Clean Fuels and Vehicles Central and Eastern European Experience
Clean Fuels and Vehicles Central and Eastern European Experience Conference on Cleaner Fuels and Vehicles for Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asi...
Clean Fuels and Vehicles Central and Eastern European Experience Conference on Cleaner Fuels and Vehicles for Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA) Tbilisi, 24th January 2008
Ruslan Zhechkov, Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe (REC)
Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
REC Network Background Legislation fuel quality Timing of lead phase-out in CEE Lead in petrol/blood lead level correlation Lead content in fuel status in CEE Lessons from Serbia Lessons from Macedonia Quality problems in CEE National fuel specifications Main findings Belgrade EfE report Case study MOL Case study Croatia Recommendations www.rec.org
1
REC Network
www.rec.org
Background • REC – international organization based in Szentendre, Hungary, 17 signatory countries • Work on fuels – started in 1995, facilitated the SILAQ process, lead phase-out in CEE • Last three years: projects with PCFV at UNEP and USEPA – CEE, SEE, Turkey • REC is a member of the PCFV Advisory Group • Main effort: lead phase-out in fuels in Serbia, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina • Strong participation at the Environment for Europe Conference in Belgrade
www.rec.org
2
Legislation Fuel Quality New Member States: • 98/70/EC on quality of petrol and diesel fuels - fuel quality standards are harmonised (lead phase-out no later than 01/01/2000); • EC Dir. 2003/17/EC amending 98/70/EC • Council regulation 2964/95 on registration of crude oil imports and deliveries; • Euro IV (2005) – sulphur content in petrol and diesel no more than 50 ppm • Euro V (2009) – no more than 10 ppm • 1999/32/EC relating to a reduction in the sulphur content of certain liquid fuels and amending Directive 93/12/EEC www.rec.org
Timing of Lead Phase-out CEE
www.rec.org
3
Correlation between Lead in Petrol and Blood Lead Level in Hungary (1985-2000) Lead content in petrol (g/l)
Blood lead level (µg/dl) 25
0.8 0.7
20
0.6 0.5
15
0.4 10
0.3 0.2
5
0.1 0
0
1985
1985
2000
2000
www.rec.org
Lead Content in Petrol – Current Status South Eastern Europe Countries
Status
Albania
Ban in 2005. 80% of cars - diesel. Problem with PM. 1 refinery (20% market). Other – imported.
BiH
Ban planned for 2010. Recently privatized refinery( 6%). Import – Croatia (64%), Hungary (18%), Serbia (11%), others…Fuel adulteration.
Croatia
Lead banned since 1/2006. 2 refineries.
Macedonia
12/2004 decrease of lead content (leaded petrol) from 0.6 g/l to 0.15 g/l and from 0.02 g/l to 0.013 g/l in unleaded. Ban planned for 2006, then 2008. Deadline will not be kept. Refinery needs more time. 8% leaded in 2006.
SCG
60% leaded fuel on the market. 2 refineries in process of privatization (49% of each to be sold). No date for lead phase-out. Use of MMT.
Turkey
Lead banned in 1/2006. Problem with sulphur. 350ppm diesel – 75%. MMT and potassium used.
www.rec.org
4
Lessons from Serbia • • • •
Two state-owned refineries; Privatization delayed for years; Refineries used as a political tool; State ready to give too long a moratorium on fuel quality; • Myth on leaded fuel necessary for old Zastava cars; • Lead phase-out linked to privatization and packaged together with sulphur reduction;
www.rec.org
Lessons from Macedonia • • -
Two times dates are set and not kept; Lead phase-out postponed with 18 months: official explanation: big stocks of leaded petrol; real reason: contractual agreement with the new owner at the time of privatization allowing too strong a monopoly; • Lack of proper communication with the refinery when drafting the new regulation; www.rec.org
5
Quality Problems in SEE • Illegal practices in the chain between refinery and car tank. • Insufficient control activities; • Few independent authorized laboratories; • Lack of testing equipment, personnel in labs, financial resources; • Database of fuel stations missing in many countries;
www.rec.org
Sulphur and lead content in petrol and diesel – national specifications Country •
