updated commensurate with the member’s change in condition. Re-evaluation should occur regularly (typically on a monthly basis) and document goalprogression. (Substantiating documentation should link cognitive therapy to the goal-achievements specified in the Care Plan) Utilization Rehabilitation for visuo-spatial deficits generally entails 20 1-hour sessions delivered over the course of 4 weeks. For language and communication deficits, patients usually receive 8 hours of weekly therapy, beginning at 4 weeks post-onset and continuing up to 48 weeks post-onset. Courses of cognitive rehabilitation substantially longer than these durations will be case-by-case reviewed. Limitations/Exclusions 1. Cognitive rehabilitation therapy is not considered medically necessary when: a. Performed as a stand-alone program b. Measurable improvement within a reasonable and predictable period of time is not thought to be achievable c. Member is not making progress toward treatment goals, has reached a plateau or is regressing (demonstrated by the lack of measurable progress towards set goals for at least 1 week) and there is no reasonable expectation of progress despite treatment planning changes d. Member fails to comply with the treatment program, or attendance in therapies is insufficient, to the extent that treatment is not beneficial 2. Cognitive rehabilitation therapy is not considered medically necessary for indications other than those listed above due to insufficient evidence of therapeutic value (including, but not limited to: Epilepsy/seizure disorders, Down syndrome, mental retardation, cerebral palsy [CP], dementia [e.g., Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease], cognitive decline in multiple sclerosis [MS] and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], Wernicke encephalopathy and behavioral/psychiatric disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADD/ADHD], depression, schizophrenia, social phobia, substance abuse disorders and pervasive developmental disorders [including autism]). 3. Presence of acute and ongoing substance use resulting in fluctuating level of consciousness. 4. The following treatment modalities are not considered medically necessary due to insufficient evidence of therapeutic value: a. Coma stimulation (aka "Responsiveness Program" [cognitive remediation of comatose persons]), coma arousal program/therapy, sensory stimulation and multi-sensory stimulation programs b. Sensory integration therapy (performed to enhance sensory processing and promote adaptive responses to environmental demands) is regarded as investigational, but may be covered for Medicare members only. Per Local Coverage Determination (LCD): Outpatient Physical and Occupational Therapy Services (L33631), services may be medically necessary for acquired sensory problems resulting from head trauma, illness,
Cognitive Rehabilitation Last review: March 11, 2016 Page 4 of 16
or acute neurologic events including CVA. They are not appropriate for patients with progressive neurological conditions without potential for functional adaptation. Therapy is not considered a cure for sensory integrative impairments, but is used to facilitate the development of the nervous system’s ability to process sensory input differently. Further, according to the LCD, utilization of this service should be infrequent for Medicare patients. 5. The following services, frequently associated with cognitive rehabilitation programs, are not considered medically necessary as they are not considered primarily medical in nature: a. Vocational rehabilitation b. Structured adult education c. Community re-entry programs d. Behavioral training e. Driving training f.
Compensatory devices such as memory books, date books, electronic paging systems or computer-assisted training
g. Employment counseling h. Work hardening i.
Cognitive therapy provided to improve academic performance
j.
Music, recreation and/or art therapy
k. Intelligence testing (IQ testing) l.
Community-based, non-medical services such as clubhouses for socialization, day programs and social skill development programs, supported living programs and independent living centers, and supported employment programs
Applicable Procedure Codes 97532
Development of cognitive skills to improve attention, memory, problem solving (includes compensatory training), direct (one-on-one) patient contact, each 15 minutes
Applicable Diagnosis Codes B20
Human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] disease
C71.1
Malignant neoplasm of frontal lobe
C71.2
Malignant neoplasm of temporal lobe
C71.3
Malignant neoplasm of parietal lobe
C71.4
Malignant neoplasm of parietal lobe
C71.5
Malignant neoplasm of cerebral ventricle
C71.6
Malignant neoplasm of cerebellum
C71.7
Malignant neoplasm of brain stem
C71.8
Malignant neoplasm of overlapping sites of brain
C71.9
Malignant neoplasm of brain, unspecified
C79.31
Secondary malignant neoplasm of brain
C79.32
Secondary malignant neoplasm of cerebral meninges
D33.0
Benign neoplasm of brain, supratentorial
D33.1
Benign neoplasm of brain, infratentorial
Cognitive Rehabilitation Last review: March 11, 2016 Page 5 of 16
D33.2
Benign neoplasm of brain, unspecified
D33.3
Benign neoplasm of cranial nerves
D43.0
Neoplasm of uncertain behavior of brain, supratentorial
D43.1
Neoplasm of uncertain behavior of brain, infratentorial
D43.2
Neoplasm of uncertain behavior of brain, unspecified
D43.3
Neoplasm of uncertain behavior of cranial nerves
F07.81
Postconcussional syndrome
G45.0
Vertebro-basilar artery syndrome
G45.1
Carotid artery syndrome (hemispheric)
G45.2
Multiple and bilateral precerebral artery syndromes
G45.3
Amaurosis fugax
G45.4
Transient global amnesia
G45.8
Other transient cerebral ischemic attacks and related syndromes
G45.9
Transient cerebral ischemic attack, unspecified
G46.0
Middle cerebral artery syndrome
G46.1
Anterior cerebral artery syndrome
G46.2
Posterior cerebral artery syndrome
G46.3
Brain stem stroke syndrome
G46.4
Cerebellar stroke syndrome
G46.5
Pure motor lacunar syndrome
G46.6
Pure sensory lacunar syndrome
G46.7
Other lacunar syndromes
G46.8
Other vascular syndromes of brain in cerebrovascular diseases
G92
Toxic encephalopathy
G93.0
Cerebral cysts
G93.1
Anoxic brain damage, not elsewhere classified
G93.2
Benign intracranial hypertension
G93.40
Encephalopathy, unspecified
G93.41
Metabolic encephalopathy
G93.49
Other encephalopathy
G93.5
Compression of brain
G93.6
Cerebral edema
G93.7
Reye's syndrome
G93.81
Temporal sclerosis
G93.89
Other specified disorders of brain
G93.9
Disorder of brain, unspecified
G94
Other disorders of brain in diseases classified elsewhere
G97.31
I60.00
Intraoperative hemorrhage and hematoma of a nervous system organ or structure complicating a nervous system procedure Intraoperative hemorrhage and hematoma of a nervous system organ or structure complicating other procedure Nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage from unspecified carotid siphon and bifurcation
I60.01
Nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage from right carotid siphon and bifurcation
I60.02
Nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage from left carotid siphon and bifurcation
I60.10
Nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage from unspecified middle cerebral artery
G97.32
Cognitive Rehabilitation Last review: March 11, 2016 Page 6 of 16
I60.11
Nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage from right middle cerebral artery
I60.12
Nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage from left middle cerebral artery
I60.20
Nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage from unspecified anterior communicating artery
I60.21
Nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage from right anterior communicating artery
I60.22
Nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage from left anterior communicating artery
I60.30
Nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage from unspecified posterior communicating artery
I60.31
Nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage from right posterior communicating artery
I60.32
Nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage from left posterior communicating artery
I60.4
Nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage from basilar artery
I60.50
Nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage from unspecified vertebral artery
I60.51
Nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage from right vertebral artery
I60.52
Nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage from left vertebral artery
I60.6
Nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage from other intracranial arteries
I60.7
Nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage from unspecified intracranial artery
I60.8
Other nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage
I60.9
Nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, unspecified
I61.0
Nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage in hemisphere, subcortical
I61.1
Nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage in hemisphere, cortical
I61.2
Nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage in hemisphere, unspecified
I61.3
Nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage in brain stem
I61.4
Nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage in cerebellum
I61.5
Nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage, intraventricular
I61.6
Nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage, multiple localized
I61.8
Other nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage
I61.9
Nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage, unspecified
I62.00
Nontraumatic subdural hemorrhage, unspecified
I62.01
Nontraumatic acute subdural hemorrhage
I62.02
Nontraumatic subacute subdural hemorrhage
I62.03
Nontraumatic chronic subdural hemorrhage
I62.1
Nontraumatic extradural hemorrhage
I62.9
Nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage, unspecified
I63.00
Cerebral infarction due to thrombosis of unspecified precerebral artery
I63.011
Cerebral infarction due to thrombosis of right vertebral artery
I63.012
Cerebral infarction due to thrombosis of left vertebral artery
I63.019
Cerebral infarction due to thrombosis of unspecified vertebral artery
I63.02
Cerebral infarction due to thrombosis of basilar artery
I63.031
Cerebral infarction due to thrombosis of right carotid artery
I63.032
Cerebral infarction due to thrombosis of left carotid artery
I63.039
Cerebral infarction due to thrombosis of unspecified carotid artery
I63.09
Cerebral infarction due to thrombosis of other precerebral artery
I63.10
Cerebral infarction due to embolism of unspecified precerebral artery
I63.111
Cerebral infarction due to embolism of right vertebral artery
I63.112
Cerebral infarction due to embolism of left vertebral artery
I63.119
Cerebral infarction due to embolism of unspecified vertebral artery
Cognitive Rehabilitation Last review: March 11, 2016 Page 7 of 16
I63.12
Cerebral infarction due to embolism of basilar artery
I63.131
Cerebral infarction due to embolism of right carotid artery
I63.132
Cerebral infarction due to embolism of left carotid artery
I63.139
Cerebral infarction due to embolism of unspecified carotid artery
I63.19
Cerebral infarction due to embolism of other precerebral artery
I63.20
Cerebral infarction due to unspecified occlusion or stenosis of unspecified precerebral arteries
I63.211
Cerebral infarction due to unspecified occlusion or stenosis of right vertebral arteries
I63.212
Cerebral infarction due to unspecified occlusion or stenosis of left vertebral arteries
I63.219
Cerebral infarction due to unspecified occlusion or stenosis of unspecified vertebral arteries
I63.22
Cerebral infarction due to unspecified occlusion or stenosis of basilar arteries
I63.231
Cerebral infarction due to unspecified occlusion or stenosis of right carotid arteries
I63.232
Cerebral infarction due to unspecified occlusion or stenosis of left carotid arteries
I63.239
Cerebral infarction due to unspecified occlusion or stenosis of unspecified carotid arteries
I63.29
Cerebral infarction due to unspecified occlusion or stenosis of other precerebral arteries
I63.30
Cerebral infarction due to thrombosis of unspecified cerebral artery
I63.311
Cerebral infarction due to thrombosis of right middle cerebral artery
I63.312
Cerebral infarction due to thrombosis of left middle cerebral artery
I63.319
Cerebral infarction due to thrombosis of unspecified middle cerebral artery
I63.321
Cerebral infarction due to thrombosis of right anterior cerebral artery
I63.322
Cerebral infarction due to thrombosis of left anterior cerebral artery
I63.329
Cerebral infarction due to thrombosis of unspecified anterior cerebral artery
I63.331
Cerebral infarction due to thrombosis of right posterior cerebral artery
I63.332
Cerebral infarction due to thrombosis of left posterior cerebral artery
I63.339
Cerebral infarction due to thrombosis of unspecified posterior cerebral artery
I63.341
Cerebral infarction due to thrombosis of right cerebellar artery
I63.342
Cerebral infarction due to thrombosis of left cerebellar artery
I63.349
Cerebral infarction due to thrombosis of unspecified cerebellar artery
I63.39
Cerebral infarction due to thrombosis of other cerebral artery
I63.40
Cerebral infarction due to embolism of unspecified cerebral artery
I63.411
Cerebral infarction due to embolism of right middle cerebral artery
I63.412
Cerebral infarction due to embolism of left middle cerebral artery
I63.419
Cerebral infarction due to embolism of unspecified middle cerebral artery
I63.421
Cerebral infarction due to embolism of right anterior cerebral artery
I63.422
Cerebral infarction due to embolism of left anterior cerebral artery
I63.429
Cerebral infarction due to embolism of unspecified anterior cerebral artery
I63.431
Cerebral infarction due to embolism of right posterior cerebral artery
I63.432
Cerebral infarction due to embolism of left posterior cerebral artery
I63.439
Cerebral infarction due to embolism of unspecified posterior cerebral artery
I63.441
Cerebral infarction due to embolism of right cerebellar artery
I63.442
Cerebral infarction due to embolism of left cerebellar artery
I63.449
Cerebral infarction due to embolism of unspecified cerebellar artery
I63.49
Cerebral infarction due to embolism of other cerebral artery
I63.50
Cerebral infarction due to unspecified occlusion or stenosis of unspecified cerebral artery
I63.511
Cerebral infarction due to unspecified occlusion or stenosis of right middle cerebral artery
Cognitive Rehabilitation Last review: March 11, 2016 Page 8 of 16
I63.512
Cerebral infarction due to unspecified occlusion or stenosis of left middle cerebral artery
I63.519
Cerebral infarction due to unspecified occlusion or stenosis of unspecified middle cerebral artery
I63.521
Cerebral infarction due to unspecified occlusion or stenosis of right anterior cerebral artery
I63.522
Cerebral infarction due to unspecified occlusion or stenosis of left anterior cerebral artery
I63.529
Cerebral infarction due to unspecified occlusion or stenosis of unspecified anterior cerebral artery
I63.531
Cerebral infarction due to unspecified occlusion or stenosis of right posterior cerebral artery
I63.532
Cerebral infarction due to unspecified occlusion or stenosis of left posterior cerebral artery
I63.539
Cerebral infarction due to unspecified occlusion or stenosis of unspecified posterior cerebral artery
I63.541
Cerebral infarction due to unspecified occlusion or stenosis of right cerebellar artery
I63.542
Cerebral infarction due to unspecified occlusion or stenosis of left cerebellar artery
I63.549
Cerebral infarction due to unspecified occlusion or stenosis of unspecified cerebellar artery
I63.59
Cerebral infarction due to unspecified occlusion or stenosis of other cerebral artery
I63.6
Cerebral infarction due to cerebral venous thrombosis, nonpyogenic
I63.8
Other cerebral infarction
I63.9
Cerebral infarction, unspecified
I67.0
Dissection of cerebral arteries, nonruptured
I67.1
Cerebral aneurysm, nonruptured
I67.2
Cerebral atherosclerosis
I67.3
Progressive vascular leukoencephalopathy
I67.4
Hypertensive encephalopathy
I67.5
Moyamoya disease
I67.82
Cerebral ischemia
I67.83
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome
I67.841
Reversible cerebrovascular vasoconstriction syndrome
I69.00
Unspecified sequelae of nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage
I69.01
Cognitive deficits following nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage
I69.020
Aphasia following nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage
I69.021
Dysphasia following nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage
I69.022
Dysarthria following nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage
I69.023
Fluency disorder following nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage
I69.028
Other speech and language deficits following nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage
I69.098
Other sequelae following nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage
I69.10
Unspecified sequelae of nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage
I69.11
Cognitive deficits following nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage
I69.120
Aphasia following nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage
I69.121
Dysphasia following nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage
I69.122
Dysarthria following nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage
I69.123
Fluency disorder following nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage
I69.128
Other speech and language deficits following nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage
I69.198
Other sequelae of nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage
I69.20
Unspecified sequelae of other nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage
I69.21
Cognitive deficits following other nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage
I69.220
Aphasia following other nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage
I69.221
Dysphasia following other nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage
Cognitive Rehabilitation Last review: March 11, 2016 Page 9 of 16
I69.222
Dysarthria following other nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage
I69.223
Fluency disorder following other nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage
I69.228
Other speech and language deficits following other nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage
I69.298
Other sequelae of other nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage
I69.30
Unspecified sequelae of cerebral infarction
I69.31
Cognitive deficits following cerebral infarction
I69.320
Aphasia following cerebral infarction
I69.321
Dysphasia following cerebral infarction
I69.322
Dysarthria following cerebral infarction
I69.323
Fluency disorder following cerebral infarction
I69.328
Other speech and language deficits following cerebral infarction
I69.398
Other sequelae of cerebral infarction
I69.80
Unspecified sequelae of other cerebrovascular disease
I69.81
Cognitive deficits following other cerebrovascular disease
I69.820
Aphasia following other cerebrovascular disease
I69.821
Dysphasia following other cerebrovascular disease
I69.822
Dysarthria following other cerebrovascular disease
I69.823
Fluency disorder following other cerebrovascular disease
I69.828
Other speech and language deficits following other cerebrovascular disease
I69.898
Other sequelae of other cerebrovascular disease
I69.90
Unspecified sequelae of unspecified cerebrovascular disease
I69.91
Cognitive deficits following unspecified cerebrovascular disease
I69.920
Aphasia following unspecified cerebrovascular disease
I69.921
Dysphasia following unspecified cerebrovascular disease
I69.922
Dysarthria following unspecified cerebrovascular disease
I69.923
Fluency disorder following unspecified cerebrovascular disease
I69.928
Other speech and language deficits following unspecified cerebrovascular disease
I69.998
Other sequelae following unspecified cerebrovascular disease
I97.810
Intraoperative cerebrovascular infarction during cardiac surgery
I97.811
Intraoperative cerebrovascular infarction during other surgery
I97.820
Postprocedural cerebrovascular infarction during cardiac surgery
I97.821
Postprocedural cerebrovascular infarction during other surgery
S02.0XXS
Fracture of vault of skull, sequela
S02.10XS
Unspecified fracture of base of skull, sequela
S02.110S
Type I occipital condyle fracture, sequela
S02.111S
Type II occipital condyle fracture, sequela
S02.112S
Type III occipital condyle fracture, sequela
S02.113S
Unspecified occipital condyle fracture, sequela
S02.118S
Other fracture of occiput, sequela
S02.119S
Unspecified fracture of occiput, sequela
S06.0X0S
Concussion without loss of consciousness, sequela
S06.0X1S
Concussion with loss of consciousness of 30 minutes or less, sequela
S06.0X2S
Concussion with loss of consciousness of 31 minutes to 59 minutes, sequela
S06.0X3S
Concussion with loss of consciousness of 1 hour to 5 hours 59 minutes, sequela
Cognitive Rehabilitation Last review: March 11, 2016 Page 10 of 16
S06.0X4S
Concussion with loss of consciousness of 6 hours to 24 hours, sequela
S06.0X5S
S06.0X9S
Concussion with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours with return to pre-existing conscious level, sequela Concussion with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours without return to pre-existing conscious level with patient surviving, sequela Concussion with loss of consciousness of unspecified duration, sequela
S06.1X0S
Traumatic cerebral edema without loss of consciousness, sequela
S06.1X1S
Traumatic cerebral edema with loss of consciousness of 30 minutes or less, sequela
S06.1X2S
Traumatic cerebral edema with loss of consciousness of 31 minutes to 59 minutes, sequela
S06.1X3S
Traumatic cerebral edema with loss of consciousness of 1 hour to 5 hours 59 minutes, sequela
S06.1X4S
Traumatic cerebral edema with loss of consciousness of 6 hours to 24 hours, sequela
S06.1X5S
S06.1X9S
Traumatic cerebral edema with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours with return to pre-existing conscious level, sequela Traumatic cerebral edema with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours without return to pre-existing conscious level with patient surviving, sequela Traumatic cerebral edema with loss of consciousness of unspecified duration, sequela
S06.2X0S
Diffuse traumatic brain injury without loss of consciousness, sequela
S06.2X1S
Diffuse traumatic brain injury with loss of consciousness of 30 minutes or less, sequela
S06.2X2S
Diffuse traumatic brain injury with loss of consciousness of 31 minutes to 59 minutes, sequela
S06.2X3S
Diffuse traumatic brain injury with loss of consciousness of 1 hour to 5 hours 59 minutes, sequela
S06.2X4S
Diffuse traumatic brain injury with loss of consciousness of 6 hours to 24 hours, sequela
S06.2X5S
S06.2X9S
Diffuse traumatic brain injury with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours with return to pre-existing conscious levels, sequela Diffuse traumatic brain injury with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours without return to preexisting conscious level with patient surviving, sequela Diffuse traumatic brain injury with loss of consciousness of unspecified duration, sequela
S06.300S
Unspecified focal traumatic brain injury without loss of consciousness, sequela
S06.301S
Unspecified focal traumatic brain injury with loss of consciousness of 30 minutes or less, sequela
S06.302S
Unspecified focal traumatic brain injury with loss of consciousness of 31 minutes to 59 minutes, sequela
S06.303S
Unspecified focal traumatic brain injury with loss of consciousness of 1 hour to 5 hours 59 minutes, sequela
S06.304S
Unspecified focal traumatic brain injury with loss of consciousness of 6 hours to 24 hours, sequela
S06.305S
S06.309S
Unspecified focal traumatic brain injury with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours with return to preexisting conscious level, sequela Unspecified focal traumatic brain injury with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours without return to pre-existing conscious level with patient surviving, sequela Unspecified focal traumatic brain injury with loss of consciousness of unspecified duration, sequela
S06.310S
Contusion and laceration of right cerebrum without loss of consciousness, sequela
S06.311S
Contusion and laceration of right cerebrum with loss of consciousness of 30 minutes or less, sequela
S06.312S
Contusion and laceration of right cerebrum with loss of consciousness of 31 minutes to 59 minutes, sequela
S06.313S
Contusion and laceration of right cerebrum with loss of consciousness of 1 hour to 5 hours 59 minutes, sequela Contusion and laceration of right cerebrum with loss of consciousness of 6 hours to 24 hours, sequela
S06.0X6S
S06.1X6S
S06.2X6S
S06.306S
S06.314S S06.315S
S06.319S
Contusion and laceration of right cerebrum with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours with return to pre-existing conscious level, sequela Contusion and laceration of right cerebrum with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours without return to pre-existing conscious level with patient surviving, sequela Contusion and laceration of right cerebrum with loss of consciousness of unspecified duration, sequela
S06.320S
Contusion and laceration of left cerebrum without loss of consciousness, sequela
S06.321S
Contusion and laceration of left cerebrum with loss of consciousness of 30 minutes or less, sequela
S06.316S
Cognitive Rehabilitation Last review: March 11, 2016 Page 11 of 16
S06.322S
Contusion and laceration of left cerebrum with loss of consciousness of 31 minutes to 59 minutes, sequela
S06.323S
Contusion and laceration of left cerebrum with loss of consciousness of 1 hour to 5 hours 59 minutes, sequela Contusion and laceration of left cerebrum with loss of consciousness of 6 hours to 24 hours, sequela
S06.324S S06.325S
S06.329S
Contusion and laceration of left cerebrum with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours with return to pre-existing conscious level, sequela Contusion and laceration of left cerebrum with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours without return to pre-existing conscious level with patient surviving, sequela Contusion and laceration of left cerebrum with loss of consciousness of unspecified duration, sequela
S06.330S
Contusion and laceration of cerebrum, unspecified, without loss of consciousness, sequela
S06.331S
S06.340S
Contusion and laceration of cerebrum, unspecified, with loss of consciousness of 30 minutes or less, sequela Contusion and laceration of cerebrum, unspecified, with loss of consciousness of 31 minutes to 59 minutes, sequela Contusion and laceration of cerebrum, unspecified, with loss of consciousness of 1 hour to 5 hours 59 minutes, sequela Contusion and laceration of cerebrum, unspecified, with loss of consciousness of 6 hours to 24 hours, sequela Contusion and laceration of cerebrum, unspecified, with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours with return to pre-existing conscious level, sequela Contusion and laceration of cerebrum, unspecified, with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours without return to pre-existing conscious level with patient surviving, sequela Contusion and laceration of cerebrum, unspecified, with loss of consciousness of unspecified duration, sequela Traumatic hemorrhage of right cerebrum without loss of consciousness, sequela
S06.341S
Traumatic hemorrhage of right cerebrum with loss of consciousness of 30 minutes or less, sequela
S06.342S
Traumatic hemorrhage of right cerebrum with loss of consciousness of 31 minutes to 59 minutes, sequela
S06.343S
Traumatic hemorrhage of right cerebrum with loss of consciousness of 1 hours to 5 hours 59 minutes, sequela Traumatic hemorrhage of right cerebrum with loss of consciousness of 6 hours to 24 hours, sequela
S06.326S
S06.332S S06.333S S06.334S S06.335S S06.336S S06.339S
S06.344S S06.345S
S06.349S
Traumatic hemorrhage of right cerebrum with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours with return to pre-existing conscious level, sequela Traumatic hemorrhage of right cerebrum with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours without return to pre-existing conscious level with patient surviving, sequela Traumatic hemorrhage of right cerebrum with loss of consciousness of unspecified duration, sequela
S06.350S
Traumatic hemorrhage of left cerebrum without loss of consciousness, sequela
S06.351S
Traumatic hemorrhage of left cerebrum with loss of consciousness of 30 minutes or less, sequela
S06.352S
Traumatic hemorrhage of left cerebrum with loss of consciousness of 31 minutes to 59 minutes, sequela
S06.353S
Traumatic hemorrhage of left cerebrum with loss of consciousness of 1 hours to 5 hours 59 minutes, sequela Traumatic hemorrhage of left cerebrum with loss of consciousness of 6 hours to 24 hours, sequela
S06.346S
S06.354S S06.355S
S06.359S
Traumatic hemorrhage of left cerebrum with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours with return to pre-existing conscious level, sequela Traumatic hemorrhage of left cerebrum with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours without return to pre-existing conscious level with patient surviving, sequela Traumatic hemorrhage of left cerebrum with loss of consciousness of unspecified duration, sequela
S06.360S
Traumatic hemorrhage of cerebrum, unspecified, without loss of consciousness, sequela
S06.361S
Traumatic hemorrhage of cerebrum, unspecified, with loss of consciousness of 30 minutes or less, sequela
S06.362S
Traumatic hemorrhage of cerebrum, unspecified, with loss of consciousness of 31 minutes to 59 minutes, sequela Traumatic hemorrhage of cerebrum, unspecified, with loss of consciousness of 1 hours to 5 hours 59 minutes, sequela
S06.356S
S06.363S
Cognitive Rehabilitation Last review: March 11, 2016 Page 12 of 16
S06.364S
Traumatic hemorrhage of cerebrum, unspecified, with loss of consciousness of 6 hours to 24 hours, sequela
S06.365S
Traumatic hemorrhage of cerebrum, unspecified, with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours with return to pre-existing conscious level, sequela Traumatic hemorrhage of cerebrum, unspecified, with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours without return to pre-existing conscious level with patient surviving, sequela Traumatic hemorrhage of cerebrum, unspecified, with loss of consciousness of unspecified duration, sequela Contusion, laceration, and hemorrhage of cerebellum without loss of consciousness, sequela
S06.366S S06.369S S06.370S S06.371S S06.372S S06.373S S06.374S S06.375S S06.376S S06.379S S06.380S S06.381S
Contusion, laceration, and hemorrhage of cerebellum with loss of consciousness of 30 minutes or less, sequela Contusion, laceration, and hemorrhage of cerebellum with loss of consciousness of 31 minutes to 59 minutes, sequela Contusion, laceration, and hemorrhage of cerebellum with loss of consciousness of 1 hour to 5 hours 59 minutes, sequela Contusion, laceration, and hemorrhage of cerebellum with loss of consciousness of 6 hours to 24 hours, sequela Contusion, laceration, and hemorrhage of cerebellum with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours with return to pre-existing conscious level, sequela Contusion, laceration, and hemorrhage of cerebellum with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours without return to pre-existing conscious level with patient surviving, sequela Contusion, laceration, and hemorrhage of cerebellum with loss of consciousness of unspecified duration, sequela Contusion, laceration, and hemorrhage of brainstem without loss of consciousness, sequela
S06.4X0S
Contusion, laceration, and hemorrhage of brainstem with loss of consciousness of 30 minutes or less, sequela Contusion, laceration, and hemorrhage of brainstem with loss of consciousness of 31 minutes to 59 minutes, sequela Contusion, laceration, and hemorrhage of brainstem with loss of consciousness of 1 hour to 5 hours 59 minutes, sequela Contusion, laceration, and hemorrhage of brainstem with loss of consciousness of 6 hours to 24 hours, sequela Contusion, laceration, and hemorrhage of brainstem with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours with return to pre-existing conscious level, sequela Contusion, laceration, and hemorrhage of brainstem with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours without return to pre-existing conscious level with patient surviving, sequela Contusion, laceration, and hemorrhage of brainstem with loss of consciousness of unspecified duration, sequela Epidural hemorrhage without loss of consciousness, sequela
S06.4X1S
Epidural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness of 30 minutes or less, sequela
S06.4X2S
Epidural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness of 31 minutes to 59 minutes, sequela
S06.4X3S
Epidural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness of 1 hour to 5 hours 59 minutes, sequela
S06.4X4S
Epidural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness of 6 hours to 24 hours, sequela
S06.4X5S
S06.4X9S
Epidural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours with return to pre-existing conscious level, sequela Epidural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours without return to pre-existing conscious level with patient surviving, sequela Epidural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness of unspecified duration, sequela
S06.5X0S
Traumatic subdural hemorrhage without loss of consciousness, sequela
S06.5X1S
Traumatic subdural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness of 30 minutes or less, sequela
S06.5X2S
Traumatic subdural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness of 31 minutes to 59 minutes, sequela
S06.5X3S
Traumatic subdural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness of 1 hour to 5 hours 59 minutes, sequela
S06.5X4S
Traumatic subdural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness of 6 hours to 24 hours, sequela
S06.382S S06.383S S06.384S S06.385S S06.386S S06.389S
S06.4X6S
Cognitive Rehabilitation Last review: March 11, 2016 Page 13 of 16
S06.5X5S
S06.5X9S
Traumatic subdural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours with return to preexisting conscious level, sequela Traumatic subdural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours without return to preexisting conscious level with patient surviving, sequela Traumatic subdural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness of unspecified duration, sequela
S06.6X0S
Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage without loss of consciousness, sequela
S06.6X1S
Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage with loss of consciousness of 30 minutes or less, sequela
S06.6X2S
Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage with loss of consciousness of 31 minutes to 59 minutes, sequela
S06.6X3S
Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage with loss of consciousness of 1 hour to 5 hours 59 minutes, sequela
S06.6X4S
Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage with loss of consciousness of 6 hours to 24 hours, sequela
S06.6X5S
Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours with return to preexisting conscious level, sequela Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours without return to pre-existing conscious level with patient surviving, sequela Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage with loss of consciousness of unspecified duration, sequela
S06.5X6S
S06.6X6S S06.6X9S S06.810S
S06.890S
Injury of right internal carotid artery, intracranial portion, not elsewhere classified without loss of consciousness, sequela Injury of right internal carotid artery, intracranial portion, not elsewhere classified with loss of consciousness of 30 minutes or less, sequela Injury of right internal carotid artery, intracranial portion, not elsewhere classified with loss of consciousness of 31 minutes to 59 minutes, sequela Injury of right internal carotid artery, intracranial portion, not elsewhere classified with loss of consciousness of 1 hour to 5 hours 59 minutes, sequela Injury of right internal carotid artery, intracranial portion, not elsewhere classified with loss of consciousness of 6 hours to 24 hours, sequela Injury of right internal carotid artery, intracranial portion, not elsewhere classified with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours with return to pre-existing conscious level, sequela Injury of right internal carotid artery, intracranial portion, not elsewhere classified with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours without return to pre-existing conscious level with patient surviving, sequela Injury of right internal carotid artery, intracranial portion, not elsewhere classified with loss of consciousness of unspecified duration, sequela Injury of left internal carotid artery, intracranial portion, not elsewhere classified without loss of consciousness, sequela Injury of left internal carotid artery, intracranial portion, not elsewhere classified with loss of consciousness of 30 minutes or less, sequela Injury of left internal carotid artery, intracranial portion, not elsewhere classified with loss of consciousness of 31 minutes to 59 minutes, sequela Injury of left internal carotid artery, intracranial portion, not elsewhere classified with loss of consciousness of 1 hour to 5 hours 59 minutes, sequela Injury of left internal carotid artery, intracranial portion, not elsewhere classified with loss of consciousness of 6 hours to 24 hours, sequela Injury of left internal carotid artery, intracranial portion, not elsewhere classified with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours with return to pre-existing conscious level, sequela Injury of left internal carotid artery, intracranial portion, not elsewhere classified with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours without return to pre-existing conscious level with patient surviving, sequela Injury of left internal carotid artery, intracranial portion, not elsewhere classified with loss of consciousness of unspecified duration, sequela Other specified intracranial injury without loss of consciousness, sequela
S06.891S
Other specified intracranial injury with loss of consciousness of 30 minutes or less, sequela
S06.892S
Other specified intracranial injury with loss of consciousness of 31 minutes to 59 minutes, sequela
S06.893S
Other specified intracranial injury with loss of consciousness of 1 hour to 5 hours 59 minutes, sequela
S06.894S
Other specified intracranial injury with loss of consciousness of 6 hours to 24 hours, sequela
S06.811S S06.812S S06.813S S06.814S S06.815S S06.816S
S06.819S S06.820S S06.821S S06.822S S06.823S S06.824S S06.825S S06.826S S06.829S
Cognitive Rehabilitation Last review: March 11, 2016 Page 14 of 16
S06.895S
S06.899S
Other specified intracranial injury with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours with return to preexisting conscious level, sequela Other specified intracranial injury with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours without return to preexisting conscious level with patient surviving, sequela Other specified intracranial injury with loss of consciousness of unspecified duration, sequela
S06.9X0S
Unspecified intracranial injury without loss of consciousness, sequela
S06.9X1S
Unspecified intracranial injury with loss of consciousness of 30 minutes or less, sequela
S06.9X2S
Unspecified intracranial injury with loss of consciousness of 31 minutes to 59 minutes, sequela
S06.9X3S
Unspecified intracranial injury with loss of consciousness of 1 hour to 5 hours 59 minutes, sequela
S06.9X4S
Unspecified intracranial injury with loss of consciousness of 6 hours to 24 hours, sequela
S06.9X5S
Unspecified intracranial injury with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours with return to pre-existing conscious level, sequela Unspecified intracranial injury with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours without return to preexisting conscious level with patient surviving, sequela Unspecified intracranial injury with loss of consciousness of unspecified duration, sequela
S06.896S
S06.9X6S S06.9X9S
References Abikoff H. Cognitive training in ADHD children: Less to it than meets the eye. J Learn Disabil. 1991;24:205-209. Agency for Healthcare Policy and Research (AHCPR). Rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury. AHCPR Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No.2. February 1999. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11865/. Accessed January 28, 2016. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury in children and adolescents. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 2. September 1999. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11898/. Accessed January 28, 2016. Amato MP, Portaccio E, Zipoli V. Are there protective treatments for cognitive decline in MS? J Neurol Sci. 2006;245(12):183-186. American Academy of Neurology. Assessment: Neuropsychological testing of adults. Considerations for neurologists. Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 1996;47(2):592-599. American Academy of Neurology. Practice Parameters: Assessment and management of patients in the persistent vegetative state (Summary Statement). Report of the quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. 1995. Reaffirmed Jul 2006. https://www.aan.com/guidelines/home/getguidelinecontent/83. Accessed January 28, 2016. Bahar-Fuchs A, Clare L, Woods B. Cognitive training and cognitive rehabilitation for persons with mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer's or vascular type: A review. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2013;5(4):35. BlueCross BlueShield Association (BCBSA), Technology Evaluation Center (TEC). Cognitive rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury in adults. TEC Assessment Program. Chicago IL: BCBSA; 2002;17(20). BlueCross BlueShield Association (BCBSA), Technology Evaluation Center (TEC). Cognitive rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury in adults. TEC Assessment Program. Chicago, IL: BCBSA; May 2008; 23(3). Boccellari A, Zeifert P. Management of neurobehavioral impairment in HIV-1 infection. Psychiatry Clin North Am. 1994;17:183-203. Bourgeois MS. Effects of memory aids on the dyadic conversations of individuals with dementia. J Appl Behav Anal. 1993;26:77-87. Bowen A, Hazelton C, Pollock A, Lincoln NB. Cognitive rehabilitation for spatial neglect following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;7:CD003586. Bowen A, Lincoln NB, Dewey M. Cognitive rehabilitation for spatial neglect following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(2):CD003586. Brissart H, Daniel F, Morele E, et al. Cognitive rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis: A review of the literature. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2011;167(4):280-290.
Cognitive Rehabilitation Last review: March 11, 2016 Page 15 of 16
Carney N, Chestnut RM, Maynard H, et al. Effect of cognitive rehabilitation on outcomes for persons with traumatic brain injury: A systematic review. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1999;14(3):277-307. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Injury Prevention & Control: Traumatic Brain Injury. Updated March 2015. http://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/. Accessed January 29, 2016. Chung CS, Pollock A, Campbell T, et al. Cognitive rehabilitation for executive dysfunction in adults with stroke or other adult non-progressive acquired brain damage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;4:CD008391. Cicerone KD, Dahlberg C, Kalmar K, et al. Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: Recommendations for clinical practice. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81(12):1596-1615. Cicerone KD, Dahlberg C, Malec JF, et al. Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: Updated review of the literature from 1998 through 2002. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(8):1681-1692. Cicerone KD, Langenbahn DM, et al. Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: Updated review of the literature from 2003 through 2008. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92(4):519-530. Clare L, Woods RT, Moniz Cook ED, et al. Cognitive rehabilitation and cognitive training for early-stage Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(4):CD003260. Eack S, HogartyG, ChoR, et al. Cognitive enhancement therapy protects against gray matter loss in early schizophrenia: Results from a two-year randomized controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(7):674-682. Farina E, Raglio A, Giovagnoli AR. Cognitive rehabilitation in epilepsy: An evidence-based review. Epilepsy Res. 2015;109C:210-218. Gard DE, Fisher M, Garrett C, et al. Motivation and its relationship to neurocognition, social cognition, and functional outcome in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2009;115(1):74-81. Georgiopoulos M, Katsakiori P, Kefalopoulou Z, et al. Vegetative state and minimally conscious state: A review of the therapeutic interventions. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2010;88(4):199-207. Golisz K. Occupational therapy practice guidelines for adults with traumatic brain injury. Bethesda, MD: American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA); 2009. Granholm E, McQuaid JR, McClure FS, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of cognitive behavioral social skills training for middle-aged and older outpatients with chronic schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(3):520-529. Guina FD, Cosic T, Kracon L, et al. Sensorimotor stimulation of comatose patients. Acta Med Croatica. 1997;51(2):101103. Hayes Medical Technology Directory. Cognitive Rehabilitation for Traumatic Brain Injury. Apr 2, 2008. Updated June 17, 2014. Hayes RL, McGrath JJ. Cognitive rehabilitation for people with schizophrenia and related conditions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(3):CD000968. Hosobuchi Y, Yingling C. The treatment of prolonged coma with neurostimulation. Adv Neurol. 1993;63:247-251. Incalzi RA, Corsonello A, Trojano L, et al. Cognitive training is ineffective in hypoxemic COPD: A six-month randomized controlled trial. Rejuvenation Res. 2008;11(1):239-250. Jak AJ, Seelye AM, Jurick SM. Crosswords to computers: A critical review of popular approaches to cognitive enhancement. Neuropsychol Rev. 2013;23(1):13-26. Johnson DA, Roethig-Johnston K, Richards D. Biochemical and physiological parameters of recovery in acute severe head injury: Responses to multisensory stimulation. Brain Inj. 1993;7(6):491-499. Lainhart JE, Piven J. Diagnosis, treatment, and neurobiology of autism in children. Curr Opin Ped. 1995;7:392-400. Lee SS, Powell NJ, Esdaile S. A functional model of cognitive rehabilitation in occupational therapy. Can J Occup Ther. 2001;68(1):41-50. Levin HS. Cognitive function outcomes after traumatic brain injury. Curr Opin Neurol. 1998;11(6):643-646. Lincoln NB, Gladman JR, Berman P, et al. Functional recovery of community stroke patients. Disabil Rehabil. 2000;22(3):135-139. Lincoln NB, Majid MJ, Weyman N. Cognitive rehabilitation for attention deficits following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(4):CD002842. Loetscher T, Lincoln NB. Cognitive rehabilitation for attention deficits following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;5:CD002842.
Cognitive Rehabilitation Last review: March 11, 2016 Page 16 of 16
Lombardi F, Taricco M, De Tanti A, et al. Sensory stimulation for brain injured individuals in coma or vegetative state. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(2):CD001427. Mazaux JM, Richer E. Rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury in adults. Disabil Rehabil. 1998;20(12):435-447. McDonald BC, Flashman LA, Saykin AJ. Executive dysfunction following traumatic brain injury: Neural substrates and treatment strategies. NeuroRehabilitation. 2002;17(4):333-344. Mehlhorn J, Freytag A, Schmidt K, et al. Rehabilitation interventions for postintensive care syndrome: a systematic review. Crit Care Med 2014; 42:1263. Mikkelsen ME, Netzer G, Iwashyna T. Post-intensive care syndrome (PICS). UpToDate. December 17, 2014. Nair RD, Lincoln NB. Cognitive rehabilitation for memory deficits following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(3):CD002293. Namerow, NS. Cognitive and behavioral aspects of brain-injury rehabilitation. Neurol Clin. 1987;5(4):569-583. National Academy of Neuropsychology (NAN). Cognitive rehabilitation. Official Statement of the National Academy of Neuropsychology. NAN Position Papers. Denver, CO: NAN; May 2002. https://www.nanonline.org/docs/PAIC/PDFs/NANPositionCogRehab.pdf. Accessed January 28, 2016. National Government Services. Local Coverage Determination (LCD): Outpatient Physical and Occupational Therapy Services (L33631). October 2015. https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/details/lcddetails.aspx?LCDId=33631&ContrId=300&ver=9&ContrVer=1&CntrctrSelected=300*1&Cntrctr=300&name=National+Go vernment+Services%2c+Inc.+%28National+Government+Services%2c+Inc.+%2813202%2c+A+and+B+and+HHH+MAC%2c +J+-+K%29%29&LCntrctr=300*1&DocType=Active&bc=AgACAAIAAAAAAA%3d%3d&. Accessed January 28, 2016. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). Disorders. Coma and persistent vegetative state. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health (NIH); updated September 18, 2012. http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/coma/coma.htm. Accessed January 28, 2016. National Institutes of Health (NIH). Rehabilitation of persons with traumatic brain injury. NIH Consens Statement 1998 https://consensus.nih.gov/1998/1998traumaticbraininjury109html.htm. Accessed January 26, 2016. O'Brien AR, Chiaravalloti N, Goverover Y, Deluca J. Evidenced-based cognitive rehabilitation for persons with multiple sclerosis: A review of the literature. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89(4):761-769. Pennington L, Goldbart J, Marshall J. Speech and language therapy to improve the communication skills of children with cerebral palsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(3):CD003466. Prigatano GP, Wong JL. Cognitive and affective improvement in brain dysfunctional patients who achieve inpatient rehabilitation goals. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80(1):77-84. Specialty matched clinical peer review. Suslow T, Schonauer K, Arolt V. Attention training in the cognitive rehabilitation of schizophrenic patients: A review of efficacies studies. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2001;103(1):15-23. Suslow T, Schonauer K, Arolt V. Attention training in the cognitive rehabilitation of schizophrenic patients: A review of efficacy studies. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2001;103(1):15-23. Thomas PW, Thomas S, Hillier C, et al. Psychological interventions for multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(1):CD004431. Thompson AJ. Neurorehabilitation in multiple sclerosis: Foundations, facts and fiction. Curr Opin Neurol. 2005;18(3):267271. Titov N, Andrews G, Schwencke G, et al. Randomized controlled trial of Internet cognitive behavioural treatment for social phobia with and without motivational enhancement strategies. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2010;44(10):938-945. Zorowitz RD, Gross E, Polinski DM. The stroke survivor. Disabil Rehabil. 2002;24(13):666-679.