Climate change influences on India’s Marine Fisheries Presented by

Dr.(Ms).V.Kripa,

Principal Scientist Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI), Kochi

Co authors : E.Vivekanandan, P.U.Zacharia, and A.Gopalakrishnan Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC

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Profile of Indian Marine Fisheries

Length of coastline Fishing villages

8,129 km 3,288

Marine fishers population Active fishers population

3.9 million 0.9 million

Landing centers 1,511 Major fishing harbours 26 Minor fishing harbours 38

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How the Exploitation is Carried Out • 5 major Gears – – – – –

Trawl Bagnets Gillnets Seines Hook & Line

Mechanized Motorised Non mechanised

• Major Crafts – Mechanized – Motorized – Non-mechanized

• More than 25 craft gear combinations Number Catch (lakh tonnes) % contribution 72559 30.8 78 71313 7.8 20 50618 0.8 2.2

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Value (in INR crores) of marine fish landings

11.51% per annum

24890

2012

4117 crores 1997-98

Retail market -Gross earnings (in INR crores) 9.11% per annum

Mechanized units

Traditional units

14721

2007

Structural shift in the capital investment

38562

22% pa

15,163 crores 2009-10

Private capital investment in fishing equipments

24934

2007

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Indian Marine Fisheries - Percentages

Gross value

US$ 7.2 billion

Export Value

US$ 4.5 billion: ~65% marine capture 3%

% in total exports Domestic markets

81% fresh; 5% frozen 6% dry; 5% fish meal

Per capita fish consumption

2.85 kg (range 39 – 0.3)

Share in GDP

~1%

Share in agricultural GDP

4.5%

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India Vs World – Marine Catch Trends World marine catch

Catch (million tonnes)

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

India

2010

2005

2000

1995

1990

1985

1980

1975

1970

1965

1960

1955

1950

0

Global

Continuing to grow & expand Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC

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1 Estimates of carbon emission from marine fishing crafts

Source : Vivekanandan et al 2013.Carbon footprint by marine fishing boats of India.Current Science. 105 (15): 361-366 Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC

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Different types of seines in which more than 20 fishermen are involved in fishing –they fish shoal farming small pelagic fishes

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A small harbour in Vypin Island -Kerala

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Carbon footprint by marine fishing boats of India

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Disel consumption equivalent to CO2 emission (million tones (mt))

Percentage contribution by mechanized craft

6708 nos

1961, 15.3%

0.31

2010, 76.2%

72559 nos

Contribution of mechnazied craft to overall landing (%) 76.2

15.3

1961

3.6

1961

2010

Carbon footprint by marine fishing boats of India

Considering global estimate, India’s emission intensity is low by about 40% per tonne of live weight landed.

2010 Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC

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2 Climate change impacts on fish distribution and phenology

Source : Results of network project on climate change Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC

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Sensitiveness of Fish to Temperature • Some fish are sensitive to even 1oC rise in temperature • However, the temperature has to increase beyond a certain threshold for a visible impact • Generally, those with short life and quick generation turnover adapt • They try to adapt by shifting the area of distribution; and/or effecting phenological changes • Fishing technology masks the effects Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC

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Changes in Distribution and Phenology • Category 1: Extension of distributional boundary (Indian oils sardine) • Category 2: Change in biomass (Indian oil sardine) • Category 3: Shift in depth of occurrence (Indian Mackerel)

• Category 4: Temporal shift in spawning (Nemipterus japonicus)

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Oil Sardine Sardinella longiceps

Case study

• Coastal, pelagic, schooling fish 1 • Maximum size – 20cm • Massive fishery in India; probably the largest stock in the Indian ocean • Crucial role in marine ecosystems as a plankton feeder and as food for larger fishes • Annual production : 3.8 lakh tonnes (15%) : Rs. 350 crores • Total value • Low priced; staple sustenance and nutritional food for millions • A tropical fish with preference for SST > 28°C Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC

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LATITUDE(°N)

Extension of northern boundary of oil sardine (the colored lines indicate percentage of All India oil sardine production)

1961-1976

1977-1986

0.1% - 1% 1% - 10% 10 % - 25%

1987-1996

1997-2006

25% - 50% >50%

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LONGITUDE(°E]

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Distributional Changes • With warming of the sea, the fish is able to find temperature to its preference in the northern latitudes and eastern longitudes, thereby extending the distributional boundaries and establishing fisheries in larger coastal areas. . • These distributional shifts are expected to result in drastic changes in species mix and ecosystem structures and functions. • Will this trend pave the way for species replacement? Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC

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Sardine catch has been related to several oceanographic parameters

Case study

2

Banse, 1959, Pillai et al., 1980, Yohannan and Abdurahman, 1998, Longhurst and Wooster, 1990, Madhupratap et al., 1994, Jayaprakash, Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium 2002 and Xu and Boyce, 2009) on CC

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• • • • • •

The IEEZ was divided into six regions such as South West EEZ (SWEEZ), South East EEZ (SEEEZ), North East EEZ (NEEEZ), North West EEZ (NWEEZ), Lakshadweep EEZ (LAKEEZ) and Andaman EEZ (ANEEEZ) Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC

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Fishery during commences during June -July

Entry of spawners

Features of sardine fishery

Spawning June-Sep Rapid growth, early maturity

Shoals of juveniles

Upwelling has very important role in sardine fishery and CC impacts upwelling

Shoals of adults

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Wide annual fluctuations

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Sardine fishery fluctuations • Upwelling helps in increasing productivity and this supports sardine spawning and recruitment • But studies on sardine catch and upwelling has shown that if hypoxic waters are present in coastal waters before spawning this can prevent spawners from entering the spawning ground. • Hypoxic conditions also affect larval survival

S.W MONSOON

The normal rainfall during the southwest monsoon over Kerala from 1871 to 2008 was 1924.9 mm with a coefficient of variation of 19.3%. The monthly rainfall was relatively undependable with August and September having a coefficient of variation of 41.5 and 54.1 per cent respectively

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• • • • • • •

Adaptation to seawater warming – Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) Case study Coastal, pelagic, tropical fish Maximum size – 32cm Massive fishery in India; Crucial role in marine ecosystems as a plankton feeder and as food for larger fishes Annual production : 1.4 lakh tonnes (5%) Total value : Rs 350 crores Staple sustenance and nutritional food for millions

3

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Indian mackerel :descends to deeper waters • Indian mackerel generally occupies surface and subsurface waters. conventionally caught by surface drift gillnets by artisanal fishermen. • In recent years, the fish is increasingly getting caught in bottom trawlnets operated by large mechanised boats at about 50 m depth. • Now, about 10% of the mackerel catch is by the trawlers. • This shows that the fish descends down to overcome warmer surface waters. Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC

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Phenological changes in threadfin breams One of the dominant Case study demersal resources of India • Maximum size: 32 cm • Annual production : 1.2 lakh tonnes (5%) • Total value : Rs. 360 crores • A prolonged spawning seasonality • Shift in peak spawning activity towards cooler months in the last 20 years, off Chennai •

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Nemipterus japonicus

Nemipterus mesoprion

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Nemipterus japonicus: Change in spawning season off Chennai

Spawners (%)

100 80 October - March

SST: 27.5 – 28 °C

April - September

SST: 29 – 29.5 °C

60 40 20

20 03

20 01

19 99

19 97

19 95

19 93

19 86

19 84

19 82

19 80

0

Year N. mesoprion : Change in spawning season off Chennai

80

October-March

60 40 April-September

20

20 03

20 01

19 99

19 97

19 95

19 93

19 87

19 85

0

19 83

Spawners (%)

100

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Strong upwelling –low bottom water temp gives good catch of Nemiterus japonicus Case study

• Very strong relation to bottom water temperature • Catch above 2000 tonnes were recorded when the bottom water temp were less than 25 deg C (average=23.8 deg C)

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Seawater temp at 10m depth and catch of threadfin breams (1996 to 2000)

35 30

Catch in tonnes

2000

25

1500

Threadfin breams

20

Temp

15

1000

10

500

Nov-00

Sep-00

Jul-00

May-00

Mar-00

Jan-00

Nov-99

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Sep-99

Jul-99

May-99

Mar-99

Jan-99

Nov-98

Sep-98

Jul-98

May-98

Mar-98

Jan-98

Nov-97

Sep-97

Jul-97

May-97

Mar-97

Jan-97

Nov-96

Sep-96

Jul-96

May-96

Mar-96

0 Jan-96

0

5

Temperature deg C

2500

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Impacts of low pH on Meroplankton

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• Low Ph was observed during September and October in the coastal waters in some years, mainly due to anthropogenic impacts. • The plankton community during this period showed considerable changes Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC

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May-08 Jun-08 Sep-08 Dec-08 Mar-09 May-09 Sep-09 Nov-09 Jan-10 Feb-10 Mar-10 May-10 Jun-10 Sep-10 Oct-10 Nov-10 Jan-11 Feb-11 Apr-11 May-11 Aug-11 Sep-11 Oct-11 Nov-11 Dec-11 Jan-12 Feb-12 Mar-12 Apr-12 Oct-12 Nov-12 Dec-12 Jan-13 Feb-13 Mar-13 Apr-13 Aug-13 Sept-13 Oct-13 Nov-13 Dec-13

8.5 8

pH of surface water

7.5

7

6.5

6

5.5

5.9 Range of surface water pH at 5 m depth, off Cochin during 2008-2013 pH 8

70.6

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Change in zooplankton community structure • Macro zooplankton dominated the community • Calciphorous zooplankton (bivalve larvae, pteropods and phyllosoma) and micro-zooplankton were found to be negatively impacted • Low biomass of micro-zooplankton can negatively affect fish recruitment. • Phyllosoma and bivalve larvae were absent indicating that fishery of these shellfish stocks can be affected. August and September are the spawning months of bivalves especially mussels. • However, larger crustacean larvae were not affected, indicating a size based vulnerability to ocean acidification. Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC

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Impacts on Marine Habitats –coral reefs, coastal ecosystems and livelihoods

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Bleaching events in the Indian Seas Location

Month/Year

Mortality/Bleaching

Gulf of Mannar

June 1998

60% branching forms lost

Lakshadweep

May 1998

78% mortality

Andaman Islands

May 1998

Up to 50% dead

Nicobar Islands

May 1998

Up to 20% dead

Gulf of Kachchh

May 1998

10-30% bleaching

Palk Bay

April 2002

60% affected

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Coastal waters- an area where small scale fishers depend on the natural resources

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Artisanal fisheries  Coastal waters provide

Cast net fishers

livelihood to several artisanal small scale fishers  Increased no.of rainy days affects livelihood

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Clam fishing is an imp coastal livelihood  Flooding

leads to loss in fishing days Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC

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The whole family takes part in the harvest, post harvest and marketing. So when there is loss in fishing days it affects the whole family Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC

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4 Vulnerability and perception of fishermen towards climate change

Results of the IDLAM -Integrated District-level adaptation and mitigation component ofSymposium NICRAonproject Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International CC

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Coastal population • More than 100 million people of the Indian population live along the 7510 km country’s coasts, with an average population density of 455 persons per km2 which is about 1.5 times the national average of 324 (Census, 2001)..

Source : http://www.climate-leaders.org/climate-change-resources/india-and-climate-change/regional-circumstances

2012

The fishermen perception on CC.. The assessment begins……. Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC

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Alapuzha district of Kerala The survey was done in Alapuzha district which has • 30 fishing villages • 20278 fishermen families. • Traditional fishermen - 20024 (98.74% of total fishermen families) of which 10244 (50%) are below poverty line • 51 mechanized boats,1015 crafts with outboard and 1766 boats are non-motorised Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC

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Houses are built very close to the sea thereby increasing the vulnerability to CC impacts Seawall as protection from monsoon waves –This will prevent sea erosion. Still….. Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC

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Beaches are important landing centres Country crafts with fish catch and auctioning at the landing centre

It has been observed that sea level rise of 1 mm per year could cause a recession of shoreline in the order of about 0.5 m per year Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC

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The approach……… info on fishermen perception collected through planned surveys

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Beaches are

Noof coastal villagers involved in fish marketing in different districts of Kerala 11,922

1,991

3,268 686

438

631

590

501

391

Number of fishing crafts in which will be berthed in the beaches /coastal waters

TVM

KLM

1,101 395

542 97

260

186

670

1,571 EKM

217

531 146 APZ

Non-motorized

1,831

Motorized

1,503 1,980 546 299

2,880 2,304

TVM KLM APZ EKM THR MLM KOZ KAN KAS

imp landing centres, and is the major site where auctioning of fish catch is done and place where crafts are berthed.

THRKripa -CMFRI; MLM KAN Symposium KAS 3rdKOZ International

on CC

When beaches erode, or when CC impacts beaches, the fishermen are directly affected 46

Fishermen’s perception

Impacts

2 Change in fishing 1 ground

Loss in fishing days due to bad weather

Affects

Move to distant fishing ground Increased fishing cost

Has affected Livelihood

Threat to life –no protection for fishers

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Causes

Fishermen’s Perception

Rough weather

Affects

Impacts

3 Destruction /loss of houses

Sea level rise

Abnormally high tidal amplitudes

Small landing centres are destroyed

Has affected even basic facilities in fisher households

4

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Seawater intrusion in households

Has affected the whole village where fishing is the main activity 48

Inferences from the survey Factors which increase vulnerability of fishers

How vulnerability is increased

Low literacy rate

Unable to accept /adopt protective measure

Lack / inadequate level of sanitation and health care facilities

Fishers more vulnerable to spread of epidemics consequent to flood or inundations / cyclones

Low level of awareness about climate change

Makes fishers more vulnerable to CC impact

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Factors which increase vulnerability of fishers

How vulnerability is increased

Lack of protection shelters, wireless weather communication tools, poor/ bad roads Distance between residential area and the coastline very low

Exposes fishers to more vulnerable situations High vulnerability to sea erosion; SL rise

Unplanned developmental activities Has led to sea water intrusion during high (construction and destruction of tides since most villages habitats) are low lying areas Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC

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Floods are common and coastal villagers are affected by water logging

Kerala –Incessant rains during monsoon Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium

Picture of an Indian on CC news paper

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More droughts-more water scarcity • Women in coastal areas have to spend considerable energy and time to source drinking water for the family. • The most disastrous drought was noticed in the year 1953 during the decade 1951-60 for the first time, followed by 1983, 1991 and 1996 in recent decades. • The occurrences and intensity of droughts were increasing in the recent decades. Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC

More stress for coastal women to source water for families 52

Water scarcity • The analysis of decadal water level trend (1996 2005) indicates that 13% and 30% of monitoring wells are showing declining trend of more than 0.1m/yr for pre-monsoon and post monsoon data respectively (CGWB data) • Indicates more stress for coastal fisher families who depend on ground water • Government is promoting rainwater harvesting schemes

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Adaptation and mitigation • Mangrove restoration • Strengthen basic amenities in coastal villages (drinking water, good sanitation etc) • Increase disaster preparedness Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC

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Traditional fish culture • SOURCED FROM NATURE

• NO POWER USED

• ONLY NATURAL FEED SEED

FEED

HARVEST

POST HARVEST • ICE USED FOR PRESERVATION, • TRANSPORTATON BY ROAD

• Of the four main activities in traditional fish farming, only one activity uses energy. Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC

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Coir making is a good additional alternate avocation option in some villages of Kerala • Identify alternate avocation for villagers to compensate for loss in fishing days • This will vary from in different villages and will depend on availability of raw material Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC

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Mangrove restoration is imp Coastal areas are important breeding ground and nursery of valuable biota

By improving habitats, the ecosystem productivity can be increased which will increase the income earned by coastal fishers; which can to some extent reduce vulnerability and loss of fishing days

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Involving younger generation in restoration programs

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Involvement of villagers is important

CMFRI -Climate awarness mission

Mangrove planting in shallow extensive and semi-intensive shrimp ponds to abate stress due to high temperatures

Supporting artisanal aquaculture activitiesKripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC

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The major Climate Preparedness activities (CPAs) recommended as management advisories for increasing the preparedness of coastal villages to impacts of CC Climate Preparedness Activity (CPA) 1

Increase awareness among fishers on climate change and related threats to the livelihood

2

Increase the adaptation and preparedness through proper scientific interactions and trainings Strengthen alternative avocations available across the different fishing villages to negate the risks and uncertainties of CC

3

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4 Develop location specific elevation levels for new settlement areas under the town planning acts after proper assessments to avoid damage to sea erosion. Rules to be strictly enforced 5 Develop local infrastructure (roads, health supports, protection shelters etc) for reducing CC vulnerability

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Climate Preparedness Activity (CPA) 6 Train and involve fishers for disaster preparedness / evacuation (There are rograms like Jana Jagrithi Samithi in Kerala) 7 Strictly regulate unplanned coastal activities which would affect tidal amplitudes in village canals/ riparian areas Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC

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8 Since fishermen are forced to move out to deeper areas, protection aids must be made available even for traditional /artisanal fishers. 9 Strengthen seawalls and bioshields (In Kerala there are programs like Theeravanam (coastal forestry)

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Disaster management in Idia • The natural disaster management system in the country is very good. • Can get warning on state of sea • Advice fishermen to abstain from fishing

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Cyclone Phailin in India • Phailin became a very severe cyclonic storm on October 10, 2013 equivalent to a category 1 hurricane • Around 12 million people affected. • As part of the preparations, 600 buildings were identified as cyclone shelters and people were evacuated from areas near the coast, including Ganjam, Puri, Khordha and Jagatsinghapur districts in Odisha • The cyclone prompted India's biggest evacuation in 23 years with more than 5,50,000 people moved up from the coastline in Odisha and Andhra Pradesh to safer places http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Phailin

Affected villages

Natural Disaster management in India Shifting fishers to safer places during cyclone

Big disasters are well managed. But factors affecting daily life has to be given more importance Fishermen • More awareness programs • Alternate avocation for adapting to CC

Planners • More planning for protecting the target group from impacts of CC • Disaster mang. programs Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC

Community • Develop towards green economy • Reduce carbon foot print for posterity

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Future work • We are on the way towards developing climate models for fisheries resources • Have data and we need more collaboration • Need more guidance on ocean acidification related work • Overall impacts on marine ecosystem services is being evaluated Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC

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Thank u PICES for sponsoring

and for the invitation and for the opportunity for presenting India’s research highlights on impacts of CC on marine fisheries

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