22-1

Class Requirements for Chapter 22 

Know how to parse and translate: – Qal active participle for any verb – Qal passive participle for any verb



Know how to write in Hebrew: – Qal active participle for ‫קטל‬

– Qal passive participle for ‫קטל‬

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22-2

Chapter 22 Lecture Roadmap  



    

What is a participle? Qal Active Participles – Parsing – Parsing Practice Qal Passive Participles – Parsing – Parsing Practice Biconsonantal Verbs 3-‫ ה‬Verbs Parsing Practice (biconsonantal and 3-‫)ה‬ Meaning and Uses of Participles Translation Practice

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22-3

Participles are Verbal Adjectives 

Participles are part verb (e.g., ‫)הלך‬

– Based on verb roots – Have verbal stem

(e.g., Qal, Niphal, Piel, ...) (not 1st, 2nd, or 3rd)

– NO ‘person’ 

Participles are part adjective – Have gender and number

(MS, FS, MP, FP)

– Used like adjectives 

attributive

(E.g., I saw running water.)



predicate

(E.g., The water is running.)



substantival

(E.g., Running is good exercise.) HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 9/23/2012 Copy freely

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22-4

Chapter 22 Lecture Roadmap  



    

What is a participle? Qal Active Participles – Parsing – Parsing Practice Qal Passive Participles – Parsing – Parsing Practice Biconsonantal Verbs 3-‫ ה‬Verbs Parsing Practice (biconsonantal and 3-‫)ה‬ Meaning and Uses of Participles Translation Practice

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22-5

Parsing the Qal Active Participle 

Stem, ‘Participle’, Gender, Number – E.g., Qal Participle Feminine Plural – No need to say ‘Active Participle’.



Parsing code: Pt – QPtMS = Qal Participle Masculine Singular

– QPtFS

= Qal Participle Feminine Singular

– QPtMP = Qal Participle Masculine Plural

– QPtFP

= Qal Participle Feminine Plural HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 9/23/2012 Copy freely

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22-6

QPt Identified by V1 = Holem 

Base form – Defective spelling: – Plene spelling:



◌ֵ ֹ

(most common)

◌ ֵ ‫◌ֹו‬

Every QPt has V1 = O (Holem or Holem-Waw) – Except that biconsonantals have V1 = Qamets ָ

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22-7

Participles Use Adjective Endings Absolute

Construct

◌ֵ ֹ

◌ֵ ֹ

– QPtFS

‫ֹ ְ ָה‬

‫ֹ ְ ַת‬

– QPtMP

‫ֹ ְ ִ ים‬

‫ֹ ְ ֵי‬

– QPtFP

‫ֹ ְ ◌ֹות‬

‫ֹ ְ ◌ֹות‬

– QPtMS



V1 is always Holem (or Holem Waw)



Qal Participle V2 reduces before adjective endings. – What will happen with 2-guttural verbs? HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 9/23/2012 Copy freely

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22-8

QPtFS Has Two Spellings 

Expected spelling – QPtFS



“T-form” is the most common spelling

– QPtFS



‫ֹ ְ ָה‬

‫ֹ ֶ֫ ֶ ת‬



This is like a segholate noun



3-guttural takes Pathach:

‫ֹ ַ֫ ַ ת‬

V1 is still Holem (or Holem Waw) HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 9/23/2012 Copy freely

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22-9

Possible Additions to Participles 

Possible additions to the front – conjunction ְ‫ו‬ – article ּ ַ‫ה‬ – interrogative ‫ה‬

– prepositions ‫ב‬, ְ ‫כ‬, ְ ‫ל‬, ְ ‫ִמן‬ 



Infinitive constructs and participles are the only verb types that can take a prefixed preposition.

Possible additions to the back

– Type 1 pronominal suffix on singular participle – Type 2 pronominal suffix on plural participle HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 9/23/2012 Copy freely

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22-10

Chapter 22 Lecture Roadmap  



    

What is a participle? Qal Active Participles – Parsing – Parsing Practice Qal Passive Participles – Parsing – Parsing Practice Biconsonantal Verbs 3-‫ ה‬Verbs Parsing Practice (biconsonantal and 3-‫)ה‬ Meaning and Uses of Participles Translation Practice

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Parsing Practice (1/2) 1.

‫שמֵ ר‬ ֹ ‫ שמר‬QPtMS

2.

‫צעקֹות‬ ֹ

‫ צעק‬QPtFP

3.

‫ב ְט ִחים‬ ֹ

‫ בטח‬QPtMP

4.

‫עֹ ְמ ִרים‬

‫ עמר‬QPtMP

5.

‫ק ֵראת‬ ֹ

‫ קרא‬QPtFS

6.

‫ה ְלכָ ה‬ ֹ

‫ הלך‬QPtFS

7. 8.

9. 10.

22-11

‫מר‬ ֹ ‫ שמר ְש‬Q(∞/M2ms) ‫ב ַ ֫רחַ ת‬ ֹ

‫ ברח‬QPtFS

‫ שמר שָ מֹור‬QA ‫ה ְלכָ ה‬ ָֽ ָ

‫ הלך‬QP3fs HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 9/23/2012 Copy freely

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Parsing Practice (2/2) 11.

‫ב ְר ִחים‬ ֹ

‫ ברח‬QPtMP

12.

‫לכֶ ת‬ ֶ֫ ‫ה‬ ֹ

‫ הלך‬QPtFS

13.

‫יֹצֵ את‬

‫ יצא‬QPtFS

22-12

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22-13

Chapter 22 Lecture Roadmap  



    

What is a participle? Qal Active Participles – Parsing – Parsing Practice Qal Passive Participles – Parsing – Parsing Practice Biconsonantal Verbs 3-‫ ה‬Verbs Parsing Practice (biconsonantal and 3-‫)ה‬ Meaning and Uses of Participles Translation Practice

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22-14

Parsing the Qal Passive Participle 

Stem, ‘Passive Participle’, Gender, Number – E.g., Qal Passive Participle Feminine Plural – Must say ‘Passive Participle’.



Parsing code: Pp – QPpMS = Qal Passive Participle Masculine Singular

– QPpFS

= Qal Passive Participle Feminine Singular

– QPpMP = Qal Passive Participle Masculine Plural

– QPpFP

= Qal Passive Participle Feminine Plural HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 9/23/2012 Copy freely

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22-15

QPp Identified by V2 = Shureq 

Base form – Defective spelling: – Plene spelling:



◌ֻ ָ ◌‫ָ ◌ּו‬

(most common)

Every QPp has V2 = U (Shureq or Qibbuts)

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22-16

QPp Adds Adjective Endings Absolute



Construct

– QPpMS

◌‫ָ ◌ּו‬

◌‫ְ ◌ּו‬

– QPpFS

‫ְ ◌ּו ָ ה‬

‫ְ ◌ּו ַ ת‬

– QPpMP

‫ְ ◌ּו ִ ים‬

‫ְ ◌ּו ֵ י‬

– QPpFP

‫ְ ◌ּו◌ֹות‬

‫ְ ◌ּו◌ֹות‬

V1 reduces before adjective endings since V2 can’t. – What will happen with 1-guttural verbs?



V2 is always Shureq (or Qibbuts) HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 9/23/2012 Copy freely

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No FS T-form for the Qal Passive Participle 

22-17

There is no T-form for the QPpFS. – Only the active participle has a FS t-form.



QPpFS has only one form:

– QPpFS

‫ְ ◌ּו ָ ה‬

(or ‫) ְ ֻ ָ ה‬

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22-18

Chapter 22 Lecture Roadmap  



    

What is a participle? Qal Active Participles – Parsing – Parsing Practice Qal Passive Participles – Parsing – Parsing Practice Biconsonantal Verbs 3-‫ ה‬Verbs Parsing Practice (biconsonantal and 3-‫)ה‬ Meaning and Uses of Participles Translation Practice

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Parsing Practice 1.

‫עָ זּוב‬

‫ עזב‬QPpMS

2.

‫תּוח‬ ַ ָ‫פ‬

‫ פתה‬QPpMS

3.

‫ שמר שָ מֹור‬QA

4.

‫ְקטּולָ ה‬

‫ קטל‬QPpFS

5.

‫טּולים‬ ִ ‫ְק‬

‫ קטל‬QPpMP

6.

‫ְקטּולֹות‬

‫ קטל‬QPpFP

22-19

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22-20

Chapter 22 Lecture Roadmap  



    

What is a participle? Qal Active Participles – Parsing – Parsing Practice Qal Passive Participles – Parsing – Parsing Practice Biconsonantal Verbs 3-‫ ה‬Verbs Parsing Practice (biconsonantal and 3-‫)ה‬ Meaning and Uses of Participles Translation Practice

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22-21

Biconsonantal Verbs Have V1 = ָ in QPt 

All QPt have V1 = Holem (or Holem Waw) – Except for biconsonantal verbs



Biconsonantal verbs have V1 = ָ for QPt – Always Qamets (doesn’t reduce!)

‫קָ ם‬

= QP3ms

– QPtFS

‫קָ מָ ה‬

QP3fs = ‫ָ֫קמָ ה‬

– QPtMP

‫קָ ִמים‬

– QPtFP

‫קָ מֹות‬

– QPtMS



Exception: ‫ מּות‬uses vowel Tsere ‫ מֵ ת‬in the QPt.



QPp of biconsonantal verbs: V1 = ‫ ּו‬or lexical vowel ‫ִ י‬ HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 9/23/2012 Copy freely

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Parsing Qal Biconsonantal Verbs 



22-22

V1 – lexical vowel

 QI, QM, Q∞

– ָ

 QP, QPt

– ַ

 QP

– ‫ֹו‬

 QA (+ QI/QM/Q∞ if lexical vowel)

Ambiguities:

– ‫קָ ם‬

QP3ms, QPtMS

– ‫בֹוא‬

Q(M2ms/∞/A) since lexical vowel is ‫ֹו‬

– ‫קָ מָ ה‬

QPtFS

– ‫ָ֫קמָ ה‬

QP3fs HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 9/23/2012 Copy freely

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22-23

Chapter 22 Lecture Roadmap  



    

What is a participle? Qal Active Participles – Parsing – Parsing Practice Qal Passive Participles – Parsing – Parsing Practice Biconsonantal Verbs 3-‫ ה‬Verbs Parsing Practice (biconsonantal and 3-‫)ה‬ Meaning and Uses of Participles Translation Practice

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3-‫ ה‬Verbs are 3-‫ י‬in the QPp and some QPtFS 



22-24

The 3-‫ י‬is a consonant – QPpMS

‫ָ ◌ּוי‬

– QPpFS

‫ְ ◌ּויָה‬

– QPpMP

‫ְ ◌ּויִ ים‬

– QPpFP

‫ְ ◌ּויֹות‬

QPtFS (alternate) ‫ֹ ִ יָה‬

3-‫ ה‬verbs were originally 3-yod – That is the origin of the consonantal yod in participles.

– That is why vowel letters with yod show up before a sufformative that begins in a consonant. E.g., ‫יתי‬ ִ ‫בָ ִ ֫נ‬ HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 9/23/2012 Copy freely

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22-25

What is V2 for 3-‫ ה‬Verbs? 





If no sufformative, use: – ‫ָה‬

Perfect

– ‫ֶה‬

Imperfect and Participle

– ‫ֵה‬

Imperative

– ‫ֹות‬

Infinitive Construct

– ‫ ֹ ה‬or ‫ֹו‬

Infinitive Absolute

– ‫( י‬consonant)

Qal Passive Participle + a few QPtFS

If sufformative begins with a consonant, use: – ‫ִי‬

Perfect (Qal and other active stems)

– ‫ֶי‬

Imperfect

If sufformative begins with a vowel, use the sufformative vowel HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 9/23/2012 Copy freely

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22-26

Chapter 22 Lecture Roadmap  



    

What is a participle? Qal Active Participles – Parsing – Parsing Practice Qal Passive Participles – Parsing – Parsing Practice Biconsonantal Verbs 3-‫ ה‬Verbs Parsing Practice (biconsonantal and 3-‫)ה‬ Meaning and Uses of Participles Translation Practice

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Parsing Practice 1.

‫עֹ לֹות‬

‫ עלה‬QPtFP

2.

‫ראֶ ה‬ ֹ

‫ ראה‬QPtMS

3.

‫רעָ ה‬ ֹ

‫ רעה‬QPtFS

4.

‫ר ִעיָה‬ ֹ

‫ רעה‬QPtFS

5.

‫קָ ִמים‬

6.

‫קָ ם‬

7.

‫קָ מָ ה‬

‫ קּום‬QPtFS

8.

‫ָ֫קמָ ה‬

‫ קּום‬QP3fs

9.

‫עֹ ִשים‬

‫ עשה‬QPtMP

10.

‫בָ ִאים‬

‫ בֹוא‬QPtMP

22-27

‫ קּום‬QPtMP ‫ קּום‬QPtMS / QP3ms

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22-28

Chapter 22 Lecture Roadmap  



    

What is a participle? Qal Active Participles – Parsing – Parsing Practice Qal Passive Participles – Parsing – Parsing Practice Biconsonantal Verbs 3-‫ ה‬Verbs Parsing Practice (biconsonantal and 3-‫)ה‬ Meaning and Uses of Participles Translation Practice

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Participles Have the Same Uses as Adjectives 

22-29

Attributive – Describes a noun. – Agrees with the noun in gender and number.



Predicative

– Asserts something about the subject of the clause. – Agrees with the subject in gender and number. 

Substantival – Acts as a noun.

– Has the gender of number of the noun it is acting as. HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 9/23/2012 Copy freely

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22-30

Attributive Participle 

Attributive Participle – Describes a noun. – It is NOT the predicate (the verb) for the sentence. – E.g., YHWH is a consuming fire.



Matches the noun in gender and number



AAAAAA

– Attributive (participle) Always After (the noun) – Article (on participle) Always Agrees (with the definiteness of the noun) – E.g., ‫יְ הוָה אֵ ש ֹא ְכלָ ה‬ HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 9/23/2012 Copy freely

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22-31

Predicative Participle 

Predicative Participle – Asserts something about the subject of the clause. – It IS the predicate (the verb) for the clause. – Context determines time reference.

– E.g., The mountain was burning. 

Matches the subject in gender and number.



PPPPP – Predicate (participle) Perhaps Precedes (the noun)

– Perpetually dePrived of the article – E.g., ‫בעֵ ר‬ ֹ ‫ הָ הָ ר‬the mountain (was) burning. HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 9/23/2012 Copy freely

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22-32

Substantival Participle – Acts as a noun.

– Has the gender & number of the noun it is acting as. – E.g., The one who dwells in the gardens … 

‫יֹושֶׁ֣בֶ ת בַ ג ִִַּ֗נים‬ ֶ ַ‫( ה‬Song 8:13)

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22-33

Active vs. Passive 

Active voice: – The subject does the action of the predicate. – E.g., He ate a sandwich.



Passive voice:

– The subject receives the action of the predicate. – E.g., The sandwich was eaten. 

Active vs. Passive Participles: – Active:

The priest who mixes flour with oil will

– Passive:

offer flour that has been mixed with oil. HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 9/23/2012 Copy freely

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22-34

Chapter 22 Lecture Roadmap  



    

What is a participle? Qal Active Participles – Parsing – Parsing Practice Qal Passive Participles – Parsing – Parsing Practice Biconsonantal Verbs 3-‫ ה‬Verbs Parsing Practice (biconsonantal and 3-‫)ה‬ Meaning and Uses of Participles Translation Practice

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22-35

‫הַ מַ ְלאָ ְך הֹלֵ ְך אֶ ל־הַ הֵ יכָ ל‬ 

‫הלֵ ְך‬ ֹ = ‫ הלך‬QPtMS



Predicate to ‫הַ מַ ְלאָ ְך‬



The (messenger / angel) is walking to the (palace / temple).

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22-36

‫הַ נְ עָ ִרים ר ִֹעים אֶ ת־ז ֹאן א ִביהֶ ם‬ 

‫ר ִעים‬ ֹ = ‫ רעה‬QPtMP 

‫רעע‬. ‘to be evil’ is also a possible root.



Predicate to ‫הַ נְ עָ ִרים‬



The young men are shepherding their father’s flock.

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22-37

‫עֹ לֹות ְבנֹות הַ זָקֵ ן הָ ֫ ָה ָרה‬ 

‫ עלה = עֹ לֹות‬QPtFP



Predicate to ‫ְבנֹות‬



‫‘ הָ ר = הָ ֫ ָה ָרה‬mountain’ + article + directional ‫ָה‬



The daughters of the elder are going up to the mountain. HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 9/23/2012 Copy freely

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22-38

‫הַ כֹהנִ ים כ ְֹת ִבים אֶ ת־הַ ְדבָ ִרים בַ ֵ֫ספֶ ר‬ 

‫כ ְת ִבים‬ ֹ = ‫ כתב‬QPtMP



Predicate to ‫כחנִ ים‬ ֹ ַ‫ה‬



The priests are writing the words in the (book/scroll).

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22-39

‫ירי א ִביהֶ ן‬ ֵ ‫ת־ש‬ ִ ֶ‫ז ְֹכרֹות ְבנֹות הַ נ ִָביא א‬ 

‫ זכר = ֹז ְכרֹות‬QPtFP



Predicate to ‫ְבנֹות‬



The daughters of the prophet are remembering the songs of their father.

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22-40

‫ֱֹלהים‬ ִ ‫ת־מ ְצֹות א‬ ִ ֶ‫נְ ִביאֵ י יִ ְש ָראֵ ל ש ְֹמ ִרים א‬ 

‫ש ְמ ִרים‬ ֹ = ‫ שמר‬QPtMP



Predicate to ‫נְ ִביאֵ י‬



The prophets of Israel are keeping the commandments of God.

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‫ל ֹא‬ ֶׁ֣ ֙ ‫ל־קיִ ן ֵאֵ֖י ֶהֶׁ֣בֶ ל אָ ִחִ֑יָך וַי ֹ֙אמֶ ר‬ ַַ֔ ֶ‫וַי ֹֹּ֤אמֶ ר יְ ה ָוה ֙ א‬

22-41

(Gen 4:9) ‫י ַ ַָ֔ד ְע ִתי הש ֵֹמֵ֥ר אָ ִ ֵ֖חי אָ ָֽ ֹנ ִכי׃‬ 

‫ אמר = וַי ֹאמֶ ר‬QIwc3ms



‫ ידע = י ַָד ְע ִתי‬QP1cs



‫שמֵ ר‬ ֹ ‫ שמר = ה‬QPtMS + interrogative ‫ה‬ 



(perfect can be present ‘I know’)

Substantival, in construct to ‫אָ ִחי‬

YHWH said to Cain, “Where is Abel your brother?” He said, “I do not know. Am I my brother’s keeper?” –

lit. ‘The keeper of my brother [am] I ?’

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‫ת־בֵּ֧ית‬ ֵ ֶ‫ִהנֵ ֵּ֛ה י ִ ֵָ֥מים בָ ִ ֵ֖אים נְ אֻ ם־יְ הוָ ִ֑ה וְ כָ ַר ִִּ֗תי א‬

22-42

‫שה׃‬ ָֽ ָ ‫הּודה ְב ִ ֵ֥רית ח ָד‬ ֵ֖ ָ ְ‫ת־בֵ֥ית י‬ ֵ ֶ‫יִ ְש ָר ֵאֵּ֛ל וְ א‬ 

‫ בֹוא = בָ ִאים‬QPtMP 



Predicate to ‫י ִָמים‬

‫ כרת = וְ כָ ַר ִתי‬QPwc1cs 

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(Jer 31:31)

Accent on the ultima says that it is Pwc not P+‫ו‬

“Look! Days are coming,” declares YHWH, “when [lit. ‘and’] I will make [lit. ‘cut’] a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah.” HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 9/23/2012 Copy freely

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‫ֹתן‬ ֵ ִּ֗ ‫ֱֹלהים ז ֹֹּ֤את ָֽאֹות־הַ ְב ִרית ֙ אשֶ ר־א ִנ ֶׁ֣י נ‬ ִִּ֗ ‫וַי ֶֹׁ֣אמֶ ר א‬

22-43

‫ּובֵּ֛ין כָ ל־נֶ ֵ֥פֶ ש חַ יָ ֵ֖ה א ֶשֶׁ֣ר ִא ְת ֶכ ִ֑ם‬ ֵ ‫ֵיכם‬ ֶ ַ֔ ‫ּובֶׁ֣ינ‬ ֵ ֙ ‫בֵ ינִ י‬

(Gen 9:12) ‫עֹולם׃‬ ָֽ ָ ‫רת‬ ֹ ֵ֖ ‫ד‬ ֹ ‫ְל‬ 

‫ נתן = ֹנתֵ ן‬QPtMS 

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֙ ‫בֵ ין = בֵ ינִ י‬+1cs ‘between me’ 

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Predicate to ‫אנִ י‬ ‘my son’ is ‫ְבנִ י‬

God said, “This is the sign of the covenant which I am making between me and you (mp) and every living thing that [is] with you, for all (lit. ‘eternal’) generations. HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 9/23/2012 Copy freely

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