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CLIMATE ACT Can Climate Change Act play important role in climate change mitigation and adaptation? 14.11.2012 Ari Ekroos Professor of Environmental and Energy Law, Univ. Helsinki Professor of Economic Law, Aalto Univ. [email protected], Tel: 358 50 3734893, helsinki.fi, aalto.fi 1

Prof. Ekroos

CONTENTS •

•

General and background •

Climat Act - “definition”

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Policy/Legislation Finland

Other countries •

UK/Scotland

•

France

• Climate Act • Why and what? • Outlines (one possible model) ”minimum+” • • • • •

Goals: 2020, other? Planning Numbers Policy measures Chapters (and some sections)

• Conclusions Prof. Ekroos

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BACKGROUND • IDEA: Long term climate policy, less bound to ruling government • Long term target(s) expressed in legislation

• UK Climate Change Act 2008 Friends of the Earth -> Act

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• Finland 2008 Environmental organisations Campaing bill proposals at the parliament of the MPs

• •

•

No results

New cabinet after the elections 2011

•

•

Programme of the cabinet: •

Investigations: + / -, etc. -> Ekroos and Warsta

•

Decision later 3

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Background (2) – supranational legislation

• UN Climate Change Convention 1992 • Kyoto protocol (1997) 2005 – binding goals

• EU Climate policy and legislation • Council Decision (Kyoto obligations) 2002/2006 • Emissions trade directive 2003

• Follow up decision 2004 • Inventory and reports • Amendment proposal 2011, Follow up Regulation • 2012 LULUCF proposal (landuse, forestry, accounts)

• Climate and energy package 2008/2009, e.g. • Amendment of Emissions Trade directive 2009 • Effort Sharing Decision – emissions reductions of sectors not included to emissions trading system (2020: -10%/EU, -16%/Finland (2005)

prof. Ekroos

• Agriculture, forestry, trafic, land use change, …. • Linear path, emission development estimation, policy actions, planning, flexibilty, sanction: correction factor 1,08

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Background (3) – Finland legislation/policy

• Legislation

• Emissions trade Act • According to directive

• Kyoto Act • According to protocol, national system

• Numerous acts related special issues

• Policy • National Climate and Energy Strategy 2008 • Amendment ongoing

• Government foresight report on climate and energy policy 2009 • National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change 2009 5

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CLIMATE ACT - DEFINITION • Wide: •

any kind of legal act that has climate change mitigation or adaptation goals

• More limited: • •

Transfers global or regional goals to national policy and legislation Includes most important ”sectors” of mitigation and adaptation in general level •

• • Prof. Ekroos

Is not ”only” covering e.g. emission trade provisions or CCS provisions

Includes far reaching numeric target for mitigation Includes ”policy planning” system 6

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CLIMATE ACTS –

UK (England, Wales, N-Irland) 2008

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Scotland 2009

–

France: Grenelle 1 2009 ja 2 2010

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Victoria/Australia – voimaan 1.7.2011

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South Korea: FRAMEWORK ACT ON LOW CARBON, GREEN GROWTH (Act No. 9931, Jan. 13, 2010)

•

•

www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/27/contents

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www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2009/12/contents

•

LOI n° 2009-967 du 3 août 2009 de programmation relative à la mise en œuvre du Grenelle de l'environnement (http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000020949548) –

• •

TITRE IER : LUTTE CONTRE LE CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE

www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/num_act/cca201054o2010155/ http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/Domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/PubStatbook.nsf/edfb620cf7503d1aca256da40 01b08af/AFF5844884DC08F9CA25779E001CE6ED/$FILE/10-054a.pdf

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http://www.greengrowth.go.kr/english/en_information/en_report/userBbs/bbsView.do

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http://vlex.at/source/bundesgesetzblatt-2470/issue/2011/11/21/001.001

Austria: Bundesgesetz zur Einhaltung von Höchstmengen von Treibhausgasemissionen und zur Erarbeitung von wirksamen Maßnahmen zum Klimaschutz (Klimaschutzgesetz – KSG)

• Others: •

• Mexico 2012 • Australia 2012 (Clean Energy Act) Proposal • Slovenia - ? –

North Rhine-Westphalia/Saksa 2011 - draft • •

http://www.umwelt.nrw.de/klima/pdf/gesetz_klimaschutz_nrw.pdf http://www.umwelt.nrw.de/ministerium/presse/presse_aktuell/presse110622.php

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UK, CLIMATE CHANGE ACT • Climate Change Act 2008 – – – – – –

Part Part Part Part Part Part

1 Carbon target and budgeting 2 The Committee on Climate Change 3 Trading schemes 4 Impact of and adaptation to climate change 5 Other provisions 6 General supplementary provisions

•

SCHEDULES

• •

Act includes 101 sections (+ schedules) See http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/27/contents

– – – – – – – –

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SCHEDULE SCHEDULE SCHEDULE SCHEDULE SCHEDULE SCHEDULE SCHEDULE SCHEDULE

12345678-

The Committee on Climate Change Trading schemes Trading schemes regulations: further provisions Trading schemes: powers to require information Waste reduction schemes Charges for single use carrier bags Renewable transport fuel obligations Carbon emissions reduction targets

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The target for 2050 (1-3) • The target for 2050 • (1) It is the duty of the Secretary of State to ensure that the net UK carbon account for the year 2050 is at least 80% lower than the 1990 baseline. • (2)“The 1990 baseline” means the aggregate amount of – (a) net UK emissions of carbon dioxide for that year, and – (b) net UK emissions of each of the other targeted greenhouse gases for the year that is the base year for that gas. 9

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Amendment of 2050 target or baseline year •

(1)The Secretary of State may by order—

•

(2)The power in subsection (1) (a) may only be exercised—

•

– –

(a) amend the percentage specified in section 1(1); (b) amend section 1 to provide for a different year to be the baseline year.

–

(a) if it appears to the Secretary of State that there have been significant developments in—

–

(b) in connection with the making of—

• •

(i) scientific knowledge about climate change, or (ii) European or international law or policy, that make it appropriate to do so, or

•

(i) an order under section 24 (designation of further greenhouse gases as targeted greenhouse gases), or (ii) regulations under section 30 (emissions from international aviation or international shipping).

•

(3)The developments in scientific knowledge referred to in subsection (2) are— – –

•

• •

(a) in relation to the first exercise of the power in subsection (1)(a), developments since the passing of this Act; (b) in relation to a subsequent exercise of that power, developments since the evidential basis for the previous exercise was established.

(4) The power in subsection (1)(b) may only be exercised if it appears to the Secretary of State that there have been significant developments in European or international law or policy that make it appropriate to do so. (5) An order under subsection (1)(b) may make consequential amendments of other references in this Act to the baseline year. (6) An order under this section is subject to affirmative resolution procedure.

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Carbon budgeting (4-10) • 4. Carbon budgets

– (1)It is the duty of the Secretary of State—(a)to set for each succeeding period of five years beginning with the period 2008-2012 (“budgetary periods”) an amount for the net UK carbon account (the “carbon budget”), and(b)to ensure that the net UK carbon account for a budgetary period does not exceed the carbon budget. – (2)The carbon budget for a budgetary period may be set at any time after this Part comes into force, and must be set—(a)for the periods 2008-2012, 2013-2017 and 2018-2022, before 1st June 2009;(b)for any later period, not later than 30th June in the 12th year before the beginning of the period in question.

• 5. Level of carbon budgets Prof. Ekroos

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Limit on use of carbon units (11-15) • 11. Limit on use of carbon units

– (1)It is the duty of the Secretary of State to set a limit on the net amount of carbon units that may be credited to the net UK carbon account for each budgetary period. – (2)The “net amount of carbon units” means—(a)the amount of carbon units credited to the net UK carbon account for the period in accordance with regulations under section 27, less 9 9(b)the amount of carbon units debited from the net UK carbon account for the period in accordance with such regulations. – (3)The limit for a budgetary period must be set—(a)for the period 2008-2012, not later than 1st June 2009, and(b)for any later period, not later than 18 months before the beginning of the period in question. – (4)The Secretary of State must set a limit under this section by order.

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Sections 12-25 • 12. Indicative annual ranges • 13. Proposals and policies for meeting carbon budgets • 14. Duty to report on proposals and policies for meeting carbon budgets - ks. The Carbon Plan, December 2011 • 15. Duty to have regard to need for UK domestic action on climate change • Determination whether objectives met – 16. Annual statement of UK emissions

• (1)It is the duty of the Secretary of State to lay before Parliament in respect of each year, beginning with the year 2008, a statement containing the following information. • (2)In respect of each greenhouse gas (whether or not a targeted greenhouse gas), it must— – (a)state the amount for the year of UK emissions, UK removals and net UK emissions of that gas, – (b)identify the methods used to measure or calculate those amounts, and – (c)state whether any of those amounts represents an increase or decrease compared to the equivalent amount for the previous year.

– 17. Powers to carry amounts from one budgetary period to another – 18. Final statement for budgetary period

• 21-23: Alteration of budgets or budgetary periods

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Carbon units, carbon accounting and the net UK carbon account • •

26. Carbon units and carbon accounting (1)In this Part a “carbon unit” means a unit of a kind specified in regulations made by the Secretary of State and representing— – – –

(a)a reduction in an amount of greenhouse gas emissions, (b)the removal of an amount of greenhouse gas from the atmosphere, or (c)an amount of greenhouse gas emissions allowed under a scheme or arrangement imposing a limit on such emissions.

•

(2)The Secretary of State may make provision by regulations for a scheme—

•

(3)The regulations may make provision—

– –

– – – – –

•

(a)for registering or otherwise keeping track of carbon units, or (b)for establishing and maintaining accounts in which carbon units may be held, and between which they may be transferred, by the Secretary of State.The regulations may, in particular, provide for an existing scheme to be adapted for these purposes. (a)appointing a body to administer the scheme; (b)establishing a body for that purpose and making such provision in relation to the appointment of members, staffing, expenditure, procedure and otherwise as the Secretary of State considers appropriate; (c)conferring power on the Secretary of State to give guidance or directions to the body administering the scheme; (d)conferring power on the Secretary of State to delegate the performance of any of the functions conferred or imposed on the Secretary of State by the regulations; (e)requiring the payment by persons using the scheme of charges (of an amount determined by or under the regulations) towards the cost of operating it.

(4)If an existing body is appointed to administer the scheme, the regulations may make such modifications of any enactment relating to that body as the Secretary of State considers appropriate.

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The Committee on Climate Change • 33. Advice on level of 2050 target • (1)It is the duty of the Committee to advise the Secretary of State on—

– (a)whether the percentage specified in section 1(1) (the target for 2050) should be amended, and – (b)if so, what the amended percentage should be.

• (2)Advice given by the Committee under this section must also contain the reasons for that advice. • (3)The Committee must give its advice under this section not later than 1st December 2008. • (4)The Committee must, at the time it gives its advice under this section to the Secretary of State, send a copy to the other national authorities. • (5)As soon as is reasonably practicable after giving its advice to the Secretary of State, the Committee must publish that advice in such manner as it considers appropriate. • 34. Advice in connection with carbon budgets • 36. Reports on progress 15

Prof. Ekroos

Part 3 Trading schemes • 44Trading schemes • 45 Activities to which trading schemes may apply • 46 Matters that may or must be provided for in regulations • 47 Relevant national authorities • 48 Procedure for making regulations • Etc.

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Part 4 Impact of and adaptation to climate change • 56. Report on impact of climate change

– (1) It is the duty of the Secretary of State to lay reports before Parliament containing an assessment of the risks for the United Kingdom of the current and predicted impact of climate change. – (2)The first report under this section must be laid before Parliament no later than three years after this section comes into force. – (3)Subsequent reports must be laid before Parliament no later than five years after the previous report was so laid.

• 57. Advice of Committee on Climate Change on impact report • 58. Programme for adaptation to climate change • 59. Reporting on progress in connection with adaptation 17

Prof. Ekroos

Part 5 Other provisions •

71. Waste reduction schemes

• • • • •

72. Waste reduction provisions: piloting 73. Waste reduction provisions: report and review 74. Waste reduction provisions: interim report 75. Waste reduction provisions: roll-out or repeal 76. Collection of household waste

•

– (1)Schedule 5 amends the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (c. 43) to provide for the making of waste reduction schemes.

– In section 46 of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (c. 43) (receptacles for household waste), after subsection (10) insert— • “(11)A waste collection authority is not obliged to collect household waste that is placed for collection in contravention of a requirement under this section.”.

77. Charges for single use carrier bags

– (1)Schedule 6 makes provision about charges for single use carrier bags. – (2)In that Schedule—

• Part 1 confers power on the relevant national authority to make regulations about charges for single use carrier bags; • Part 2 makes provision about civil sanctions; • Part 3 makes provision about the procedures applying to regulations under the Schedule.

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Part 5 Other provisions (2) • 78. Renewable transport fuel obligations

– Schedule 7 contains amendments to the provisions of the Energy Act 2004 (c. 20) relating to renewable transport fuel obligations.

• 79. Carbon emissions reduction targets

– Schedule 8 contains amendments to the provisions of the Gas Act 1986 (c. 44), the Electricity Act 1989 (c. 29) and the Utilities Act 2000 (c. 27) relating to carbon emissions reduction targets.

• 85. Regulations about reporting by companies

– (1)The Secretary of State must, not later than 6th April 2012—

• (a)make regulations under section 416(4) of the Companies Act 2006 (c. 46) requiring the directors' report of a company to contain such information as may be specified in the regulations about emissions of greenhouse gases from activities for which the company is responsible, or • (b)lay before Parliament a report explaining why no such regulations have been made. 19

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Part 5 Other provisions (3) • 86. Report on the civil estate • (1)It is the duty of the Treasury to lay before Parliament in respect of each year, beginning with the year 2008, a report containing an assessment of the progress made in the year towards improving the efficiency and contribution to sustainability of buildings that are part of the civil estate. • (2)The report must, in particular, include an assessment of the progress made in the year to which it relates towards— – (a) reducing the size of the civil estate, and – (b) ensuring that buildings that become part of the civil estate fall within the top quartile of energy performance.

• (3)If a building that does not fall within the top quartile of energy performance becomes part of the civil estate in the year to which the report relates, the report must state the reasons why the building has nevertheless become part of the civil estate. • (4)A report under this section must be laid before Parliament not later than 1st June in the year following the year to which it relates.

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Part 6 General supplementary provisions • 92. Meaning of “greenhouse gas” • 93. Measurement of emissions etc by reference to carbon dioxide equivalent • 94. Meaning of “international carbon reporting practice” • 97. Minor definitions • 98. Index of defined expressions

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Scotland • Part 1 Emissions reduction targets • Part 2 Advisory functions • Part 3 Reporting duties • Part 4 Duties of public bodies relating to climate change • Part 5 Other climate change provisions • Part 6 General and miscellaneous • SCHEDULE 1 The Scottish Committee on Climate Change • SCHEDULE 2 Minor and consequential modifications Prof. Ekroos

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Scotland, Part 5 Other climate change provisions

• Chapter 1 Adaptation •

Adaptation programmes – 53.Programmes for adaptation to climate change – 54.Reports on progress towards implementation of programmes for adaptation – 55.Progress towards implementation of programmes for adaptation – 56.Reports on programmes for adaptation

• Chapter 2 Land use •

Land use strategy – 57.Duty to produce a land use strategy

•

Muirburn

•

Forestry

– 58.Variation of permitted times for making muirburn – 59.Power to modify functions of Forestry Commissioners 23

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Scotland, Part 5 Other climate change provisions • Chapter 3 Energy efficiency • Promotion of energy efficiency and renewable heat – 60.Duty of Scottish Ministers to promote energy efficiency – 61.Duty of Scottish Ministers to promote renewable heat – 62.Laying of plans and reports

• Energy performance of non-domestic buildings – 63.Non-domestic buildings: assessment of energy performance and emissions

• Energy performance of living accommodation – 64.Living accommodation: assessment of energy performance and emissions

• Energy efficiency discount schemes – 65.Duty of local authorities to establish energy efficiency discount schemes – 66.Review of energy efficiency discount schemes – 67.Non-domestic rates: discounts for energy efficiency etc. Prof. Ekroos

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Scotland, Part 5 Other climate change provisions • Chapter 3 Energy efficiency •

Climate change burdens – 68.Climate change burdens

•

Tenement Management Scheme – 69.Tenement Management Scheme: definition of “maintenance”

•

Permitted development rights – 70.Air source heat pumps and micro wind turbines in domestic properties – 71.Microgeneration in non-domestic buildings

•

Development plans – 72.Development plans: inclusion of greenhouse gas emissions policies – 73.Annual report on operation of section 72

•

Promotion of water conservation and water-use efficiency – 74.Duty of Scottish Water to promote water conservation and water-use efficiency

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Scotland, Part 5 Other climate change provisions • Chapter 4 The Scottish civil estate – 75.Energy performance of buildings procured for the Scottish civil estate – 76.Report on the Scottish civil estate – 77.Scottish civil estate: supplementary

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Scotland, Part 5 Other climate change provisions • Chapter 5 Waste reduction and recycling • Waste prevention and management plans – 78.Waste prevention and management plans • Waste data – 79.Information on waste • Deposit of recyclable waste etc. – 80.Recyclable waste: facilities for deposit etc. – 81.Recyclable waste: facilities for deposit at events etc. • Procurement of recyclate – 82.Procurement of recyclate • Reduction of packaging – 83.Targets for reduction of packaging etc.

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Scotland, Part 5 Other climate change provisions • Chapter 5 Waste reduction and recycling • Deposit and return – 84.Deposit and return schemes – 85.Deposit and return schemes: designation of scheme administrator – 86.Power to establish scheme administrator – 87.Finance of scheme administrator • Carrier bag charges – 88.Charges for supply of carrier bags • General provision – 89.Enforcement authorities – 90.Penalties Prof. Ekroos

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FRANCE • History

• 2007 – dialogy etc. • 2009 – Grenelle 1 • 2010 – Grenelle 2

• Grenelle, background

• All of th environmental legislation • New: climate regulation • See http://www.legrenelle-environnement.fr/ – Grenelle 1 – LOI n° 2009-967 du 3 août 2009 de programmation relative à la mise en œuvre du Grenelle de l'environnement – (http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000020 949548) – Also changes to other env./energy legislation

– Grenelle 2 – LOI n° 2010-788 du 12 juillet 2010 portant engagement national pour l'environnement – Also other env. legislation 29

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Grenelle 1 – LOI n° 2009-967 du 3 août 2009 de programmation relative à la mise en œuvre du Grenelle de l'environnement

• Muiden lakien muutokset • CHAPITRE II, URBANISME: SECTION 2 : DISPOSITIONS RELATIVES A L'URBANISME ET AU PATRIMOINE • Article 8, A modifié les dispositions suivantes: • Modifie Code de l'urbanisme - art. L110 (V) • Crée Code de l'urbanisme - art. L128-4 (V) • Article 9, A modifié les dispositions suivantes : • Modifie Code du patrimoine. - art. L642-3 (V) • CHAPITRE III, TRANSPORTS • SECTION 2 : DISPOSITIONS MODIFIANT LA LOI D'ORIENTATION DES TRANSPORTS INTERIEURS • Article 15, A modifié les dispositions suivantes : • Modifie Loi n°82-1153 du 30 décembre 1982 - art. 3 (VT) • Article 16, A modifié les dispositions suivantes : • Modifie Loi n°82-1153 du 30 décembre 1982 - art. 4 (V) Prof. Ekroos

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France, structure (2009) •

TITRE IER : LUTTE CONTRE LE CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE (2)

•

CHAPITRE IER : REDUCTION DES CONSOMMATIONS D'ENERGIE DES BATIMENTS (3-6)

•

TITRE II : BIODIVERSITE, ECOSYSTEMES ET MILIEUX NATURELS

•

CHAPITRE IER : STOPPER LA PERTE DE BIODIVERSITE SAUVAGE ET DOMESTIQUE, RESTAURER ET MAINTENIR SES CAPACITES D'EVOLUTION (23-26)

•

CHAPITRE II : RETROUVER UNE BONNE QUALITE ECOLOGIQUE DE L'EAU ET ASSURER SON CARACTERE RENOUVELABLE DANS LE MILIEU ET ABORDABLE POUR LE CITOYEN (27-30)

•

CHAPITRE III : UNE AGRICULTURE ET UNE SYLVICULTURE DIVERSIFIEES ET DE QUALITE, PRODUCTIVES ET DURABLES (31-34)

CHAPITRE II : URBANISME

• •

SECTION 1 : DISPOSITIONS RELATIVES AUX OBJECTIFS (7)

•

SECTION 2 : DISPOSITIONS RELATIVES A L'URBANISME ET AU PATRIMOINE (8-9)

CHAPITRE III : TRANSPORTS

• •

SECTION 1 : DISPOSITIONS RELATIVES AUX • OBJECTIFS (10-14)

•

SECTION 2 : DISPOSITIONS MODIFIANT LA • LOI D'ORIENTATION DES TRANSPORTS INTERIEURS (15-17)

•

CHAPITRE IV : ENERGIE (18-21)

•

CHAPITRE V : LA RECHERCHE DANS LE DOMAINE DU DEVELOPPEMENT • DURABLE (22)

•

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CHAPITRE IV : LA GESTION INTEGREE DE LA MER ET DU LITTORAL (35)

TITRE III : PREVENTION DES RISQUES POUR L'ENVIRONNEMENT ET LA SANTE, PREVENTION DES DECHETS CHAPITRE IER : L'ENVIRONNEMENT ET LA SANTE (37-45) CHAPITRE II : LES DECHETS (46-47)

•

TITRE IV : ETAT EXEMPLAIRE (48)

•

TITRE V : GOUVERNANCE, INFORMATION ET FORMATION (49-55)

•

TITRE VI : DISPOSITIONS PROPRES A L'OUTRE MER (56-57)

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France, GOALS • TITRE IER : LUTTE CONTRE LE CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE • Article 2, I.

– La lutte contre le changement climatique est placée au premier rang des priorités. Dans cette perspective, est confirmé l'engagement pris par la France de diviser par quatre ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre entre 1990 et 2050 en réduisant de 3 % par an, en moyenne, les rejets de gaz à effet de serre dans l'atmosphère, afin de ramener à cette échéance ses émissions annuelles de gaz à effet de serre à un niveau inférieur à 140 millions de tonnes équivalent de dioxyde de carbone. ….. – REDUCTION TARKET 3%/YEAR TO 2050 FROM 1990)

– La France se fixe comme objectif de devenir l'économie la plus efficiente en équivalent carbone de la Communauté européenne d'ici à 2020. A cette fin, elle prendra toute sa part à la réalisation de l'objectif de réduction d'au moins 20 % des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de la Communauté européenne à cette échéance, cet objectif étant porté à 30 % pour autant que d'autres pays industrialisés hors de la Communauté européenne s'engagent sur des objectifs comparables et que les pays en développement les plus avancés apportent une contribution adaptée. – 2020 GOAL 20%, IF OTHER IND.COUNTRIES: 30%

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Ranska, OBJECTIVES 2 •

II. Les mesures nationales de lutte contre le changement climatique porteront en priorité sur la baisse de la consommation d'énergie des bâtiments et la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre des secteurs des transports et de l'énergie. Ces mesures sont conçues selon une approche conjointe de protection de la qualité de l'air et d'atténuation du changement climatique. La maîtrise de la demande d'énergie constitue la solution durable au problème des coûts croissants de l'énergie pour les consommateurs, notamment pour les ménages les plus démunis particulièrement exposés au renchérissement des énergies fossiles. Le programme d'économies d'énergie dans le secteur du logement comprendra des actions ciblées de lutte contre la précarité énergétique. NATIONAL PRIORITIES: BUILDING ENERGY EFFICIENCY, TRAFIC, ENERGY

•

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Ranska, OBJECTIVES 3 •

Pour la mise en œuvre des objectifs visés au I, les mesures nationales visent à intégrer le coût des émissions de gaz à effet de serre dans la détermination des prix des biens et des services, notamment en : améliorant l'information du consommateur sur le coût écologique de ces biens et services ;

• •

•

NEW REGULATION

étendant le système européen d'échange des quotas d'émissions de gaz à effet de serre à de nouveaux secteurs, en tenant compte des mesures nationales prises par les autres Etats membres ;

•

•

CO2 EMISSIONS TRADINC TO NEW SECTORS

mettant aux enchères une partie des quotas alloués aux entreprises en prenant en compte l'impact de cette mise aux enchères sur la concurrence internationale à laquelle sont exposés les secteurs concernés. La part des quotas alloués par la mise aux enchères pourra atteindre, à partir de 2013, 100 % si le secteur concerné est en capacité d'en supporter les conséquences sans subir une perte importante de ses parts de marché, conformément au calendrier fixé par la directive 2003/87/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil, du 13 octobre 2003, établissant un système d'échange de quotas d'émission de gaz à effet de serre dans la Communauté.

•

•

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CONSUMER INFORMATION

adoptant de nouvelles réglementations ;

•

AUCTION 100%, SECTORS NOT IN GLOBAL COMPETITON

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Ranska, BUILDINGS • CHAPITRE IER : REDUCTION DES CONSOMMATIONS D'ENERGIE DES BATIMENTS (3-6) • 3: general • 4: new buildings • •

Public 2012: 50 KWh/m2 2020 all buildings: renewables used in construction

• 5: goal: -38% energy consumption 2020 • 6: programme

• CHAPITRE II : URBANISME

• SECTION 1 : DISPOSITIONS RELATIVES AUX OBJECTIFS (7) • •

Over 50.000 habitants (local municipalities co-operationarea) 2012 plan Special planning objectives: a-g-points

• SECTION 2 : DISPOSITIONS RELATIVES A L'URBANISME ET AU PATRIMOINE (8-9) Prof. Ekroos 35

Ranska, TRAFIC

• CHAPITRE III : TRANSPORTS • SECTION 1 : DISPOSITIONS RELATIVES AUX OBJECTIFS (10-14) • • •

10: .... L'objectif est de réduire, dans le domaine des transports, les émissions de gaz à effet de serre de 20 % d'ici à 2020, afin de les ramener à cette date au niveau qu'elles avaient atteint en 1990..... 10: funds .... 11: gods trasport priority water/railtransport • • • •

•

Share from 14% to 25% 2022 (2006 tasosta) « ecoconduite » - road tols withour stoping Ecotaxe heavy road trafic 2011 Etc.

12: personal trafic: reduction of fossiles • • •

Priority: public transport TGV-network +2000 km 2020 Etc.

•

13: 2020 passanger cars: 120g/km average

•

15-16: amendments: Loi n° 82-1153 du 30 décembre 1982 d'orientation des transports intérieurs 17: renewal of infratructureplan in 2013 Prof. Ekroos 36

• SECTION 2 : DISPOSITIONS MODIFIANT LA LOI D'ORIENTATION DES TRANSPORTS INTERIEURS (15-17) •

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Grenelle 2

• TITRE IER : BATIMENTS ET URBANISME • •

CHAPITRE IER : AMELIORATION DE LA PERFORMANCE ENERGETIQUE DES BATIMENTS CHAPITRE II : DISPOSITIONS RELATIVES A L’URBANISME

• TITRE II : TRANSPORTS • • •

CHAPITRE IER : MESURES EN FAVEUR DU DEVELOPPEMENT DES TRANSPORTS COLLECTIFS URBAINS ET PERIURBAINS CHAPITRE II : MESURES RELATIVES AUX PEAGES AUTOROUTIERS CHAPITRE III : MESURES RELATIVES AU DEVELOPPEMENT DES MODES ALTERNATIFS A LA ROUTE POUR LE TRANSPORT DE MARCHANDISES

• TITRE III : ENERGIE ET CLIMAT • •

CHAPITRE IER : REDUCTION DE LA CONSOMMATION ENERGETIQUE ET PREVENTION DES EMISSIONS DE GAZ A EFFET DE SERRE CHAPITRE II : ENERGIES RENOUVELABLES

• TITRE IV : BIODIVERSITE • • • • • •

CHAPITRE IER : DISPOSITIONS RELATIVES A L’AGRICULTURE CHAPITRE II : TRAME VERTE ET BLEUE CHAPITRE III : DISPOSITIONS RELATIVES A LA PROTECTION DES ESPECES ET DES HABITATS CHAPITRE IV : DISPOSITIONS RELATIVES A L’ASSAINISSEMENT ET AUX RESSOURCES EN EAU CHAPITRE V : DISPOSITIONS RELATIVES A LA MER CHAPITRE VI : DISPOSITIONS COMPLEMENTAIRES

Prof. Ekroos 37

Grenelle 2 (2)

• TITRE V : RISQUES, SANTE, DECHETS • • • •

CHAPITRE IER : EXPOSITION A DES NUISANCES LUMINEUSES OU SONORES CHAPITRE II : AUTRES EXPOSITIONS COMPORTANT UN RISQUE POUR LA SANTE CHAPITRE III : DISPOSITIONS RELATIVES AUX DECHETS CHAPITRE IV : RISQUES INDUSTRIELS ET NATURELS

• TITRE VI : GOUVERNANCE • • • • • • •

CHAPITRE IER : DISPOSITIONS RELATIVES AUX ENTREPRISES ET A LA CONSOMMATION CHAPITRE II : REFORME DES ETUDES D’IMPACT CHAPITRE III : REFORME DE L’ENQUETE PUBLIQUE CHAPITRE IV : DISPOSITIONS DIVERSES RELATIVES A L’INFORMATION ET LA CONCERTATION CHAPITRE V : PROJETS TERRITORIAUX DE DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE CHAPITRE VI : DEBAT EN MATIERE DE DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE CHAPITRE VII : DISPOSITIONS DIVERSES

• changes to other legislation KS. Prof. Ekroos 38

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2050 TARGET • UK: 2050 – 80% (compared to 1990) • • •

amending target under strict conditions England etc. 2020: -26% of 1990 Scotland 2020: 42% of the 1990 level

• France: 2050 - greenhouse gas emissions must be limited into one fourth of the 1990 level by year 2050 •

•

numerically expressed: annual emissions must be reduced to less than 140 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent 2020: -20% (same as EU in general)

• Austria: no numeric target 39

Prof. Ekroos

TIMELINE, PLANNING • UK: 5 years budget • 2009: budgets until 2022 •

12 years periods

• Scotland: annual, linear • 4 years periods

• Austria • 2008-2012 ok, 2013- separate negotiations

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MEASURES • UK/Scotland • •

Mostly open Powers of the govermnent very wide (compared to Finland)

• France •

Linked to material legislation on at least general level - very interesting how this works in practice

• Austria: open

41

Prof. Ekroos

MONITORING • UK • Annual report • Statements of budget periods • Final statement 2050

• France • Annual reports (inc. material legislation)

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COMMITTEE/PANEL/ETC. • UK/Scotland •

Committee • •

Advisory role, but relatively powerfull MacRory: ”political aspects”

• Austria •

Klimaschutzkomite • •

•

Fundamental quesions Long-term scenarios, etc.

Klimaschutzbeirat (”advisory council”)

• Finland • •

Scientific panel (existing) Advisory role – also in the future 43

Prof. Ekroos

FINLAND IDEAS GROUNDS

• Goal 20X0 • Plans: • Long, medium, short • Numbers and policy actions/measures Prof. Ekroos

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CLIMATE ACT, FUNDAMENTAL •

Long time goal written to Act • 2050 (other dates possible, e.g. 2030) • CO2 emissions reduction from year x (often 1990)

•

Planning, different time spans • Long: 15-20, Medium: 3-5, Short: 1 year • Plans include • Numbers – objectives and/or binding • Binding problem: sanctions ????

• Policy actions - (legislation other measures) •

Material legislatin seaparately: oblications/rights, permits/enforcement, subsidies/taxes, voluntary measures, etc.

• Specially non-ETS • ETS is EU wide -> national policy potentional limited

•

Monitoring (accounts, inventory, etc.) • Different time spans

Prof. Ekroos 45

LAW - POLICY • Long term national climate policy • Government bound to policy by goal/plans • Goernment forces to prepare plans, estimations (budjets), reports to the Parliament • Parliament more active role • Power of the Parliament increases

• From the legal point may lead to atypical legislation • Numeric goal – possible • Report (plan) to the Parliament – according to the Constitution possible • Report (statement) – special case

• Scope of possible climate act, many possibilities: • Narrow: obligations only to government and authorities • Separately legislations that includes obligations to citizens and companies

• Broad: all climate regulation into one act Prof. Ekroos

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RATIONALIZATION • Possible to create long term predictability to the national climate policy • Act: 2050 objective • Policy measurement planning for longe term • Cost effective more optimal measures (legislation and other) for long and medium period of time

• Climate act is possibility to supplement climate policy tools • Permanent national structure • Administration • Inventory/statistics • Reporting (national and supranational)

• Fills the gap between supranational and national legislation • Transparent climate policy • Public participation can be arranged better Prof. Ekroos 47

RATIONALIZATION (2) • Scientific data integration to climate policy • Climate panel

• Climate act could be ”bridge” between climate policy and legislation • Important to notice that • Main funciton would not nesessary be strict emission reduction numbers for different sectors, or precise policy tools selection • More important would be evaluation of the policy tools and legislation and indentifying possible problems (and correcting continuously found malfunctions)

• Climate act could also promote wider ”green economy objectives”

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Toimenpiteiden hidas läpivienti

Hajanainen kokonaiskenttä

Epävarmuus tavoitteiden saavuttamisesta

Sääntelemättömiä osa-alueita

Viranomaisten heikko toimintavelvoite

+ PLUS Pitkän aikavälin suunnitelmallisuus ja tavoitteellisuus Kokonaisvaltaisuus ja puitteiden hallinta Uskottavuus ja läpinäkyvyys Asiantuntijaelimen kytkeminen politiikkatoimiin

Poliittinen, eifaktaperustainen päätöksenteko

Poliittinen tilivelvollisuus, raportointivastuu

Tempoilevat politiikkatoimet

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• Mahdolliset hallinnolliset kustannukset • Liikakin puiteluontoisuus tai vaihtoehtoisesti massiivisuus • Julistuksenomaisuus • Epätavallista sääntelyä • Nurerotaustan ongelmallisuus (perustuu tilastoihin: epäeksaktia – ei ole “kirjanpintoa”)

Prof. Ekroos

- MIINUS 50

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CLIMATE ACT (minimum+) -

-

Chapters Some details

Prof. Ekroos 51

FINLAND, SKETCH FOR ”AGENDA”

•

1 chapter, purpose and goals (mitigation and adaptation, -80%/2020)

•

2 chaper, definitions, (or in chapter 1)

•

3 chapter, authorities and their tasks

•

4 chapter, climate change panel

•

5 chapter, strategy, emissions development estimates, policy development programmes

•

6 chapter, climate change adaptation

•

7 chapter, special obligations of public bodies

•

8 chapter, inventory and statistics

•

9 chapter, uusiutuva energia - ?? (not necessary)

•

10 chapter, energy efficiency - ?? (not necessary, need for regulation does exist because of the new directive)

•

11 chapter, particular provisions

• 12 chapter, coming into force prof. Ekroos

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1 chapter, purpose and goals •

1 §, Purpose • Climate change mitigation and adaptation

•

2 §, Reduction goal for climate change gases • The goal of this Act periodically decrease emission of climate change gases such that emissions in year 2050 are XX% of the emissions of year 1990

•

2 § Reduction goal for climate change gases (2. OPTION) • The council of state shall set periodically obligations of the climate change gases reductions such that emissions in year 2050 are XX% of the emissions of year 1990

•

3 §, Scope of application and limitations of it

•

4 §, Relationships to other legislation

•

X-y §, Special goals of the Act - ?????

•

5 §, Evaluation basis for goals 53

Prof. Ekroos

5 chapter, strategy, emissions development estimates, policy development programmes

• 1 §, Responsibility to create climate policy strategies and emissions development estimates • 2 §, Content of the strategy • 3 §, Content of the long term emissions development estimation and climate action plan • 4 §, Content of the medium term emissions development estimation and climate action plan • x §, Emissions development sector shares - ?? • 5 §, Report of Government Prof. Ekroos

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4 §, Content of the medium period emissions development estimation and climate action plan Päästökehitysarviossa on esitettävä päästökauppasektoriin kuulumattomia aloja koskien: 1) yleisselvitys päästökehityksestä, 2) edellistä keskipitkää ajanjaksoa koskeva päästöinventointiraportti, 3) päästöinventointikertomus, joka sisältää esittämisvuotta edeltänyttä vuotta edeltäneitä neljää vuotta koskevat päästöjen keskiarvotiedot toimialoittain, 4) selvitys päästöinventoinnin suhteesta edellisen päästökehitysarvioon yleisesti ja toimialoittain, 5) seuraavaa neljää vuotta koskeva (numeerinen) päästökehitysarvio, joka sisältää toimialoittaiset päästökehitysarviot, 6) .., Ilmastotoimenpideohjelmassa on esitettävä päästökauppasektoriin kuulumattomia aloja koskien: 1) yleiset toimenpiteet päästökehitysarvion toteutumiseksi, 2) yleiset ja erityiset ohjauskeinot tavoitteiden saavuttamiseksi, 3) arvio ohjelman suhteesta muihin ympäristö- ja energiapolitiikan tavoitteisiin, 4) ... Prof. Ekroos

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5 chapter, strategy, emissions development estimates, policy development programmes • 6 §, Obligation to follow medium period emissions development estimate - ??? • OR: Emissions development sector shares ?? • x §, Emissions development estimates – obligatory, possibility to transfer from period • y §, Deviation from the estimates - ? • 7 §, Preparation of estimation and plan • 8-10, Reports • Annual, medium, long term • Publication etc. Prof. Ekroos

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Päästökehityskertomukset 10 §, Päästökehityskertomukset Valtioneuvoston on annettava eduskunnalle kasvihuonekaasuinventaarioon perustuen vuosittain kertomus (tai : valtion tilintarkastuskertomuksen sisältyen taikka hallituksen toimintakertomukseen liittyen) kasvihuonekaasupäästöistä ja ilmastotoimenpideohjelmaan sisältyvien toimenpiteiden toteutumisesta. Valtioneuvoston tulee julkaista päästökehityskertomusten tiedot. 11 §, Päästökehityskertomusten sisältö Päästökehityskertomuksessa on kasvihuonekaasuinventaarioon perustuen päästökauppasektoriin kuulumattomia aloja koskien sisällytettävä seuraavat tiedot: 1) kasvihuonekaasupäästötiedot toimialoittain, 2) tiedot päästökehitysohjelmaan sisältyvien toimenpiteiden toteutumisesta ja vaikuttavuudesta kasvihuonekaasupäästöihin, 3) tiedot muista toimenpiteistä, 4) vaikutusarvio, 5) ... (Kertomuksen sisällöstä voidaan säätää tarkemmin asetuksella.) 12 §, Ilmastotoimenpidekertomukset ja niiden sisältö - mahdollista säätää myös erikseen 57

Prof. Ekroos

FINLAND, IDEAS

New cabinet

4 years ”balance” ”budget” = report (inc. 15 v. plan)

1 year = report

Parliament spring: cabinet -> parliament 1 y. report

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6 chapter, climate change adaptation • 1 §, Anticipation and adapation to climate change (general oblication of the administration) • 2 §, Adaptation planning (general/special) • 3 §, Adaptation and national land use planning - ?? • 4 §, Reports

• Other? 59

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7 chapter, special obligations for public bodies • Energy • Buildings • Trafic • Public procurement • Other? • Planning obligation - ??

• Local municipalities?? Prof. Ekroos

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8 chapter, inventory and statistics • 1 §, Inverntory system • 2 §, Administration of the system – ?? • 3 §, Statistics - ?? • 4 §, Register - ?? • x §, LULUCF (specific if needed) ??? • 5 §, Monitoring

• On decree level more detailed 61

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10 chapter, energy efficiency - ?? •

1 §, Energy saving

•

2 §, Energy efficiency

•

3 §, Public sector oblications

•

x-n §, Other (new directive)

•

4 §, Evaluation of energy efficiency • Energy factors (energiakertoimet) • Definition required

•

5 §, Decision making on energy factors • Decree madate etc.

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9 chapter, Renewable energy - ?? •

1 §, Promotion of renewable energy

•

2 §, Planning • (special related to above mentioned)

•

3 §, Sustainability of renewable energy • All forms (inc. Bio) - ?? • CO2 balance and environmental sustainability • Obligation to evaluate

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11 chapter, particular provisions • Sinks • could be also chapter and include also land use change • Provisions on ?? • Guidance • Information to the public • Reporting ??? • According to efford sharing decision • Other EU oblications • UN Climate change Prof. Ekroos

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CONCLUSIONS • Climate act could be usefull • More + than – • Could be more ambitious than ”minimum+” presented above • More ambitious, more difficult from political point of view • ”super act” could be relatively difficult from practical point of view • Needs amendment very often • 2050 -80% • Politically ok, but would it be enough? 65

Prof. Ekroos

KIITOKSET MIELENKIINNOSTA!

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